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The commissioning and operation of future large-scale scientific experiments will challenge current tuning and control methods. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are a promising solution thanks to their capability of autonomously tackling a control problem based on a task parameterized by a reward function. The conventionally utilized machine learning (ML) libraries are not intended for microsecond latency applications, as they mostly optimize for throughput performance. On the other hand, most of the programmable logic implementations are meant for computation acceleration, not being intended to work in a real-time environment. To overcome these limitations of current implementations, RL needs to be deployed on-the-edge, i.e. on to the device gathering the training data. In this paper we present the design and deployment of an experience accumulator system in a particle accelerator. In this system deep-RL algorithms run using hardware acceleration and act within a few microseconds, enabling the use of RL for control of ultra-fast phenomena. The training is performed offline to reduce the number of operations carried out on the acceleration hardware. The proposed architecture was tested in real experimental conditions at the Karlsruhe research accelerator (KARA), serving also as a synchrotron light source, where the system was used to control induced horizontal betatron oscillations in real-time. The results showed a performance comparable to the commercial feedback system available at the accelerator, proving the viability and potential of this approach. Due to the self-learning and reconfiguration capability of this implementation, its seamless application to other control problems is possible. Applications range from particle accelerators to large-scale research and industrial facilities.

Intra-cortical brain-machine interfaces (iBMIs) have the potential to dramatically improve the lives of people with paraplegia by restoring their ability to perform daily activities. However, current iBMIs suffer from scalability and mobility limitations due to bulky hardware and wiring. Wireless iBMIs offer a solution but are constrained by a limited data rate. To overcome this challenge, we are investigating hybrid spiking neural networks for embedded neural decoding in wireless iBMIs. The networks consist of a temporal convolution-based compression followed by recurrent processing and a final interpolation back to the original sequence length. As recurrent units, we explore gated recurrent units (GRUs), leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons, and a combination of both - spiking GRUs (sGRUs) and analyze their differences in terms of accuracy, footprint, and activation sparsity. To that end, we train decoders on the "Nonhuman Primate Reaching with Multichannel Sensorimotor Cortex Electrophysiology" dataset and evaluate it using the NeuroBench framework, targeting both tracks of the IEEE BioCAS Grand Challenge on Neural Decoding. Our approach achieves high accuracy in predicting velocities of primate reaching movements from multichannel primary motor cortex recordings while maintaining a low number of synaptic operations, surpassing the current baseline models in the NeuroBench framework. This work highlights the potential of hybrid neural networks to facilitate wireless iBMIs with high decoding precision and a substantial increase in the number of monitored neurons, paving the way toward more advanced neuroprosthetic technologies., Comment: This work has been accepted at the 2024 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference

The advancements in smart sensors for Industry 4.0 offer ample opportunities for low-powered predictive maintenance and condition monitoring. However, traditional approaches in this field rely on processing in the cloud, which incurs high costs in energy and storage. This paper investigates the potential of neural networks for low-power on-device computation of vibration sensor data for predictive maintenance. We review the literature on Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and Artificial Neuronal Networks (ANNs) for vibration-based predictive maintenance by analyzing datasets, data preprocessing, network architectures, and hardware implementations. Our findings suggest that no satisfactory standard benchmark dataset exists for evaluating neural networks in predictive maintenance tasks. Furthermore frequency domain transformations are commonly employed for preprocessing. SNNs mainly use shallow feed forward architectures, whereas ANNs explore a wider range of models and deeper networks. Finally, we highlight the need for future research on hardware implementations of neural networks for low-power predictive maintenance applications and the development of a standardized benchmark dataset., Comment: The final version will be published at the ECML-PKDD 2024 joint post-workshop proceeding in Springer Communications in Computer and Information Science

Distributed systems can be found in various applications, e.g., in robotics or autonomous driving, to achieve higher flexibility and robustness. Thereby, data flow centric applications such as Deep Neural Network (DNN) inference benefit from partitioning the workload over multiple compute nodes in terms of performance and energy-efficiency. However, mapping large models on distributed embedded systems is a complex task, due to low latency and high throughput requirements combined with strict energy and memory constraints. In this paper, we present a novel approach for hardware-aware layer scheduling of DNN inference in distributed embedded systems. Therefore, our proposed framework uses a graph-based algorithm to automatically find beneficial partitioning points in a given DNN. Each of these is evaluated based on several essential system metrics such as accuracy and memory utilization, while considering the respective system constraints. We demonstrate our approach in terms of the impact of inference partitioning on various performance metrics of six different DNNs. As an example, we can achieve a 47.5 % throughput increase for EfficientNet-B0 inference partitioned onto two platforms while observing high energy-efficiency., Comment: Accepted Paper at IEEE ISVLSI 2024

Human Pose Estimation (HPE) to assess human motion in sports, rehabilitation or work safety requires accurate sensing without compromising the sensitive underlying personal data. Therefore, local processing is necessary and the limited energy budget in such systems can be addressed by Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) instead of common camera sensing. The central trade-off between accuracy and efficient use of hardware resources is rarely discussed in research. We address this trade-off by a simulative Design Space Exploration (DSE) of a varying quantity and positioning of IMU-sensors. First, we generate IMU-data from a publicly available body model dataset for different sensor configurations and train a deep learning model with this data. Additionally, we propose a combined metric to assess the accuracy-resource trade-off. We used the DSE as a tool to evaluate sensor configurations and identify beneficial ones for a specific use case. Exemplary, for a system with equal importance of accuracy and resources, we identify an optimal sensor configuration of 4 sensors with a mesh error of 6.03 cm, increasing the accuracy by 32.7% and reducing the hardware effort by two sensors compared to state of the art. Our work can be used to design health applications with well-suited sensor positioning and attention to data privacy and resource-awareness., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables

We present a design methodology that enables the semi-automatic generation of a hardware-accelerated graph building architectures for locally constrained graphs based on formally described detector definitions. In addition, we define a similarity measure in order to compare our locally constrained graph building approaches with commonly used k-nearest neighbour building approaches. To demonstrate the feasibility of our solution for particle physics applications, we implemented a real-time graph building approach in a case study for the Belle~II central drift chamber using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays~(FPGAs). Our presented solution adheres to all throughput and latency constraints currently present in the hardware-based trigger of the Belle~II experiment. We achieve constant time complexity at the expense of linear space complexity and thus prove that our automated methodology generates online graph building designs suitable for a wide range of particle physics applications. By enabling an hardware-accelerated pre-processing of graphs, we enable the deployment of novel Graph Neural Networks~(GNNs) in first level triggers of particle physics experiments., Comment: 20 pages

One of the major components of the Belle II trigger system is the neural network trigger. Its task is to estimate the z-Vertex particle tracks observed in the experiments drift chamber. The trigger is implemented on FPGAs to ensure exibility during operation and leverage their IO capabilities. Meanwhile the implementation has to estimate the vertex in a few hundred nanoseconds to fulfil the requirements of the experiment. A first version of that trigger was operational during the first collisions. While it was able to estimate the vertex, it had some drawbacks regarding the possible throughput and timing closure. These are the focus of this work, which modifies the original design to allow two networks running in parallel and less routing congestion. We conducted a rescheduling of multiply and accumulate which are the basic operations in such networks. While the original design tried to parallelize as much as possible, the rescheduling tries to reduce the number of parallel data transmission by reusing processing modules. This way resource consumption was reduced by 40% for DSPs. To further increase the throughput by operating an additional network in parallel, we investigated the balanced use of SRAM-LUTs and DSPs for multiply and accumulate operations. With the found balancing ratio the trigger is able to operate two neural networks in parallel on the targeted FPGA within the required latency., Comment: 8 pages, Connecting the Dots and Workshop on Intelligent Trackers (CTD/WIT 2019) Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Valencia, Spain