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Brain-related plasticity can occur at a significant rate varying on the developmental period. Adolescence in particular has been identified as a period of growth and change across the structure and function of the nervous system. Notably, research has identified migraines as common in both pediatric and adult populations, but evidence suggests that the phenotype for migraines may differ in these cohorts due to the unique needs of each developmental period. Accordingly, primary aims of this study were to define hippocampal structure in females (7-27 years of age) with and without migraine, and to determine whether this differs across developmental stages (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood). Hippocampal volume was quantified based on high-resolution structural MRI using FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool. Results indicated that migraine and age may have an interactional relationship with hippocampal volume, such that, while hippocampal volumes were lower in female migraineurs (compared to age-matched controls) during childhood and adolescence, this contrast differed during young adulthood whereby hippocampal volumes were higher in migraineurs (compared to age-matched controls). Subsequent vertex analysis localized this interaction effect in hippocampal volume to displacement of the anterior hippocampus. The transition of hippocampal volume during adolescent development in migraineurs suggests that hippocampal plasticity may dynamically reflect components of migraine that change over the lifespan, exerting possible altered responsivity to stress related to migraine attacks thus having physiological expression and psychosocial impact., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: Long term effects of perineal tears pose a major worldwide health issue for women during delivery. Since bacterial vaginosis is related to major obstacles in obstetrics the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and the occurrence of perineal tears during vaginal delivery., Methods: Between June 2013 and December 2013 pregnant women delivering after 37 weeks were recruited at one University hospital / tertiary care referral center in the course of this single-center, prospective cohort study. Bacterial vaginosis was assessed according to Nugent score method. Logistic-regression model was used to estimate odds ratios, adjusted for other risk factors to test the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and the occurrence of 1st to 4th degree perineal tears in women undergoing vaginal delivery., Results: A total of 728 woman were included, 662 analyzed with a complete Nugent Score of the vaginal swab. The prevalence of 1st to 4th degree perineal tears was 35.8% (95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) = [32.2; 39.6]). The presence of BV was not significantly associated to the incidence of perineal tears neither in the univariate analysis (crude Odds Ratio = 1.43; 95%CI = [0.79; 2.60]; p = 0.235) nor in the multivariate analysis (adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.65; 95%CI = [0.81; 3.36]; p = 0.167). Instrumental delivery was the most important risk factor for perineal lacerations., Conclusions: There is no evidence that vaginosis is a risk factor for vaginal tears., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov N° NCT01822782.