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Keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) is the most common malignancy in white skinned populations. Metformin one of the most commonly prescribed drugs and has been reported to protect against solid cancers. The association between metformin and KC has not been studied in patients at high risk for a subsequent KC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between metformin and KC development in high-risk patients. We performed a secondary analysis of patients enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Keratinocyte Carcinoma Chemoprevention Trial to compare risk for KC development between metformin users and non-users. Metformin-users compared to non-users had a significantly lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma with an adjusted Hazard ratio (HR): 0.45, (CI: 0.24-0.84, P

Cheiloxena monga sp. nov. (Figs 9, 18, 27, 34, 48, 58, 77) Cheiloxena frenchae male, sensu Reid 1992, nec Blackburn1893. Mateiral examined. Type. Holotype: ��*/ 5k SSW Monga NSW Euc. rubida 12.xi.1985 C. Reid/ (ANIC). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena monga is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces scaled; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; pronotum with almost parallel paired ridges; hypomeral lobe rugose, without scales; apical half of elytra conspicuously tuberculate, with largest tubercles arranged in a curve. Description (female unknown). Length 11 mm; body moderately convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour black, but elytra mostly dark brown with black tubercles, and maxillary and labial palpi reddish-brown; almost entirely clothed with adpressed creamy-white scale-like setae (length 3��� 5x width), not distinctly variegated in colour, setae not thinner on depressed areas of pronotum and elytra, thinner on anterior of clypeus, apices of mandibles, prosternal and mesoventral processes, legs, apex of abdominal ventrite V, and antennomeres 1���7, scalelike setae absent from antennomeres 8���11 (minute simple setae only); scale-like setae distributed as follows: almost evenly on head but clypeal margins anteriorly glabrous; almost evenly on pronotum but slightly sparser on depressed areas and absent from apices of ridges; scutellum clothed with thin setae; elytra with irregular mosaic of dense patches and more sparsely setose areas, setae of larger tubercles not differentiated except slightly more elongate; ventral surfaces with dense white adpressed setae except thin and sparse on apical half of ventrite V, setae of appendages thin but dense (except antennomeres 8���11); surface sculpture: head including clypeal margins, pronotum and metaventrite densely punctured and microreticulate, dull, elytra and rest of thoracic venter, including pronotal hypomera, densely microsculptured and dull; apices of tubercles and ridges, and abdominal ventrites shiny and not or shallowly microsculptured. Head (Figs 9, 18, 27): slightly narrower than pronotum; densely and slightly confluently punctured, punctures small but larger than ommatidia, intervals dull and microsculptured, including narrow impunctate frontoclypeal sutures, apical margin clypeus, and margin of antennal cavities; convex between eyes, shallowly concave between antennae; eyes laterally prominent, separated by about 3 eye widths; gena at shortest point about 0.3x eye length; genal lobe 2x shortest length of gena; antennae 3x socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.75x body length; antennomeres 1���6 dull with shining apices, apical half of 7, and whole of 8���11 matt; antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 slightly transverse and about 0.5x length of 1, 0.25x length of 3, relative lengths of antennomeres, with 3 longest and 7 next, and middle segments unequal in length: 2, Etymology. Named from the type locality, as a noun in apposition. Notes. Cheiloxena monga is only known from the holotype, collected at the margin of cool temperate rainforest and tall eucalypt forest in what is now Monga National Park. It was beaten off a sapling of Eucalyptus rubida, now a synonym of E. dalrympleana (Myrtaceae), with no evidence of feeding. This specimen was previously incorporated in a description of C. frenchae, when the only other known specimen of that species was the holotype (Reid 1992). Based on the small amount of additional material of this complex (C. aitori, C. frenchae and C. monga) made available since 1992 we now believe that the Monga specimen represents a valid species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 526-527, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","Blackburn, T. (1893) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. XIII. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 17, 130 - 140."]}

Cheiloxena aitori sp. nov. (Figs 3, 13, 22, 31, 43, 52, 62, 69, 77) Material examined. Types: Holotype: ��/ 30��29���S 152��25���E Point Lookout area New England NP 16���18.xi.1990 A. Calder (ANIC); Paratypes (7): ♂ / Berarngutta picnic area, New England NP, mv light, 1.xii.2016, R de Keyzer, A. Scott & A. Sundholm (AMS); ♂ / Ebor xii.1939 Colonel Morisset / (AMS); ♂, ♀ / Little Styx R., nr Ebor NSW ii.1972 T. E. Bellas / Cheiloxena ? frenchi Blbn det B. P. Moore / (ANIC); ♀ / New England NP, 3���4.i.1966 CN Smithers (AMS); 2♂ */ 30��29���S 152��25���E Point Lookout area New England NP 16���18.xi.1990, T. A. Weir, sweeping foliage (ANIC). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena aitori is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces scaled; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; pronotum with almost parallel paired ridges; hypomeral lobe smooth, without scales; apical half of elytra conspicuously tuberculate with largest tubercles adjacent to each other and arranged in a transverse row. Description. Length: male 9���10.5 mm (Holotype: 10 mm), female 11���12 mm; body moderately convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour black, except tubercles and ridges may be dark reddish-brown, and maxillary and labial palpi reddish-brown; almost entirely clothed with adpressed white to cream scale-like setae (length 3��� 4x width), not distinctly variegated in colour, setae not thinner on depressed areas of pronotum and elytra, thinner on anterior of clypeus, apices of mandibles, legs, apex of abdominal ventrite V, and antennomeres 1���7, absent from antennomeres 8���11 (with minute simple setae only); scale-like setae distributed as follows: almost evenly on head but clypeal margins glabrous; almost evenly on pronotum but slightly sparser on depressed areas and absent from apices of ridges; scutellum clothed with thin setae; elytra with irregular mosaic of dense patches and more sparsely setose areas, larger tubercles with elongate semi-erect creamy-white setae; ventral surfaces with dense white adpressed setae except thin and sparse on apical half of ventrite V, setae of appendages thin but dense (except antennomeres 8���11); surface sculpture: head except clypeal margins, pronotum and metaventrite densely punctured and microreticulate, relatively shining, elytra and rest of thoracic venter, including pronotal hypomera, dull, more sparsely punctate but densely microsculptured; clypeal margins, apices of tubercles and ridges, and abdominal ventrites shining and not distinctly microsculptured. Head (Figs 3, 13, 22): distinctly narrower than pronotum in both sexes; densely and slightly confluently punctured, punctures small, intervals dull and microsculptured, except narrow impunctate shining frontoclypeal sutures, apical margin of clypeus, and margin of antennal cavities; convex between eyes, feebly convex between antennae; eyes slightly laterally prominent, separated by about 4 eye widths (male) or 4.5 eye widths (female); gena at shortest point about 0.4x eye length (male) to about 0.5x eye length (female); genal lobe 2x (male) to 1.25x (female) shortest length of gena; antennae 3x (male) to 4x (female) socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.65x body length (male), or about 0.55x body length (female); antennomeres 1���7 dull with shining apices, 8���11 matt; antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 slightly transverse 0.5���0.7x length of 1, 0.25���0.3x length of 3, relative lengths of antennomeres with 3 longest and 7 next, in both sexes, and middle segments of unequal lengths: male: 2, Etymology. Named for Aitor, youngest son of one of the authors (M. Beatson). Notes. Cheiloxena aitori is endemic to the New England National Park area (Fig. 77), occuring in the cool temperate rainforest and wet heathland near the escarpment edge, at approximately 1500 m elevation. The placename Ebor on an old specimen probably refers to this town because it is the nearest settlement to the escarpment. Ebor is unlikely to be a collection locality as it is surrounded by quite different habitat (dry woodland). Faecal material in the gut of a dissected male largely consisted of densely packed fragmented trichomes. A specimen of this species was photographed on a leaf of Lomatia arborescens (Proteaceae) (identified by one of the authors, C. Reid) at the type locality, by Adam Ślipiński (pers. comm., February 2018). Cheiloxena aitori has been collected at light., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 509-511, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311

Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid, 1992 (Figs 10, 19, 28, 38, 41, 49, 67, 74, 77) Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid, 1992: 104 (type locality: Lamington National Park, Queensland) Material examined. Types: Holotype: ��*/ Lamington NP, xi.1983 M Lowman/ no. 15/ Holotype Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid / (ANIC); Paratypes (3): New South Wales: ♂/ Dorrigo W Heron/ paratype Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid / (ANIC); ♀*/ Mt Warning in rainforest, 11.xi.1974 G Williams/ paratype Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid / (ANIC); Queensland: ��*/ Mt Glorious St. For., Qld, xi���xii.1985 Y. Bassett coll. ex Argyrodendron actinophyllum r/f/ ANIC coleoptera voucher no 87-0134/ CO ANT 10/ Argyrodendron actinophyllum Edlin subtropical rainforest Mt Glorious SF IT1 (MT), 19���26.xi.1987, Y Bassett/ paratype Cheiloxena tuberosa Reid / (ANIC). Non-types (17): New South Wales: 1��/ Bielsdown SF, jn Bielsdown / Coramba Rds, 30:17S 152:44E dry rf by rd, 7.xi.2013, Reid & Tan (AMS); 1/ eastern section Border Ranges NP, NSW, 14.xii.1996, S. Watkins coll./ (ANIC); ♀/ Dorrigo NP, 2500���, 18.xi.1973, A&M Walford-Huggins/ WH 7745/ (QMB); ♂, ♀ / The Glade picnic area, Dorrigo NP, 16���17.xii.2009, R de Keyzer, at MV light (AMS); 1/ Whian Whian State Forest, on E. grandis (DPIO); Queensland: ♀ / no further data, Deane (QMB); ♂/ Lamington NP, canopy light trap 2, 13.i.1995 R Kitching (AMS); ♂ 2♀/ [Lamington] NP xi.1920 H Hacker (QMB); ♀ / ditto except 5.xii.1970 FT Fricke (AMS); ♀/ Mt Glorious 22k NW Brisbane, rainforest, 635m, 13.xii.1983 A Hiller (QMB); ♀/ Mt Glorious, 21.i.1983 J Sedlacek (QMB); ♀ / ditto except 17.i.1978 (QMB); ♂ / ditto except 15.ii.1972 GB Monteith (QMB); ♀ / Upper Dalrymple Ck, via Goomburra, 21���22.xi.1987 GB Monteith (QMB). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena tuberosa is distinguished by: anterior margin of clypeus deeply excavate; pronotum without dorsal ridges but with 1���2 lateral tubercles; each elytron with four large conical tubercles. Description. Length: male 9.5���11.5 mm, female 8.5���11.5 mm; body convex in profile, length about 2.7x height; colour entirely black, except apex last maxillary palp and labial palpi reddish-brown, with ashy grey or golden scale-like setae; scale-like setae adpressed except semi-erect on largest elytral tubercles, variable in proportion (length 3���10x width), thinner and sparser on depressed areas of pronotum and elytra, and apical ventrites, distributed as follows: almost evenly on head but golden behind eyes and white anteriorly; variegated on pronotum with band of dense golden setae on anterior ridge and posterior margin and white setae in five irregular broad stripes following elevated areas, almost glabrous between; scutellum clothed with elongate golden setae; elytra with irregular mosaic of adpressed white setae except tubercles with elongate semi-erect golden setae and golden adpressed setae posterior to tubercles, ventral surfaces with dense white adpressed setae except thin and sparse on apical ventrite, setae of appendages thin but dense, except antennomeres 8���11 minutely setose; surface sculpture: head pronotum, elytra and venter dull, punctate and densely microsculptured, except shining apices of tubercles. Head (Figs 10, 19, 28, 38): distinctly narrower than pronotum in both sexes; densely and slightly confluently punctured, punctures small, intervals dull and microsculptured; narrow impunctate smooth area around antennal cavities; flat between eyes, slightly concave between antennae; eyes small, slightly laterally prominent, separated by about 4 eye widths (male) or about 4.5 eye widths (female); gena at shortest point about 0.6x eye length (male) or about 0.4x eye length (female); genal lobe 0.75x shortest length of gena; antennae 3���3.5x socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.65x body length (male), or about 0.55x body length (female); antennomeres 1���7 dull with shining apices, 8���11 duller; antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 transverse 0.5���0.7x length of 1, 0.25���0.3x length of 3, relative lengths of antennomeres, with 3 longest and 11 next, and middle segments generally similar in length: male: 2, Notes. The maxillary palpi of C. tuberosa were illustrated by Reid (1992; Fig. 19) under C. insignis. Cheiloxena tuberosa is a relatively frequently collected species in the subtropical forests of northeastern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland (Fig. 77), from Dorrigo to Bellthorpe. The northernmost record is based on a photograph of this distinctive species posted on the internet (Walter 2016). The distributions of C. tuberosa and its closest relative and most similar species, C. westwoodii (Reid 1992), broadly overlap but the two species are not found together as the latter is restricted to eucalypt woodland. The host is unknown. It has once been collected in an intercept trap hung on a tree of Argyrodendron (Malvaceae), which occurs throughout the range of C. tuberosa, but this seems to be a casual association. A single specimen has been collected on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae), but without indication of feeding. Cheiloxena tuberosa has also been collected at MV light., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 527-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","Walter, G. (2016) Weevil at Bellthorpe. Available from: http: // www. bowerbird. org. au / observations / 74731 (accessed 29 May 2018)"]}

Cheiloxena blackburni Reid, 1992 (Figs 4, 14, 23, 32, 44, 53, 63, 70, 77) Cheiloxena blackburni Reid 1992: 102 (type locality: Blackheath, NSW) Material examined. Types: Paratypes (5): ��/ Blue Mts N. S. Wales/ E. W. Ferguson collection/ Cheiloxena sp. W. K. Hughes det./ Cheiloxena blackburni Reid / AN25 001071/ (ANIC); ♀/ Blue Mts N. S. Wales/E. W. Ferguson collection/ Cheiloxena sp. W. K. Hughes det./ Cheiloxena blackburni Reid / AN25 001072/ (ANIC); ♀/ Blue Mts N. S. Wales/E. W. Ferguson collection/ Cheiloxena sp. W. K. Hughes det./ Cheiloxena blackburni Reid / AN25 001073/ (ANIC); ♀/ Blue Mts N. S. Wales/ Cheiloxena sp. not insignis not westwoodi E. B. Britton det/ Cheiloxena blackburni Reid / AN25 001074/ (ANIC); ♀*/ Blue Mts N. S. Wales/ John Carter/ Cheiloxena? frenchae Blackb. / Cheiloxena blackburni Reid / AN25 001075/ (ANIC). Non-types: ♀/ Kosc. 12.i.1935 / student���s collection/ (AMS); 2♂*/ Blue Mts/ Cheiloxena westwoodi Blue Mts NSW/ ex H. W. Brown coll./ (AMS). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena blackburni is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces scaled; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; pronotum with posteriorly divergent paired ridges; hypomeral lobe rugose, without scales; apical half of elytra with small inconspicuous tubercles. Description. Length: male 10.5���11 mm, female 12���15 mm; body moderately convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour dark brown to almost black, except labrum and legs dark reddish-brown; entirely sparsely clothed with short adpressed scale-like setae (length 3��� 4x width and about equal to puncture diameters), setae thinner and sparser on appendages and apical ventrites; pronotum and elytra dull, punctate and densely microsculptured, except shining apices of tubercles and ridges. Head (Figs 4, 14, 23): as wide as pronotum (male) or distinctly narrower than pronotum (female); densely and slightly confluently punctured, intervals shining not or feebly microsculptured; narrow impunctate smooth area around antennal cavities; elevated between eyes, but flat between antennae, without grooves on vertex including midline; eyes small, slightly laterally prominent, separated by about 4 eye widths (male) or about 7 eye widths (female); gena at shortest point about 0.4x eye length (male) or about 0.6x eye length (female); genal lobe 0.75x shortest length gena; antennae about 4x socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.75x body length (male), or about 0.6x body length (female); antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 transverse Notes. Cheiloxena blackburni is only known from the Blue Mountains, NSW (Fig. 77, including aditional localities from Reid 1992), Kosciuszko National Park region (a specimen labelled 'Kosc.'), at least 250 km further south, and a single specimen from Balook, Victoria, in MVM (Reid 1992). We think the Balook specimen was mislabelled by Charles Oke, former curator of the MVM entomology collection. Balook is a lowland site with quite different vegetation from Blackheath in the Blue Mountains, which is the only other definitive locality for this species. There is a similar label problem for a specimen of C. insignis (see below). The 'Kosc' female is lacking its abdomen and is without detailed locality information. All of the known specimens of Cheiloxena blackburni are old, mostly from the collections of E. W. Ferguson (1884���1927), H. W. Brown (1883���1958) and H. J. Carter (1858���1940) (Daniels 2004). Only one is dated, anonymously collected in January 1935 (the 'Kosc' specimen). In the unlikely event Brown collected his specimens in the last year of his life, the most recent collection date for this large beetle species is 1958, at least 60 years ago., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 511-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","Daniels, G. (2004) Bibliography of Australian entomology 1687 - 2000. Fol. 1. A - M. G. Daniels, Mount Ommaney, 879 pp."]}

Cheiloxena conani sp. nov. (Figs 5, 15, 24, 45, 54, 64, 71, 77) Material examined. Types: Holotype: ♂*/ Rockhampton, HW Brown (AMS); Paratypes (4): f*/ Rockhampton, HW Brown (AMS); ♂*, ♀*/ Kroombit Tops, Northern escarp., 45k SSW Calliope, open for., 3–4.ii.1984, Monteith, Hagan & Yeates (QMB); f/ Qld 26°04’S 150°49’E Wonga Hills site 3, 520m 11.xii.2001 10257 Monteith, Cook & Wright mv light, vine scrub/ (QMB). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena conani is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces scaled; anterior margin of clypeus deeply excavate; pronotum without dorsal ridges but with large lateral lobes; apical half of elytra without conspicuous tubercles; elytral surface without erect setae. Description. Length: male 13–15.5 mm (Holotype: 13 mm), female 14–15.5 mm; body moderately convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour dull black, tarsi and antennae usually dark brown, maxillary palpi dark reddish-brown; entirely clothed with adpressed scale-like setae (length 3– 4x width), setae patchily distributed on elytra, thinner and sparser on appendages and apical ventrites; surface sculpture: head, pronotum and elytra dull, punctate and densely microsculptured, except shining apices of tubercles and ridges. Head (Figs 5, 15, 24): distinctly narrower than pronotum in both sexes, width 0.8x (male) or 0.7x (female) pronotal width; middle of vertex slightly elevated; densely punctured (separated by Thorax (Figs 5, 15, 24, 33): pronotal sides almost vertical in posterior half, no clear distinction between dorsal and ventral (hypomeral) areas of pronotum, but with roughly equilateral triangular extension just anterior to middle and 1–2 low tubercles on a ridge from this extension to anterior angles; pronotal disc irregularly surfaced, with pair of low shining tubercles anteriorly reaching anterior pronotal margin, midline depressed for anterior 2/3 but with low swelling posteriorly, sides deeply depressed; pronotal punctures large, close to dense, separated by 0.2–1.5 puncture diameters; pronotum with fairly evenly distributed scale-like setae, as head, interspaces dull and densely microreticulate; pronotum clearly transverse, width 1.3x length (male) to 1.4x (female), greatest width at lateral triangular lobe, sides concave behind this; anterior angles prominently anteriorly produced, 80°; anterior edge produced but concave at middle, basal edge weakly convex; hypomeron and prosternum densely punctured and pubescent as pronotum, except hypomeral lobe rugose and glabrous; scutellum punctured and apically shining, but more densely scaled than pronotum; elytra with scales irregularly distributed, forming a patchwork of glabrous and scaled areas, the latter sometimes denser forming pale spots; elytron tuberculate, but shiny tipped tubercles small not distinctly elevated, irregularly arranged in approximately 4 longitudinal rows, as follows: first (innermost) with 7–10 small tubercles; second with 5–8 small tubercles, usually with largest level with apex hind femur; third starting on inner surface of humerus, with 5–10 small tubercles; fourth starting on outer surface of humerus, with 5–8 small tubercles; elytral disc not or feebly transversely depressed in basal half, posterior to humerus; elytral punctures large (same as pronotal punctures) and deep, sparsely but evenly distributed, separated by 1.5– 2x diameters, interspaces dull, microsculptured; each elytral puncture with one small dull tubercle on anterior surface and small seta inside; elytral apex rounded; epipleuron finely and shallowly punctured with scale-like pubescence; mesoventrite punctured as prosternum; metepisternum and metaventrite dull, densely punctured and scaled, except shining and sparsely punctured midline; metatibiae with shallow irregular lateral longitudinal grooves, short and robust; bases of tarsomeres 1–3 not depressed; protarsomeres 1–3 equally narrow at base in both sexes. Abdomen (Figs 45, 54, 64, 71): ventrites I–V entirely dull, microreticulate; I more closely and strongly punctured at middle (interspaces less than or equal to puncture diameters), sparsely punctured at sides (interspaces much greater than puncture diameters); puncturation of II–IV similar to I; ventrite V densely and rugosely punctured; ventrite pubescence recumbent and scale-like, fine erect setae only present on apical margin of ventrite V; apex of ventrite V truncate in male, with thickened edge, convex in female; apex of penis contracted to mucronate tip in dorsal view, apex thick and short in lateral view; tegminal keel shallowly convex in lateral view; female sternite VIII apodeme short and narrow, apical sclerotised area triangular, about as long as wide, apex truncate; setae at apex of gonocoxite short and inconspicuous; stylus elongate, length twice width; median ventral sclerite elongate-triangular, distinctly sclerotised; spermatheca falcate, acutely tipped, with simple uncoiled duct. Etymology. Named for Conan, eldest son of M. Beatson. Notes. Cheiloxena conani has been collected from two upland localities in central and south Queensland, Kroombit Tops and Wonga Hills (Fig. 77). Kroombit Tops, an isolated low massif (930 m elevation), is unusual for its relatively temperate flora and fauna at 24° S (Monteith 1986). The old specimens labelled ‘Rockhampton’ by Brown may have been collected at Kroombit Tops (115 km south of Rockhampton) or possibly in the lower elevation hills 50 km south of Rockhampton (maximum elevation 746m) (G. Monteith, pers. com. 2013). The other locality, Wonga Hills, is a plateau at about 300 m elevation with low hills up to 550 m elevation, with large blocks of vine-thicket rainforest and eucalypt forest. The Wonga Hills site is 185 km south of Kroombit Tops. The two most recently collected specimens were at light, in vine thicket and open forest, in December and February.

Reid, C. A. M., Beatson, M. (2018): Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa 4497 (4): 501-534, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3

Cheiloxena insignis Blackburn, 1896 (Figs 7, 8, 17, 35, 39, 40, 47, 56, 57, 65, 72, 77) Cheiloxena insignis Blackburn, 1896: 39 (type locality: Healesville, Victoria). Material examined. Non-types (13): Australia: unlocalised: ♀/ Australie par Glason/ Cheiloxena insignis Black. / Museum Paris coll. H. Clavareau 1932/ (MHNP); ♀/ Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly / ex museo H. W. Bates 1892/ Museum Paris ex coll. R. Oberthur/ (MHNP); New South Wales: ♂/ Mittagong, Nov, C Oke (MVM); Victoria: Ƌ, 2♀*/ Victoria French/ Cheiloxena insignis Black. / Museum Paris coll. H. Clavareau 1932/ (MHNP); ♂/ Ferntree Gully, 16.x.1927, FE Wilson (ANIC); ♂*/ Lake Mountain, 26.i.2016, M Lagerway (AMS); ♀*/ Launching Place 9.ii.1903 / C. insignis f det C. Reid/ (MVM); ♂/ Millgrove 20.xi.1927 FE Wilson (ANIC); ♂/ Monbulk 4.x.1901 Jarvis (SAM); ♀/ Monbulk 7.x.1902 Jarvis (SAM); ♂*/ One Tree Gully VIC Ferntree Gully 14.x.1979 A [could be Acacia or Allocasuarina !] verticillata R. Patterson F110/ (ANIC). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena insignis is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces setose, not scaled; anterior margin of clypeus deeply excavate; pronotum without dorsal ridges but with 1–2 lateral tubercles; apical half of elytra not conspicuously tuberculate; elytral surface with erect setae. Description. Length: male 7–9 mm, female 8–10.5 mm; body relatively flat in profile, length about 3.2x height; colour dull to shining black, tibiae, tarsi and maxillary palpi, sometimes antennomeres 8–11 and apex elytra, dark reddish-brown; with adpressed thick white setae (not scales), sparsely distributed on head, pronotum and venter, in discrete lateral and preapical patches on elytra; surface sculpture extremely variable: head and pronotum shining but often shallowly microreticulate; elytral background sculpture shining to dull, depending on depth of microreticulation, but apices of tubercles always smooth and shining, elytral punctures semi-striate or scattered. Head (Figs 7, 8, 17, 35, 39, 40): distinctly narrower than pronotum in both sexes, width 0.9x (male) or 0.8x (female) pronotal width; densely punctured (punctures separated by about 1 diameter); with sparse white hair-like setae, denser at sides; narrow impunctate smooth area around antennal cavities; vertex and frons elevated between eyes, and flat to concave between antennae, without midline groove posteriorly but midline smooth in some specimens; eyes small, elongate-reniform, strongly laterally prominent, separated by 6 eye widths in male, 7 eye widths in female; gena at shortest point about 2/3 eye length in both sexes; genal lobe about 1.3x shortest length gena; antennae 5–6 socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.6x body length (male), or about 0.5x body length (female); all antennomeres dull, 1–7 sparsely and coarsely setose, 8–11 densely and finely setose; antennomeres 1 and 3–11 elongate, 2 quadrate>0.5x length 1, Notes. The maxillary palpi of C. insignis were illustrated by Reid (1992; Fig. 20) under C. tuberosa. Cheiloxena insignis seems to be endemic to south Victoria as there is a dense cluster of records in this area (material examined here and records in Reid 1992; Fig. 77). However, there is a single specimen from Mittagong, central New South Wales in the MVM collection (Reid 1992). It is a typical specimen of the dull and microsculptured form of C. insignis. We think this is likely to be a mislabelled specimen, as all other material is from tall eucalypt forest within 200 km of Melbourne (Fig. 77). Within this small area, C. insignis shows great variation in surface sculpture and it has been tempting to split this taxon into two species. Two morphological extremes are shown in Figures 7 and 8, but note that the first is a fresh female specimen and the second is a worn male. Relatively dull specimens with non-linear elytral punctures predominate in the southern, lowland part of the range (Fig. 7; Launching Place, at 100 m elevation), but Figure 8 is of a shiny specimen with partly linear elytral punctures and ridged intervals, collected at Lake Mountain, the northernmost part of the range, 42 km northeast of Launching Place and at 1300 m elevation (photographed live: Lagerwey 2016a). This male has a less mucronate penis (Fig. 57) than a male of the dull form (Fig. 56). There are morphological intermediates between the two forms, for example a specimen photographed near Launching Place (Lagerway 2016b), therefore we prefer to treat this as one variable species. Another live specimen has been photographed at Wonga Park, Victoria (Lagerwey 2016b). Despite being relatively frequently collected or observed in the Melbourne area, the host plants and biology of this species are unknown., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 524-526, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Blackburn, T. (1896) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. XIX. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 25, 35 - 109.","Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","Lagerwey, M. (2016 a) 5 Subfamily; Spilopyrinae. Available from: https: // sites. google. com / site / leafbeetlesofaustralia / 5 - subfamily-criocerinae (accessed May 2018)","Lagerwey, M. (2016 b) Cheiloxena insignis (not a weevil). Available from: http: // www. bowerbird. org. au / observations / 63634 (accessed 12 February 2018)"]}

Cheiloxena frenchae Blackburn, 1893 (Figs 2, 6, 16, 25, 33, 46, 55, 65, 72, 77) Cheiloxena frenchae Blackburn 1893: 138 (type locality: Latrobe River District, Victoria) Material examined. Types: Holotype: ♀ */ Latrobe R Dist Vict/ Cheiloxena frenchae Blackb. Victoria / Nat. Mus. Victoria C. French���s coll 5.11.08 / type / type T-9752 Cheiloxena frenchi [sic] Blkb./ (MVM). Nontypes (2): ��*, ♀*/ VIC, Cambarville, by picnic grounds, 37.559817S 145.883788E on Lomatia fraseri, det CR, 26.i.2016, M. Lagerway / (AMS). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena frenchae is distinguished by: upper and lower surfaces scaled; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; pronotum with almost parallel paired ridges; hypomeral lobe rugose, with scales at base; apical half of elytra conspicuously tuberculate with largest tubercles arranged in a transverse row. Description. Length: male 9.5 mm, female 12.5���15.5 mm; body moderately convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour black, except maxillary and labial palpi reddish-brown; almost entirely clothed with adpressed white to brown scale-like setae (length 3��� 5x width), but not distinctly variegated in colour, setae not thinner on depressed areas of pronotum and elytra, thinner on anterior of clypeus, apices of mandibles, prosternal and mesoventral processes, legs, apex of abdominal ventrite V, and antennomeres 1���7, absent from antennomeres 8���11 (with simple setae only); scale-like setae distributed almost evenly on head but clypeal margins glabrous, almost evenly on pronotum but slightly sparser on depressed areas and absent from apices of ridges, densely on scutellum, and irregularly on elytra with mosaic of dense patches and more sparsely setose areas and larger tubercles withelongate semi-erect brown setae at apices; ventral surfaces with dense white adpressed setae except thin setae on ventrite V, setae of appendages thin but dense; surface sculpture: head except clypeal margins, pronotum and metaventrite densely punctured and microreticulate, relatively shining, elytra and rest of thoracic venter, including pronotal hypomera, dull, more sparsely punctate but densely microsculptured; clypeal margins, apices of tubercles and ridges, and abdominal ventrites shining and not distinctly microsculptured. Head (Figs 2, 6, 16, 25): slightly narrower than pronotum in both sexes, head width 0.95x pronotal width; closely but not confluently punctured, punctures small, intervals shiny and not conspicuously microsculptured, and with narrow impunctate shining frontoclypeal sutures, apicolateral margin of clypeus, and margins of antennal cavities; convex between eyes, flat between antennae; eyes laterally prominent, separated by about 4 eye widths (male) or 5 eye widths (female); gena at shortest point about 0.3x eye length (male) to about 0.5x eye length (female); genal lobe 2x (male) to equal (female) shortest length of gena; antennae 3x (male) to 4x (female) socket diameters apart; antennae about 0.8x body length (male), or about 0.6x body length (female); antennomeres 1���6 dull with shining apices, apex of 7 and 8���11 entirely matt; antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 slightly transverse, 0.5x length of 1, 0.25x length of 3, relative lengths of antennomeres with 3 longest and 7 next, in both sexes, and middle segments of unequal lengths: male: 2, Notes. The previous description of this species was based on a combination of the female holotype and a male from NSW which we now regard as a separate species (C. monga, see below). Our description therefore represents the first correct description of the male. Cheiloxena frenchae is restricted to the hills east of Melbourne, Victoria, at 900���1200 m elevation. Specimens of C. frenchae at Cambarville have been photographed live, including the material we have dissected (Lagerwey 2016a; Monaghan 2018). They were observed feeding on Lomatia fraseri (Proteaceae) and sent live to us in Sydney with leaves of this plant. The female laid typical spilopyrine faeces-covered eggs, which failed to hatch. Another live specimen has been photographed at Mt Donna Buang, Victoria (Fig. 2; Monaghan 2018). Cheiloxena frenchae is attracted to lights at night (Monaghan 2018)., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 523-524, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Blackburn, T. (1893) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. XIII. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 17, 130 - 140.","Lagerwey, M. (2016 a) 5 Subfamily; Spilopyrinae. Available from: https: // sites. google. com / site / leafbeetlesofaustralia / 5 - subfamily-criocerinae (accessed May 2018)","Monaghan, N. (2018) Spilopyrinae. Available from: https: // lifeunseen. smugmug. com / keyword / spilopyrinae / (accessed 29 May 2018)"]}

Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly, 1860 (Figs 1, 11, 12, 20, 21, 29, 30, 36, 37, 50, 51, 60, 61, 68, 75, 76, 78) Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly, 1860: 255 (type locality: Australia) Material examined. Non-types (85). ACT: ��*/ Blundell Hill, Brindabella Ra, 900m, Astrotricha ledifolia (flws), 17.xii.1989 C. Reid (ANIC); ♂/ Blundell Ck, 12.xi.1985 G. Cassis (AMS); ♂/ Brindabella Ra, 3000���, 12.xii.1966, IFB Common (ANIC); New South Wales: ♀/ Barrington Tops, J Hopson (AMS); ♂, ♀/ The Bird Tree, Little Brother SF, 31:41S 142:41E, stop 50, 16.xi.1983 D Rentz, M Harvey (ANIC); 2♂, 2♀/ Blackheath, Blue Mtns, on fern-like shrub somewhat similar to Lomatia, i.1941, B & G. Styles (ANIC); 1♀/ Lots 72, 73, 148, Caparra 13.x.1995 mv light S Watkins/ SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); 1♀ ditto except 6.xii.1994 (ANIC); 1♀ ditto except 17.xii.1993 (ANIC); 1♂ ditto except 4.x.1988 (ANIC); ♂/ Culoul Ra., at light, 8.xi.1978 (AMS); ♀/ nr Cutters pass, Williams R, 23���30.x.1926 A Musgrave & TG Campbell (AMS); 2♀/ Dingo Tops Forest Park, Dingo SF, NW Wingham, 14.i.1993, mv light/ SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); ♂/ Dorrigo W Heron (ANIC); ♀/ Doyles River SF, Tirrill Ck Rd, nr bridge, on ground at night, 31.x.2007, A. Scott (AMS); ♀/ Eungai 16.x. 197[numeral missing] FT Fricke (AMS); 2♂*/ Gibraltar Ra. NP, 29:28S 152:21E, 950m, 10.x.1974 IFB Common, ED Edwards (ANIC); ♀/ The Granites, Washpool NP, to light, 4.i.1991 A Sundholm, R De Keyzer (AMS); 2♂/ Hasting R HJC[arter] (ANIC); ♀*/ Island Bend, Kosciusko NP, 36:19S 148:29E, 850m, on Eucalyptus, 5.xi.1987, C. Reid (ANIC); ♀/ Kuringai NP, McCarrs Rd entrance, feeding on Astritricha latifolia, i.2007, S D��ngelhoef & J Pedersen (AMS); 3♂, 3♀/ Moonpah SF, via Dorrigo, 11.xii.1971 GB Monteith (QMB); ♀/ Mt Bib[benluke], 21.iii.1964 / DA Doolan coll/ (AMS); 1♂/ summit Mt Marie, Dingo SF 23. xii.1 994 mv light S Watkins/ SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); 3♀/ Mt Tomah, Blue Mtns, 31.i.1981 NW Rodd (AMS); ♀, ditto, except 30.i.1981 (AMS); ♀, ditto except 20.x.1980 (AMS); ♀, ditto except 28.xi.1981 (AMS); ♂, ditto except 5.i.1982 (AMS); ♂, ditto except 2.i.1984 (AMS); ♀, ditto except 16.xi.1984 (AMS); ♂, ditto, except 4.xi.1988 (AMS); ♂, ditto, except 29.x.1988 (AMS); ♂, ditto, except 29.ii.1992 (AMS); 2♂, ♀/ Mt Tomah 9.i.1978 (AMS); 2♂, 2♀, ditto, except 24.ii.1978 (AMS); ♀, ditto except 29.ii.1984 (AMS); ♀/ North Rocks 20.ix.1941 (ANIC); ♂/ 5k NW Ourimbah, 33:19S 151:21E, 25.xi.1976 IFB Common & ED Edwards (ANIC); ♂/ Potoroo Rd @ Little Run Ck Dingo SF 15.xi.1994 / SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); ♀/ Robertson, HJC (ANIC); ♂/ Swans Xing, Kerewong SF, c.12k WNW Kendall, ex rainforest, 11���12.xii.1994, G Williams (AMS); ♂/ 24k SE Threeways, 32:49S 150:25E, 30.xii.1977 G Daniels (AMS); 2♂, ♀/ Ulong East Dorrigo W Heron/ (AMS); ♂/ Vincents Lookout N East Lansdowne NSW 11.ix.1995 S Watkins/ SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); ♀/ Wadsworth Trail @ Potoroo Rd, Dingo SF, NSW, 4.xii.1995, mv light/ SG Watkins coll. donated 2001/ (ANIC); 2♀*/ Wild Cattle Ck SF, Mobong Ck, 17k (air) N Dorrigo, 16.xi.1982 J Doyen (ANIC); ♀/ Yarranapping Mt, 16.x.1973 FT Fricke (AMS); Queensland: ♂, ♀/ [Lamington] National Park, xii.1919 H Hacker (QMB); ♂/ Mt Asplenium, 28:09S 152:26E, 1290m, 18���20.xii.1992 GB Monteith (QMB); Victoria: 2♂/ no further data (MHNP); 2♂, 2♀/ French [ex coll.] (MHNP); ♀*/ "loc.?" CF (ANIC); ♂, ♀*/ Belgrave, xi.1948, C.O[ke]/ JG Brooks bequest 1976/ (ANIC); ♀/ ditto, except i.1949 (MVM); ♂/ Emerald, 26.ii.1903 GAK (ANIC); ♂/ Emerald, 7.iii.1943, FE Wilson (ANIC); ♂*/ H[ealesville] 3746 [Blackburn label]/ (AMS); 2♂/ Healesville/ EW Ferguson coll./ (ANIC); ♂/ Melbourne no.1530 E. Fischer/ (ANIC); ♀/ Mt Buffalo NP, 8km from entrance gate, c20k SE Myrtleford, 500m, 4.xii.1980, DA Pollock & LA Reichert (ANIC); ♂/ Warburton, Cement Ck, Nothofagus cunninghamii etc, 670m, 10���17.i.1980, A. Newton, M. Thayer (ANIC); ♂/ Warburton, 6.xii.1931 FE Wilson (ANIC); ♂/ 25k from Warburton, on Acheron Way, 37:37:35S 145:42:46E, on Pomaderris aspera, swampy burnt forest, 7.xii.2012, C Reid & E Tan (AMS). Diagnosis. Cheiloxena westwoodii is distinguished by: anterior margin of clypeus deeply excavate; pronotum without dorsal ridges but with 1���2 lateral tubercles; elytra without large conical tubercles. Description. Length: male 9.5��� 13 mm, female 8���13 mm; body convex in profile, length about 3x height; colour entirely black, except maxillary and labial palpi often reddish-brown, dorsal and ventral surfaces with golden scale-like setae except scales dark and thin on apices of elytral tubercles; scale-like setae recumbent, variable in proportion (length 3��� 8x width), narrowest at apices of tubercles, distributed as follows: close and almost even on head; close and almost even on pronotum; dense on scutellum; with mosaic of dense patches and unscaled areas on elytral disc, usually forming 3���7 pale spots along elytral suture and along lateral margin, elytral tubercles with elongate semi-erect setae, fairly sparse but even on ventral surfaces, or with dense pale spots at lateral margin of metaventrite and middle of ventrites, ventral surfaces of femora with or without dense pale setae, setae of remainder of appendages thin, except antennomeres 8���11 minutely setose; surface sculpture: head, pronotum, elytra and venter dull, punctate and densely microsculptured, except shining apices of tubercles. Head (Figs 1, 11, 12, 20, 21, 29, 30): distinctly narrower than pronotum in both sexes; densely and slightly confluently punctured, punctures small and shallow, intervals dull and microsculptured, with close recumbent scales; narrow impunctate smooth area around antennal cavities; flat between eyes and flat between antennae; eyes small, slightly laterally prominent or not extending laterally beyond temples (some females), separated by about 4.5 eye widths (male) or about 5.5 eye widths (female); gena at shortest point about 0.6x eye length (both sexes); genal lobe about 0.65x shortest length of gena; antennae 3 (male) ��� 4 (female) x socket diameters apart; antennae 0.65���0.75x body length (male), or 0.55���0.65x body length (female); antennomeres 1���7 dull, 8���11 duller; antennomeres 1 and 3���11 elongate, 2 transverse to quadrate, about 0.6 length of 1, 0.3���0.35x length of 3; relative lengths of antennomeres, with 3 longest and 7 next in both sexes, and most middle segments of similar length: male: 2, Notes. Cheiloxena westwoodii is the most widespread and frequently collected species of the genus and also the most variable. Reid (1992) suggested that there were two geographically defined forms, separated by a gap of about 200 km in central eastern NSW. That gap is here reduced to about 125 km but is still evident (Fig. 78). The northern form is generally more strongly sculptured on the elytra, with larger and more numerous tubercles or ridges. This form exists as far south as Robertson (34.59��S), from where there is a single specimen with numerous prominent elytral tubercles. Southern specimens, from Mount Bibbenluke (35.26��S) southwards, are generally smoother, without conspicuous tubercles, but a few specimens in the south are as tuberculate as the least tuberculate northern specimens. Another character that separates the records geographically is the density of setae on the ventral surfaces of the femora. Specimens from Barrington Tops (32.03��S) northwards have the femoral ventral surfaces densely covered in pale grey scales, whereas specimens from Culoul Range (33.23��S) southwards have increasingly sparser setae, with the femoral ventral surface visible. Other variable features include shape of elytral apices, shape of male maxillary palpi and convexity of female eyes, but these features do not vary geographically. There are no consistent genitalic differences between these populations or forms therefore we prefer to treat all as a single variable species. The distribution of Cheiloxena westwoodii almost overlaps with all other species, from southern Victoria to southeastern Queensland (Fig. 78). Within this range it is associated with eucalypt woodland and forest. Several adults of C. westwoodii were collected on Astrotricha latifolia (Araliaceae) at Kuringai Chase National Park and caged for two weeks with this plant, but failed to reproduce, although they fed on the foliage. A specimen was also collected on Astrotricha ledifolia in the Brindabella Ranges, ACT. The host plants are probably various species of Astrotricha, but it has also been collected from eucalypts and from a "fern-like shrub somewhat similar to Lomatia ". The species has been photographed at several sites in Victoria, including Cambarville (Monaghan 2018), Dandenong Ranges (Monaghan 2018), Garfield (Lagerway 2016a), Powelltown (Monaghan 2018) and Reefton (Monaghan 2018). Adults are occasionally attracted to ultraviolet light., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 529-531, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Baly, J. S. (1860) Descriptions of some new species of Sagra; remarks on that genus; and the characters of Cheiloxena, a new genus belonging to the same family. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, Series 2, 5, 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01852. x","Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","Monaghan, N. (2018) Spilopyrinae. Available from: https: // lifeunseen. smugmug. com / keyword / spilopyrinae / (accessed 29 May 2018)"]}

Cheiloxena Baly, 1860. Cheiloxena Baly, 1860: 255 Chiloxena: Gemminger and von Harold 1874: 3233 (misspelling) Cheiloscena: Selman 1963: 158 (misspelling) Chiloscena: Selman 1963: 159 (misspelling) Type species: Cheiloxena westwoodii Baly, 1860, by original designation and monotypy Diagnosis. Length 7�� 15.5 mm; shape elongate, profile not elevated at base of elytra; elytra parallel-sided for basal 2/3, base of pronotum strongly narrowed compared with elytral width at humeri; dorsum dull, with scattered recumbent scale-like setae; eyes generally small, gena 0.3���0.8x eye length; pronotum widest at middle and/or anterior, and width at posterior angles narrower than width at anterior angles; lateral margination of pronotum absent; prosternal process elongate, arched between coxae, apex truncate and laterally expanded; elytra tuberculate, non-striate, but some punctures may be aligned in short rows; epipleuron narrow, gradually contracted from humerus to apex, upper margin obliterated at base; mesosternal process elongate, apex truncate; male tibiae straight; tibial spurs 1+2+2; claw bifid, inner lobe small and acute, Description. Length 7���15.5 mm, females larger than males on average but ranges broadly overlapping; body (Figs 1���20) elongate, length 1.8���2.3x width; head generally deflexed (least so in C. insignis); pronotal base much narrower than elytral base at humeri, which are prominent; dorsum and venter dark brown to black, with broad recumbent scale-like setae, except C. insignis with recumbent thin setae; profile shallowly convex, but often with prominent tubercles, length 2.6���3.1x height (excluding tubercles). Head (Figs 1���30, 35, 38, 39): head capsule dorsally without deep grooves or ridges; fronto-clypeal sutures obsolete, but frontoclypeus distinguished by narrow impunctate margins delimiting an approximately triangular area, anterior margin truncate to deeply concave, flat or concave between eyes and without elevated apex; vertex and frontoclypeus punctate, punctures larger than ommatidia; eyes small and ovate, length 1.3��� 2x width, inner margins shallowly concave, inter-ocular space 2��� 4x eye lengths; eye feebly to strongly laterally projecting, if latter, posterior curvature contiguous with short temples, which are constricted to parallel-sided base of head capsule; small trichobothrium present at posterior margin of eye; pregular area smooth and impunctate (normally hidden); gena produced, 0.3���0.8x greatest eye length; antennae 2.5x (male C. insignis) to 9x (female C. conani) socket diameters apart, sockets laterally directed; antennae 0.55���0.9x body length; relative sizes of antennomeres variable, but 1 always widest, 2 shortest and quadrate to transverse, 3 longer than 1, antennomeres 8���11 elongate and parallel-sided or short and ovate (C. insignis), 3 longest, and 7 or 11 second longest; antennomeres 1���6 relatively shining and sparsely punctured, 8���11 (sometimes also apical half of 7) dull and densely microsculptured; membranous anteclypeus usually produced, smooth and impunctate; labrum transverse, broadest at apex, flat except for declivous apical edge, often only the latter visible, anterior margin shallowly concave to truncate; apical half shining, sparsely punctate, with 2���4 pairs (sometimes asymmetric) of long setae at edge of declivity and fringe of long setae projecting from underside of apical edge, forming tuft at each apicolateral corner; mandibles shining and almost impunctate on apical 1/3���1/2, closely punctured and setose on basal 2/3���1/2; each mandible produced, bent at almost right-angles to two apical teeth; apical maxillary palpomere elongate, fusiform in females, varying from elongate ovate to securiform in males, but in males always with broader truncate apex; preapical maxillary palpomere elongate-triangular, shorter than apical, and narrower; labial palpi similar to maxillary palpi in both sexes, but narrower; mentum transverse, width 2��� 3x median length, anterior angles slightly produced. Thorax (Figs 1���36, 40���42): pronotum elongate to transverse, width 0.85���1.3x length, broadest at middle, or middle and anterior angles, usually strongly contracted from middle to posterior angles and slightly contracted from middle to anterior angles; disc punctured, uneven, with lateral depressions and/or paired median ridges; anterior edge produced in front of anterior angles, posterior edge truncate to convex, lateral margins slightly convex to strongly toothed or lobed; anterior and posterior edges without distinct beading; lateral carinae absent, or reduced to short ridge between anterior angle and anterolateral tubercle in C. insignis; anterior angles anteriorly prominent, with small trichobothrium; posterior angles not produced, 90���100��, with small trichobothrium laterally placed; base of elytra not or slightly hollowed to accommodate posterior of pronotum; prosternum flat and punctate between procoxae and head; prosternal process elongate, narrow and strongly arched, with truncate expanded apex; procoxal cavities pear shaped, rounded at inner margin and attenuated laterally; protrochantins narrowly exposed; procoxal cavities closed by insertion of hypomeral lobes into prosternal process; scutellum semi-ovate, flat, apex superimposed on sutural base; elytra broadest at base or basal 2/3, with strongly developed humeri; surface with shiny tipped tubercles and irregular depressions, usually including an arcuate depression in basal half; elytral puncturation irregular, without distinct striae but partially seriate in some C. insignis; discal punctures deep and vertically walled with transparent shiny bases and pair of shiny tubercles laterally on rim (absent in C. conani); elytral sutural margin elevated in apical third; elytral epipleuron narrow, width Notes. Sexual dimorphism is slight, however males are easily distinguished by having apically expanded last maxillary palpomeres compared with the simply ovate female last maxillary palpomeres. Males are also smaller on average, with larger cephalic sensory organs (antennae longer and thicker, eyes proportionally slightly larger) and first tarsomeres slightly broader. In Cheiloxena there is little interspecific variation in ventral structures, such as the thorax and abdominal sclerites, in contrast to other spilopyrine genera such as Macrolema Baly, 1861, and Spilopyra (Reid & Beatson 2010a, 2010b). Our species diagnosis is mostly based on variation in antennal structure, tubercles and lobes on the pronotum and elytra, and on the genitalia. As in other Spilopyrinae, interspecific genitalic variation is slight. Molecular study of this genus has not been attempted and is hampered by rarity of the species. Distribution and biology. Cheiloxena is endemic to Australia, where it occurs on the eastern ranges and coastal plains (2���1400 m elevation) from southern Victoria to south-central Queensland at Kroombit Tops (Figs 77, 78). It is absent from Tasmania. All species are fully winged and Cheiloxena species are occasionally collected at light. Almost all Cheiloxena specimens have been collected from October to February, especially the summer months of November to January, and the sex ratio is approximately 1:1. All species of Cheiloxena appear to be cryptically coloured and therefore may be hiding on dead branches or in leaf litter during the day. Cheiloxena species are mostly restricted to temperate or cool temperate forest in southeastern Australia, unlike other Australian spilopyrines, which occur in tropical or subtropical rainforests (Reid & Beatson 2010a, 2010b, 2011). The life history of Cheiloxena is poorly known. Several specimens of C. westwoodii Baly were collected on Astrotricha latifolia (Araliaceae) and kept alive in a laboratory, where they fed on this plant but failed to lay eggs. Astrotricha species are generally uncommon in eastern Australia (Hnatiuk 1990; Anonymous 2017). Feeding on Araliaceae is extremely rare in Chrysomelidae, with only three other genera recorded feeding on this family, in Chrysomelinae and Lamprosomatinae (Jolivet and Hawkeswood 1995). Astrotricha may be the host of all Cheiloxena species as all localities for the beetle are known to have Astrotricha present (Hnatiuk 1990; Anonymous 2017) and both plant and beetle are absent from Tasmania. However, three specimens of C. frenchae were collected on Lomatia fraseri (Proteaceae) and a leaf of this plant was partly chewed by two of them in captivity. The female C. frenchae laid three eggs, each covered in faecal material, but these eggs failed to hatch. A single specimen of the new species similar to C. frenchae was collected from Lomatia arborescens in northern New South Wales. The distribution of Lomatia is similar to Astrotricha but includes Tasmania (Hnatiuk 1990; Anonymous 2017) and it also occurs in South America (Stevens 2017). Lomatia leaves have long trichomes (Gonzalez et al., 2004), like Astrotricha leaves, and trichomes are known to provide defence against eruciform insect larvae (Kariyat et al., 2017). Three species of Cheiloxena have also been collected from foliage of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), which lacks trichomes, and there are single records on other plants, but all without evidence of feeding. Larvae of Cheiloxena remain unknown. The failure, so far, to find larvae of Cheiloxena may indicate that the larvae have a different biology to other spilopyrine genera, all of which are known, however larvae of this subfamily are generally nocturnal and rarely collected (Bohumiljania: Reid & Beatson 2011; Dorymolpus: Elgueta, Daccordi & Zoia 2014; Hornius: Jerez 1996; Macrolema: Reid & Beatson 2010a; Richmondia: undescribed, but reared by one of the authors (CAMR); Spilopyra: Reid & Beatson 2010b; Stenomela: Jerez 1996). Three of the species of Cheiloxena have been fairly commonly collected, the other five are represented by 23 specimens in collections. Cheiloxena blackburni Reid, 1992, is only known from a small amount of old material (most recent dated specimen = 1935), without detailed locality, and may reasonably be considered ���Endangered��� in conservation status (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012). Records of several identifiable Cheiloxena species are available from detailed photographic records posted on websites. The amateur photographer-naturalist community provides a valuable service posting images of these rarely seen animals, for which we are very grateful., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2018, Revision of the Australian leaf beetle genus Cheiloxena Baly, 1860 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), pp. 501-534 in Zootaxa 4497 (4) on pages 502-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1456311, {"references":["Baly, J. S. (1860) Descriptions of some new species of Sagra; remarks on that genus; and the characters of Cheiloxena, a new genus belonging to the same family. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, Series 2, 5, 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1860. tb 01852. x","von Harold, E. (1874) Chrysomelidae pars 1. In: Gemminger, M. & von Harold, E. (Eds.), Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonimicus et systematicus, 11, pp. 3233 - 3478.","Selman, B. J. (1963) A revision of the genus Deretrichia Weise (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 14 (4), 155 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8781","Baly, J. S. (1861) Descriptions of new genera and species of Phytophaga. Journal of Entomology, 1, 275 - 302.","Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 a) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Macrolema Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae), with description of a new genus. Zootaxa, 2486, 1 - 60.","Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2010 b) Revision of the Australo-Papuan genus Spilopyra Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 2692, 1 - 32.","Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2011) Revision of the New Caledonian endemic genus Bohumiljania Monros (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Spilopyrinae). Zootaxa, 3000, 1 - 43.","Hnatiuk, R. J. (1990) Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna. Series 11. AGPS Press, Canberra, 650 pp.","Anonymous (2017) Astrotricha DC. Atlas of Living Australia. Available from: http: // bie. ala. org. au / species / http: // id. biodiversity. org. au / node / apni / 6923469 (accessed 1 October 2017)","Jolivet, P. & Hawkeswood, T. J. (1995) Host-plants of Chrysomelidae of the world. Backhuys, Leiden, 281 pp.","Stevens, P. F. (2017) Angiosperm phylogeny website. Version 14, July 2017. Available from: http: // www. mobot. org / MOBOT / research / APweb (accessed 18 March 2018)","Gonzalez, C. C., Gandolfo, M. A. & Cuneo, R. N. (2004) Leaf architecture and epidermal characters of the Argentinean species of Proteaceae. International Journal of Plant Science, 165 (4), 521 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 386566","Kariyat, R. R., Smith, J. D., Stephenson, A. G., de Morales, C. M. & Mescher, M. C. (2017) Non-glandular trichomes of Solanum carolinense deter feeding by Manduca sexta caterpillars and cause damage to the gut peritrophic matrix. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284 (1849), 1 - 9. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.2323","Elgueta, M., Daccordi, M. & Zoia, S. (2014) Dorymolpus elizabethae nov. gen., nov. sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Spilopyrinae) de Chile, asociado a Nothofagus Blume. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 63, 159 - 178.","Reid, C. A. M. (1992) Revision of the genus Cheiloxena Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Memoirs of the Museum of Fictoria, 53 (1), 101 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1992.53.04","International Union for Conservation of Nature (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Fersion 3.1. 2 nd Edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp."]}

Safrina jaedoni Reid & Beatson, new species (Figs 4, 13, 22, 31, 41, 55, 62, 70) Material examined. Types: AUSTRALIA: HOLOTYPE: ��, Kroombit Tops, 65 km SW Gladstone, 1000���1100 m, open forest, 22���26.ii.1982, Monteith, Thompson, & Yeates (QMB); PARATYPES (17): 10��, 6♀, same data as holotype (AMS, DPIM, QMB); 1��, Kroombit Tops, 65 km SW Gladstone, 1000 m, ex Eucalyptus log in open forest, 22���26.ii.1982 (AMS). Diagnosis. Male. Length 18���21 mm. Dark brown to black, with (usually) or without dark green reflection, legs reddish brown; prothorax almost parallel-sided, elytra slightly rounded at sides; head with genal lobe greatly laterally projecting as an elongate triangle with a notch on posterior margin; mandibles without pre-apical dorsal tooth, basal internal dorsal and ventral teeth separated; basal half of elytron without ridges, with 5 striae. Female: length 17���20 mm. Colour as male; with or without distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotum relatively strongly and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove separated by more than diameters, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum feebly crenulate; elytra not or weakly transversely wrinkled, dull with dense microsculpture; elytral intervals 1���5 weakly convex at base, without carina from shoulder to disc; explanate margin of elytra narrow, 1.0���1.5x width of base of metatibia, without or with shallow lateral grooves. Description. (Note: all available specimens teneral or at least recently emerged). Male. Length 18���21 mm. Dark reddish brown to black, usually with dark green reflection, legs reddish brown. Body sub-parallel sided: pronotum generally broadest at middle third, often slightly broader than elytra, sides of elytra slightly rounded. Head closely setose around median tubercles, with sparse setae elsewhere, pronotal disc glabrous. Head: sides greatly laterally produced, as an acute-angled approximately isosceles triangle, height 1.0���1.5x width of base, notched on posterior edge; strongly transverse, width more than 4x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth interspaces; 2 separate anteromedian tubercles, on slightly elevated median prominence; anterior margin deeply concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.5���2.0x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles without dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, externally keeled on middle third; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle absent or small and inconspicuous on inner edge; ventral inner edge with 3���4 angulate teeth, usually similarly sized but often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large separated dorsal and ventral tubercles; pregular swelling sharply convex, height ��� longitudinal length, without setose punctures on each face. Thorax: pronotum usually almost parallel-sided in basal half, sometimes slightly contracted from posterolateral angles to apex, posterolateral angles not laterally projecting; lateral margins not crenulate, but with 0���7 minute nicks; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with or without pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured, densely in lateral depressions; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, sparsely but strongly punctured; elytra slightly rounded at sides, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; basal half of elytron with intervals 1���5 convex, 3 slightly more so than others, without an oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra shiny, but finely microreticulate except extreme base; elytral disc striate, with 5 fine sparsely punctured grooves reaching apical half, intervals with or without shallow transverse grooves, remainder of elytra smooth, with scattered punctures; elytral sides explanate, width 1.0���1.5x width of base of metatibia, smooth or almost so; wing fully developed, apex sharply folded to within basal third of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2���3 minor teeth, inner margin with 0���2 prominent teeth; metatibia with 1���2 small external teeth. Abdomen: basal �� of ventrites I ���IV dull, microreticulate, apical �� shiny without surface sculpture; ventrite I rugulose, finely and closely punctured on intercoxal process and sides, II ���V closely but finely punctured, I ���III glabrous except sides and intercoxal process, IV with sparse and minute recumbent setae, V with long erect setae on apical half; apex of ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: phallobase almost glabrous, but with scattered minute setae, medially unsclerotised on dorsal surface, apex of venter with triangular less strongly sclerotised depression, dorsal surface weakly convex; parameres with short but moderately close setae, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with V-shaped notch; endophallus in repose with 1 large loop. Female. As male, except: length 17���20 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, anterior truncate; genal lobe laterally produced as a short asymmetric triangle or trapezoid, broadest at posterior then approximately convexly curved to anterior of head; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with or without small elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, punctures often confluent, lateral margins evidently notched or bluntly crenulate, hind angles obtuse; internal margin protibia without teeth; apex ventrite V shallowly notched; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine. Larva: unknown. Etymology. Named after Jaedon Marr. Distribution and natural history. Safrina jaedoni is the northernmost species of Safrina and is endemic to Kroombit Tops, an area of approximately 100 km 2 above 800 m altitude, well known as an isolated area of rainforest (McDonald & Sharpe 1986; Monteith 1987). Safrina jaedoni was illustrated as R. laticeps on the cover of the Queensland Naturalist for 1986 and similarly in Mizunuma & Nagai (1994: 206, plate 3). The material examined for this study was collected on a single visit in February 1982 by staff of the Queensland Museum, when all the specimens were found in a single hollow log of only 10���12 cm diameter, on the ground, in woodland not rainforest (G. Monteith, personal communication 2015). This habitat is similar to that of its sister species, S. laticeps. Notes. Safrina jaedoni and S. laticeps are similar and might be considered conspecific. We believe the consistent differences in male mandibles and genitalia validate their status, backed by slight comparative differences in female dorsal sculpture. The two species are geographically separated by 275 km of mostly lowland dry woodland., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["McDonald, W. J. F. & Sharpe, P. R. (1986) The plant communities and flora of Kroombit Tops. The Queensland Naturalist, 27, 3 - 10.","Monteith, G. B. (1987) Insects from Kroombit Tops, Queensland, with some results of a site survey of Coleoptera. The Queensland Naturalist, 27, 27 - 34, frontspiece.","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp."]}

Safrina parallela (Deyrolle, 1881) new combination. (Figs 8, 17, 26, 35, 59, 70) Rhyssonotus parallelus Deyrolle, 1881: 238; Moore & Cassis 1992: 17; Mizunuma & Nagai 1994: 313, plate 152 (photograph of ♀ syntype). Material examined. Non-types: (31). 3, no data, Bomans coll. (BMNH); ��, no data (MMM); 2��, 1♀, no data, colls Simson & Blackburn (SAM); New South Wales: ��, Bago Forest, Batlow, 11.iii.1957, T. G. Campbell (ANIC); ��, junction Yarrongobilly Caves Road and Snowy Mountains Highway, 15.ii.1997, M. Moulds (AMS); Queensland: 1, no further data, Fry coll. (BMNH); Victoria: 1, no further data, Nevison coll. (BMNH); ��, Victoria (MMS); ��, Victoria, E. W. Ferguson coll. (ANIC); ��, Australian Alps, 1920, J. E. Dixon (MMM); ��, Australian Alps, ii.1940, C. Oke (MMM); ��, Australian Alps, i.1940, no collector (MMM); ♀, Australian Alps, no date (MMM); ♀, Balook, C. Oke (MMM); ��, Belgrave, C. Oke (MMM); ��, Glen Wills, 22. ii.1 953, F. E. Wilson (MMM); ��, Macedon, 4.iii.1950, F. E. Wilson (MMM); 3, Macedon, no date, no collector (MMM, SAM); 2��, Mount Bencairn, 16.ii.1950, B. Given (MMM); ♀, ex larva, Mount Donna Buang, 700 m, 20.x.1992 adults emerged i.1995, leg G. J. Krake (RDK); ��, Mount St Leonard, Healsville, 900 m, 20.iii.1995, G.J. Krake (RDK); ♀, Thorpdale, Gippsland, ii.1889 (MMM); ♀, Upper Tarago River, 30.i.1979, G. May (ANIC); ♀, Warburton, 16.ii.1920 (MMM). Diagnosis. Male. Elytral disc irregularly strigose, with mixed large and small punctures; pregular ridge slightly convex; inner face of protibia without teeth; form narrower; length 15���18 mm; head distinctively shaped, with posterior angle of genal lobe apically acute and at 45�� to eye, anterior angle rounded; mandibles without basal tooth on upperside of internal face; elytral suture (interval 1) raised as a smooth and shiny ridge, contrasting with dull, microsculptured unridged disc. Female. Elytral disc irregularly strigose, with mixed large and small punctures; pregular ridge slightly convex; inner face of protibia without teeth; form narrower; length 15���18 mm; first elytral interval convex and shiny, not microsculptured, in contrast to dull, densely microsculptured flat elytral disc; anterior face of pregular ridge densely punctured; outer margin of upper surface of mandible with complete keel, no basal tooth, inner margin concave, without teeth. Description. Male. Length 15���22 mm. Head, pronotum, elytra, and venter black or almost so, elytra sometimes slightly paler, dorsum with or without faint green reflection; legs variable, black or reddish brown with darker femora. Body elongate, relatively parallel sided: pronotal width narrower than or equal to elytra (largest specimen), broadest at or near hind angles, sides of elytra almost parallel sided in basal half. Head: with short laterally projecting genal lobes (longer than broad), posterior of genal lobe obliquely angled from eye to middle of lobe, which has short angular projection, then rounded to anterior of head; head transverse, width 2.3���2.6x length; dorsum strongly punctured, punctures sparse to clustered in grooves or pits, with smooth elevated interspaces, not or faintly microreticulate; anteromedian prominence present or absent, not bituberculate, with or without single tubercle; anterior margin medially deeply to shallowly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.0���1.5x longer than head, almost symmetrical, apices almost truncate; mandibles without dorsal tubercles or with slight angular swelling on outer ridge about 1/3 from base, outer edge keeled; preapical dorsal tubercle absent; middle of ventral inner edge with 1 large asymmetric tooth (a second small preapical tooth present in 1 specimen), apically angulate, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large right-angled, ventral tubercle, dorsal tubercle absent; pregular swelling moderately convex and moderately arcuate, anterior face much shrter than posterior, height ��� longitudinal length, with close coarse setose punctures on anterior face, much fewer on posterior. Thorax: pronotum contracted anteriorly from posterolateral angles or slightly anterior to them; posterolateral angles variable, from rounded to acute angled (80��); lateral margins bluntly and irregularly crenulate; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured (almost impunctate in 2 specimens), with or without small pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured in lateral depressions and posterolateral angles, but punctures not confluent; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum approximately semicircular, shiny and impunctate or with 1���2 punctures; elytra almost parallel sided at basal half, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; elytron with interval 1 weakly raised for at least 3/4 of length, otherwise surface without ridges; elytra variably microscuptured, usually apical third densely microreticulate and relatively dull and basal third relatively shiny and shallowly microreticulate, usually basal half of elevated first interval shiny; elytral disc without striae, but entirely irregularly strigose or wrinkled, with fairly dense mixed large and small punctures on disc, and a row of large punctures at edge of basal half of interval 1; base of elytron with 1���4 short deep elongate grooves; elytral sides narrowly explanate, width 0.5���1.0x width of base of metatibia, relatively smooth, with shallow transverse grooves, microsculptured as disc; wing fully developed, sharply folded at apex of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 1���3 minor teeth; internal margin protibia without median teeth; metatibia with 0���3 minute external teeth. Abdomen: ventrites relatively shiny, shallowly microreticulate, almost punctured throughout, punctures relatively large, but absent at apical half of middle of ventrites II ���III; ventrite I with short erect setae, II ���IV with short recumbent setae, V with short erect setae; apex of ventrite V truncate or shallowly concave. Genitalia: phallobase apparently glabrous, but with minute scattered stubble on apical half, medially narrowly unsclerotised on dorsal surface, less than apical quarter of venter less strongly sclerotised, dorsal surface strongly convex; parameres with conspicuous close setae, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis split along middle by hyaline strip; endophallus in repose mostly straight, apex with 1���2 small loops. Female. As male, except: length 18���20 mm; head narrower, width about 2.0���2.2x length, mandibles shorter, dorsally visible part slightly shorter than head; 2 tubercles on anteromedian prominence sometimes distinct; mandible outer edge keeled, apex acute, inner edge strongly concave, without obvious teeth; sides of pronotum usually slightly more densely and strongly punctured, lateral margins with crenulations usually more convex; elytral sculpture similar to male; protibia internal margin as male; abdominal ventrites II ���V sparsely punctured, with short semi-erect setae, V with longer erect setae; apex ventrite V rounded; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine. Larva. Unknown. Distribution and natural history. Safrina parallela is a rarely-collected but relatively widespread species, confined to closed forest at low to high altitude in widely separated localities in southeast Australia. It appears to be broadly sympatric with S. jugularis, a similar species. Published records from Mount Macedon and Mount Kosciusko (Moore & Cassis 1992) have not been checked but are likely to be correct. The larva is unknown., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Deyrolle, H. (1881) Description de cinq lucanides nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Series 6, 1, 237 - 240, pl. 5.","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19.","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp."]}

Reid, C. A. M., Beatson, M. (2016): Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Zootaxa 4150 (1): 1-39, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1

Safrina moorei Reid & Beatson, new species (Figs 7, 16, 25, 34, 42, 58, 69) Material examined. Types: HOLOTYPE: ��, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); PARATYPES (36): New South Wales: 2��, ♀, same data as holotype (AMS); ��, 2♀, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], in Nothofagus forest 21.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); 5��, ♀, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], 26���27.ii.2002, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); ��, New England National Park, 1350 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ��, bordering New England National Park & Styx River State Forest, 1350 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ♀, [New England National Park], 1130 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); 3��, ♀, [New England National Park], 1480 m, under logs, Nothofagus forest, 23���25.ii.2002, C. Reid (AMS); 2♀, New England National Park, as larva, 10.i.1963 B.P. Moore (AMS); ��, New England National Park, 26.i.1997, R. De Keyzer (AMS); ♀, New England National Park, 9���12.iv.1998, R. De Keyzer (AMS); 4��, 2♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 11.ii.2004, R. de Keyzer & C. Reojewski (AMS, RDK); 2��, 2♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 15.ii.2005 R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); 2��, ♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 9.ii.2006 (RDK). Non-types: 1 mature larva, New England National Park, 20.i.2002, R. de Keyzer (AMS); Diagnosis. Male: length 15���22 mm. Head, pronotum, elytra, and venter black or almost so, elytra rarely slightly paler; most specimens with mandibles and lateral margins of head and pronotum reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femora usually darker, 1 specimen with entirely black legs; elytra strongly rounded at sides; head with short laterally projecting genal lobes, posterior margins prominent and angulate, anterior margins rounded; mandibles with 2 prominent basal dorsal teeth, and prominent but not strongly projecting pre-apical dorsal tooth; elytron smooth, without obvious ridges or striae. Female: length 14���22 mm. Colour as male; with distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove absent or separated by more than diameters, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum irregularly crenulate, tubercles small, usually blunt; elytra shiny with dense, minute microsculpture, but explanate margins densely microscuptured and dull; first elytral interval convex, remainder of elytron smoothly convex; explanate margin of elytra about width of base of metatibia, with or without deep lateral channels. Description. Male. Length 15���22 mm. Head, pronotum, elytra, and venter black or almost so, elytra rarely slightly paler; most specimens with mandibles and lateral margins of head and pronotum reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femora usually darker, 1 specimen with entirely black legs. Body elongate-ovate: pronotum broader than or equal to width of elytra, usually broadest close to base, rarely almost parallel-sided at middle half, sides of elytra rounded. Head: with short laterally projecting genal lobes (longer than broad), posterior angle of genal lobe more prominent (often a narrow acute angled projection) than obtusely angled anterior curving to anterior margin of head; transverse, width about 3x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth but finely microreticulate interspaces; anteromedian prominence strongly elevated, bituberculate, tubercles adjacent; anterior margin medially shallowly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.3���1.6x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles with prominent elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, with similar-sized tubercle distal to this (both often on slight elevation); mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle present, not strongly elevated (similar to other dorsal tubercles); ventral inner edge with 3���5 usually angulate teeth, usually larger at middle, often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large slightly bilobed ventral tubercle and small dorsal tubercle; pregular swelling truncate not sharply convex nor arcuate, height ��� longitudinal length, with 4���6 setose punctures on anterior face, 0���2 on posterior. Thorax: pronotum contracted anteriorly from middle, or almost parallel-sided in middle half, posterolateral angles rounded, not projecting; lateral margins entirely shallowly and bluntly crenulate; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, without or with small pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured in lateral depressions and posterolateral angles, but interspaces larger than puncture diameters; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, middle usually depressed, impunctate or with small punctures at middle; elytra rounded at sides, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; elytron with interval 1 raised, otherwise surface smoothly convex, without ridges; elytra without striae, generally smooth and shiny, but minutely microreticulate, with sparse small punctures and sometimes faint irregular grooves; elytral sides explanate, width 1.0���1.5x width of base of metatibia, with or without transverse grooves or wrinkles but densely microsculptured and dull in contrast to disc; wing reduced, one fifth elytron width, straplike, not reaching middle third of elytral length; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2���4 minor teeth; internal margin protibia with 2���3 prominent median teeth; metatibia with 1���2 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrite I dull, II-V relatively shiny, but all microreticulate; ventrite I strongly and closely punctured and rugulose, II ���III closely and coarsely punctured at sides, almost impuctate medially, IV ���V closely and coarsely punctured; I ���IV with minute recumbent setae (easily overlooked) throughout punctured areas, V with longer erect setae; apex of ventrite V distinctly concave. Genitalia: apical half phallobase with scattered short setae, phallobase medially unsclerotised on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, dorsal surface convex; parameres conspicuously and moderately closely setose, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with v-shaped notch; endophallus mostly uncoiled, small loop at apex. Female. As male, except: length 14���22 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, obscuring tubercles on anteromedian prominence; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with small acute dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, lateral margins more conspicuously crenulate; elytral sculpture generally slightly coarser; protibia internal margin with or without 1 prominent tooth; apex ventrite V rounded; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine. Larva (based on 1 specimen, about 30 mm long when crudely straightened, from New England National Park): inner edge of left mandible shallowly concave between apex and middle of mola; apex of antennomere 3 truncate, inner margin shallowly concave; antennomere 4 length to width ratio about 3.2; mesocoxal stridulatory file evenly curved, with about 35 small granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file with about 21 transverse tubercles, reaching apex of trochanter, which is angulate; metafemur angularly produced at apex; metatibiotarsus elongate, length to width ratio about 4.3; raster with long apical setae, narrowly glabrous median strip, and elongate posteriorly directed setae on either side of midline. Etymology. Named after the late Barry Moore (died November 2015), a lucanid taxonomist and the collector of the first specimen discovered. Distribution and natural history. Safrina moorei is only known from New England National Park and Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, northern New South Wales, two localities separated by 45 km on the eastern edge of the New England tablelands. These are temperate and cool-temperate rainforests at high elevations, 1130���1480 m. Adults and larvae have been collected from January to April and occur together under logs that are deeply embedded in soil., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084

Safrina dekeyzeri Reid & Beatson, new species (Figs. 2, 11, 20, 29, 38���39, 53, 70) Material examined. Types: AUSTRALIA: HOLOTYPE: ��, New South Wales, Warra State Forest, 1170 m, 4.ii- 9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); PARATYPES (27): New South Wales: ♀, Armidale, under bark, Eucalyptus, 24.iii.1964, K. D. Fairey (AMS); Forest Land State Forest, 22.ii.2007, R. de Keyzer & A. Polak (RDK); ��, Basket Swamp National Park, 20.ii.2002, R. de Keyzer & A. Polak (RDK); 2��, ♀, Basket Swamp National Park, 20.ii.2002, R. de Keyzer & A. Polak, ���collected as larva and reared, adult emerged Jan 2003 ��� (AMS, RDK); 4��, Basket Swamp National Park, 21.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); 2��, Basket Swamp National Park, 14.ii.2004, R. de Keyzer (RDK); 5��, Basket Swamp National Park, 16.ii.2005, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); ♀, Ben Lomond, 9.i.1963, B. P. Moore (BPM); ♀, Boonoo SF, 1070 m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ♀, near Glen Elgin, 19.ii.1998 C. J. M��ller (AMS); ♀, 26 mi [les] E Glen Innes, euc[alypt] & oak forest/ oak & euc dry scl[ophyll], 25.xi.1976, F. T. Fricke (AMS); Queensland: ��, ♀, Eukey, 16.iii.1935, E. Sutton (QMB); 2��, pailing yard, via Wyberba, 7���9.iv.1953, E. Sutton (QMB); ♀, Wyberba, 14.iii.1960, E. Sutton (QMB); ♀, Wyberba Mountain [?] Pk, 13.iv.1941, E. Sutton (QMB). Diagnosis. Male. Black and parallel-sided; head rectangularly expanded beyond eyes; upper surface of mandibles with elongate tubercle on outer edge 1/3 from base and without preapical dorsal tooth on inner edge; mandible with basal tooth on upper part of internal edge; pregular swelling almost impunctate, with 2���4 large punctures; elytra costate in basal half, with 3 ridges and transverse wrinkles, not dull and densely microreticulate. Female. Black; head broadest at posterior angles of genal lobe, then evenly convex to mandibles; anterior face of pregular swelling impunctate; pronotal disc strongly and fairly closely punctured, interspaces 2��� 5x diameters; pronotal hind angles acute; elytra microreticulate, costate in basal half, including ridge from shoulder to disc, and transversely wrinkled. Description. Male. Length 15���24 mm. Black or almost so, usually with faint greenish tinge on elytra, and ridges of elytra pure black in contrast to dark brown remainder (under strong light), tibiae rarely dark red. Body approximately parallel-sided (head, pronotum, and basal 2/3 of elytra). Head with sparse dorsal setae, more conspicuous at sides, pronotum glabrous to margins. Head: almost straight sided, parallel-sided, or slightly expanded to apex or slightly concave at sides; head strongly transverse, width much more than 2.5x length; dorsum strongly rugosely punctured, but irregularly so, with smooth interspaces; anteromedian prominence usually bituberculate; anterior margin shallowly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles slightly longer than head, symmetrical or almost so; mandibles with low elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, up to 2 additional small tubercles distal to this; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle absent on inner edge and ventral inner edge with 4���5 usually similarly sized and spaced triangular tubercles before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large bilobed tubercle (connected ventral and dorsal tubercles); pregular swelling evenly convex, impunctate except 2���4 large lateral punctures. Thorax: pronotum almost parallel-sided (less so in small specimens), posterolateral angles not projecting; lateral margins bluntly and irregularly crenulate; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides strongly and closely punctured, some punctures separated by a diameter or less; pronotal disc shiny, minutely, and evenly microreticulate; scutellum semicircular with a few small apical punctures; elytra almost parallel-sided in basal 2/3, broadest 1/3���2/3 from base; basal half of elytron with intervals 1, 3 and 5 raised, plus an oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra mostly shiny, ridges and basal half mostly nonmicroreticulate, with large punctures in irregular striae mixed with sparse small punctures, the whole surface transversely grooved or wrinkled; elytral sides broadly explanate, twice width of base of metatibia, with transverse grooves or wrinkles; wings fully developed, apices folded back to base of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2���4 minor teeth; internal edge of protibia with 1���2 prominent teeth; metatibia with 1���2 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrites dull, microreticulate, I impunctate except for intercoxal process, but finely rugulose, II ���V closely and coarsely punctured, II ���IV with minute recumbent setae, V with longer semi-erect setae; apex ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: apical half of phallobase with scattered minute setae, phallobase medially unsclerotised on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, dorsal surface weakly convex; parameres conspicuously and moderately closely setose, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with v-shaped notch; endophallus tightly coiled in repose, with two loops. Female. As male, except: length 16���22 mm; body not parallel-sided, pronotum and elytra with rounded sides; head distinctly broadest at posterior angles; without obvious anteromedian prominence; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with or without elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled; pronotal disc more strongly and densely punctured; sides strongly and sharply crenulate; internal edge protibia without teeth; apex ventrite V rounded. Larva. Unknown. Etymology. Named for Roger de Keyzer who collected most of the type specimens. Distribution and natural history. This rarely collected species occurs in open New England Blackbutt woodland (Eucalyptus andrewsii) at high altitude on the Dividing Range, from Armidale to Stanthorpe. Adults have been collected from January to April, occurring under half-buried eucalypt logs (R. de Keyzer, personal communication 2014). Notes. The material described above represents two populations separated by 1�� latitude (about 120 km) on the Dividing Range. Males of these populations appear to be inseparable but the single southern female differs from the four northern females by possession of a basal tooth on the upper surface of the mandible. This may not be significant, as these apparently isolated populations were recently connected, by suitable habitat now cleared. The southernmost site at Ben Lomond has also been destroyed by forest clearance (B. Moore, personal communication 2004). The only known specimen from this site was illustrated by Moore (1984: fig. 124), misidentified as Rhyssonotus costatus., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Moore, B. P. (1984) A guide to the beetles of south-eastern Australia. Fascicle 6. Australian Entomological Press, Greenwich, New South Wales, pp. 85 - 100."]}

Safrina polita (Carter, 1921) new combination (Figs 9, 18, 27, 36, 43, 45, 60, 69) Rhyssonotus politus Carter, 1921: 301; Moore & Cassis 1992: 17; Mizunuma & Nagai 1994: 206, plate 3 fig. 34.2. Ryssonotus politus: Holloway 2007: 115. Material examined. Types: PARATYPES (7): 4 ��, 3♀, Barrington, J. Hopson, ex Carter coll. (AMS, BMNH, MMM, SAM). Other material (51): New South Wales: ♀, no locality, J. Hopson (AMS); ��, ♀, Barrington, i.1925, H. J. Carter (BMNH); 5 ��, 4 ♀, Barrington Tops, H. J. Carter (ANIC, BMNH, DPIM, MMM, QMB); 2��, 2♀, Barrington Tops, J. Hopson (ANIC, SAM); ��, Barrington Tops, C. Oke (MMM); ��, ♀, Barrington Tops, 25.i.1922, Nicholson (ANIC, BMNH); 4 ��, 1 ♀ Barrington Tops, i.1925, SU Zoo. Exp. (ANIC, MMM, MMS); ��, Barrington Tops, H. J. Carter (MMM); ��, Barrington Tops, 20. i.1 927, T. G. Campbell (AMS); 2 ��, Barrington Tops, 5000', 17.i.1947, L. Hopson, R. Caven (AMS); ♀, Barrington Tops, 9���10.ii.1965, G. Monteith (QMB); ♀, Barrington Tops, 6.iii.1975, J. Sedlacek (RDK); ��, Barrington Tops, 1550 m, 23.ii.1983, J. Doyen (ANIC); ��, Barrington Tops State Forest, 76 km W Gloucester, under log in Nothofagus gully, 21.i.1981, G. Williams (BPM); ♀, Barrington Tops National Park, 2.iii.1993, R. de Keyzer, G. Clark (RDK); ��, Barrington Tops National Park, 3.iii.1993, R. de Keyzer, G. Clark (RDK); 6 ��, 3♀, Barrington Tops National Park, 27.i.1996, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, Barrington Tops National Park, 27.i.1996, R. de Keyzer Nothofagus moorei (RDK); ♀, Barrington Tops National Park, 6.iii.1975, J Sedlacek (RDK); 2��, Beech Forest, Gloucester Falls picnic area, Barrington Tops National Park, 32��05'20''S 151��35'30''E, 27 i.1996, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, Burraga Swamp, Barrington Tops National Park, 2.iii.1993, R. de Keyzer, G. Clark (RDK); 3��, ♀, Devils Hole, Barrington Tops National Park, 23.i. 2004, R. de Keyzer Nothofagus (RDK); ��, ♀, Devils Hole, Barrington Tops National Park, 16.ii. 2003 in Nothofagus forest (RDK); 3��, 2♀, Devils Hole, Barrington Tops National Park, 31��55'S 151��29'E, 27.i.1996 (RDK); ♀, Devils Hole Camping area, Barrington Tops Reserve, 25.iii.2001, Nothofagus forest R. de Keyzer (RDK); 2♀ [1 fragmentary], Devils Hole Camping area, Barrington Tops Reserve, Nothofagus forest, under logs, 20���22.ii.2002, C. Reid (AMS); 1 mature larva, Mount Barrington, Barrington Tops, 27.x.2002, R. de Keyzer (AMS); ��, 2♀, ditto, xii.2001, emerged xii.2002, S Hoy & A Polak (RDK); ♀, via Mount Barrington, Barrington Tops National Park, Nothofagus forest, 13.i.2002, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ��, Chichester State Forest, 970 m, 4.ii��� 9.iv.1993, M. Gray, G. Cassis (AMS); ��, 2 ♀, Chichester State Forest, 940 m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray, G. Cassis (AMS); ��, O'Grady's Hut, Williams River, 4600', 13.i.1947, L. Hopson (AMS); ♀, O'Grady's Hut, Williams River, 4600', 16.i.1947, L. Hopson (AMS); ♀, 2 km W Polblue Swamp, Barrington Tops National Park, Nothofagus moorei, 31��57'S 151��24'12''E 27.i.1996, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, junction Quarry Road & Barrington Tops Forest Road, Barrington Tops National Park, 28.ii.2002, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, Stewarts Brook State Forest, 4.ii��� 9.iv.1993, M. Gray, G. Cassis (AMS). Diagnosis. Male. Length 16���25 mm. Head dark brown to black, pronotum and elytra reddish brown with slight green reflection, legs dark red; elytra strongly rounded at sides; head with short laterally projecting genal lobes, edges straight (parallel-sided) or slightly biconcave; mandibles with prominent basal dorsal tooth, without pre-apical dorsal tooth; elytron relatively smooth, without ridges or striae. Female. Length 17���22 mm. Colour as male; with or without (rarely) distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove absent or separated by more than diameters, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum irregularly crenulate, tubercles small, usually blunt; elytra usually smooth, sometimes irregularly wrinkled, shiny, but with dense minute microsculpture; first elytral interval convex, usually also 3rd at base, without oblique carina from shoulder to disc; explanate margin of elytra about width of base of metatibia, with or without deep lateral channels. Description. Male. Length 16���25 mm. Head dark brown to black, pronotum and elytra reddish brown with slight green reflection, venter and legs reddish brown. Body elongate-ovate: pronotum broader than elytra, broadest close to base or mostly parallel sided or broadest anteriorly, sides of elytra rounded. Head: head with short laterally projecting genal lobes (longer than broad), edges straight (head parallel sided) or slightly biconvex, posterior angles rarely more prominent than bluntly rounded anterior angles; transverse, width about 2.5x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth interspaces; anteromedian prominence strongly elevated, usually bituberculate; anterior margin roughly straight to shallowly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.4���1.7x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles with prominent elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, without additional tubercles distal to this; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle absent; ventral inner edge with 3���7 rounded teeth, usually larger at middle, often asymetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large bilobed ventral tubercle and small dorsal tubercle; pregular swelling sharply convex, height ��� longitudinal length, with 0���2 setose punctures on each face. Thorax: pronotum contracted anteriorly from posterolateral angles, which may be laterally projecting, or almost parallel-sided in middle half or slightly expanded anteriorly; lateral margins not or feebly crenulate, usually with irregular fine nicks in margin; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured in lateral depressions and angles but interspaces larger than puncture diameters; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, middle depressed, impunctate or with small punctures at middle; elytra rounded at sides, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; elytron with interval 1 raised, usually also base of 3, without oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra without striae, generally smooth and shiny, but minutely microreticulate, with sparse small punctures and sometimes faint wrinkling or irregular grooves; elytral sides explanate, width about equal to width of base of metatibia, with or without transverse grooves or wrinkles; wing reduced, third elytron width, straplike and not reaching apical third of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 0���4 minor teeth; internal margin protibia with 1���3 prominent median teeth; metatibia with 1���3 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrite I dull, II ���V relatively shiny, but all microreticulate; ventrite I strongly and closely punctured and rugulose, II ���V closely and coarsely punctured, I ���IV with short recumbent setae throughout, V with longer erect setae; apex of ventrite V truncate to shallowly concave. Genitalia: phallobase with scattered short setae on apical half, medially unsclerotised on dorsal surface, apex of venter with triangular less strongly sclerotised depression, dorsal surface weakly convex. Parameres with prominent close setae, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with v-shaped notch; endophallus in repose tightly coiled with 2 small loops. Female. As male, except: length 16���23 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, obscuring tubercles on anteromedian prominence; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with or without small, elongate, dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, lateral margins more conspicuously crenulate; elytral sculpture often slightly coarser; protibia internal margin with minute tooth or without teeth; apex ventrite V rounded. Larva (based on 1 specimen, about 35 mm when crudely straightened, from Barrington Tops): inner edge of left mandible deeply excavated between apex and middle of mola; apex of antennomere 3 truncate or slightly produced, inner margin strongly concave; antennomere 4 length to width ratio about 2.7; mesocoxal stridulatory file evenly curved, with about 35 small granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file with 21���22 transverse tubercles, reaching apex of trochanter, which is angulate; metafemur angularly produced at apex; metatibiotarsus elongate, length to width ratio about 3.3; raster with long apical setae, narrowly glabrous median strip, and elongate posteriorly directed setae on either side of midline. Distribution and natural history. Safrina polita is confined to the wet closed forest of the high central plateau of Barrington Tops, central New South Wales, where it is fairly common. It occurs in cool temperate rainforest dominated by Nothofagus moorei on gullies and edges of the plateau, as distinct from the open woodland sites characteristic of sympatric S. grandis. Safrina polita has been collected under logs of Nothofagus moorei. Adults are active from January to March and larvae were present under Nothofagus logs in February., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Carter, H. J. (1921) Australian Coleoptera: notes and new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 301 - 323. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 14020","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19.","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp.","Holloway, B. A. (2007) Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 61, 1 - 254."]}

Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819) (Figs 1, 10, 19, 28, 37, 44, 46, 50, 52, 61, 68) Lucanus nebulosus Kirby 1819: 410. Ryssonotus nebulosus, MacLeay 1819: 99; Holloway 2007: 116; Bouchard et al. 2011: 234. Rhyssonotus nebulosus, Agassiz 1846: 329; Moore & Cassis 1992: 16; Mizunuma & Nagai 1994: 206, plate 3; Lawrence & Ślipiński 2013: 201. Material examined. Holotype (by monotypy): AUSTRALIA: 1 / type / Kirby / nebulosus K. L. Ta / (BMNH). Additional material (abbreviated localities only): AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: Canberra (AMS); New South Wales: Ashfield (AMS); Avoca Beach (AMS); Barrington (ANIC); Batehaven (ANIC); Bawley Point (AMS, ANIC, JB); Bayview, Sydney (AMS); Beaury Creek State Forest (AMS); Big Scrub Flora Reserve (larva: AMS); Bilinudgel [Billinudgel] (ANIC); Blacktown (AMS); Blue Gum Knob, Chichester (MMM); Bondi (AMS); Bondi Beach (RB); 3.5 mi W Bonville (ANIC); Botany (SAM); Brooklana (AMS); Broulee (ANIC); Bruxner Park (AMS); Bundeena (AMS); Bungabee [Bungabbee] State Forest (ANIC); Burrewarra Point (ANIC); Byron Bay (AMS, MMM); Calga (AMS); Cambridge Plateau (ANIC); Caparra (ANIC); Carlingford (AMS, SFS); Carlton (AMS); Castle Cove (SFS); Castlecrag (MMM); Cedar Flat (JB); Cherry Tree State Forest (ANIC); Chichester Knob (SAM); Clarence River (MMM); Coffs Harbour (AMS); Collaroy Plateau (AMS); Congo (ANIC); Cooper Park, Sydney (AMS); Croydon (SFS); Cully [Cullya] (BMNH); Cutlers Pass, Williams River (AMS); Cyder [Clyde] Mountain, near Batemans Bay (AMS); Dingo State Forest (ANIC); Dorrigo (ANIC, MMM, SAM); Eccleston (ANIC); Elanora Heights (AMS); Engadine (AMS); Epping (ANIC); Forrestville (AMS); Fortis Creek State Forest (ANIC); Galston (MMM); Girard SF (ANIC); Glenfield (ANIC); Gloucester (AMS); Gosford (AMS); Grafton (ANIC, MMM, QMB); Gymea (AMS); Hampden Bridge, Kangaroo River (AMS); Hazelbrook (AMS, BMNH, RB); Heathcote (AMS); Helensburgh (AMS); Hornsby (AMS); Hunters Hill (ANIC); Kangaroo Valley (ANIC, JB); Killara (SFS); Kingsgrove (AMS); Kioloa (ANIC); Kurri Kurri (AMS); Kyogle (AMS); Lake Ainsworth, near Lennox Head (ANIC); Lambton (BMNH); Lane Cove (AMS); 3 km N Lansdowne (AMS, ANIC); League Scrub Flora Reserve (larva: AMS); Lilyvale (AMS); Lismore (AMS); Longueville (ANIC); Manly (BMNH); Meringo (ANIC); Meroo Meadow (AMS); Merricumben [Merricumbene] (SAM); Mimosa Rocks National Park (MMM); Mosman (AMS); Mount Keira (ANIC); Mount Kennedy (JB); Mount Wilson (RB); Narrabeen (AMS, BMNH, MMM, RB); Nelligen (ANIC); Newcastle (AMS); Nowra (BMNH); Otford (AMS); Ourimbah (AMS); Panania (AMS); Pompenbil [Pumpenbill] (ANIC); Pymble (AMS); Richmond Gap (AMS); Richmond Range (ANIC); Richmond River (ANIC, MMM, SAM); Rivertree (QMB); Rocky Creek, Killara (AMS); Royal Camp State Forest (ANIC); Royal NP (AMS); Ryde (AMS); Seal Rocks (AMS); Seven Hills (AMS); Shoalhaven Heads (AMS); Smiths Lake (AMS); South Woy Woy (AMS); Sydney (ANIC, BMNH, MMM, SAM); Tamworth (SFS); Telegraph Point (AMS); Tooloom (QMB); Tuross (AMS); Ulong (AMS); Upper Allyn River (ANIC, JB); Upper Tweed River (ANIC); Upper Wilson River (ANIC); Vaucluse (AMS); Wahroonga (ANIC); Waitara, Sydney (AMS); Wallaga Lake (AMS); Wellington (ANIC); Westleigh (AMS); West Pennant Hills (AMS, SFS); West Pymble (AMS); White Rock, Allyn R. (ANIC); Wiangaree State Forest (ANIC); Wilberforce (AMS); Willi Willi Caves (QMB); Wingham (AMS, JB, MMM); Winston Hills (AMS); 7 mi. W Wisemans Ferry (ANIC); Woy Woy (AMS); Yarratt State Forest (ANIC); Yowie Bay (AMS); Queensland: Albert River, Mount Tambourine (SAM); Archer River (AMS); Binna Burra (QMB); Boar Pocket Road, 4 mi. N Gillies Highway (ANIC); Bribie Island (SAM); Brisbane (BMNH, DPIM, MMM, QMB, SAM); Broken River, Eungella (AMS, QMB); Bulburin State Forest (QMB); Bunya Mountains (AMS, QMB); Cash's Crossing (ANIC); Cathu (ANIC); The Caves, near Rockhampton (QMB); Charmillin Creek (QMB); Coomra [Coomera] River (SAM); Curtain Fig (ANIC); Fletcher (AMS, ANIC); Garradunga (DPIM); 20 km E Hampton (QMB); Innisfail (QMB); Kauri Creek (JB); Kirrama Range (ANIC); Kuranda (BMNH); Lake Barrine (JB, QMB); Lake Eacham (ANIC); Longmans Gap (ANIC); Mackay (ANIC); Maryborough (SAM); McDonald NP (ANIC, QMB); 4 km SE Millaa Millaa (JB); Mission Bay (AMS); Montville (QMB); Moreton Bay (BMNH); Mossman Bluff Track (QMB); Mount Carbine (AMS); Mount Coot-tha (ANIC); Mount Fort William (QMB); Mount Glorious (QMB); Mount Hypipamee (ANIC); Mount Lewis Road (QMB); Mount Moffat (QMB); Mount Tambourine (AMS, SAM); Murphys Creek (QMB); Pile Valley, Fraser Island (QMB); 18 km SSW Ravenshoe (DPIM); Redwood Park [Toowoomba] (QMB); Stanthorpe (AMS, QMB, SAM); Summer Hill (AMS); Tansey (DPIM); Taylor Range [The Gap] (SFS); Toowoomba (ANIC, QMB); Tower, The Crater (QMB); Upper Logan (SAM); Whitfield Range (BMNH); Windsor Tableland (ANIC, DPIM); Yarraman (AMS, QMB); Yuccabine Creek (QMB); Victoria: Beechworth (MMM); Inglewood (MMM). Notes. Ryssonotus nebulosus is widespread and common in closed forest in eastern Australia, from westcentral Victoria (Inglewood) and the south coast of New South Wales (Congo), to Windsor Tableland, north Queensland, as far inland as Mount Moffat, which is 300 km from the Queensland coast. There is a published record for Colosseum, central Queensland (Mj��berg 1916). In urban Brisbane (G. Monteith, personal communication 2004) and Sydney it persists in gardens and parkland. Ryssonotus nebulosus is also present in New Zealand, where it was introduced before 1950 (Brockerhoff & Bain 2000). The adult is an active flier and is attracted to light. The larva inhabits a variety of rotting timbers: there are collection records for Eucalyptus, including E. pilularis (Myrtaceae), Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae), Salix babylonica (Salicaceae), and Toona australis (Meliaceae), and published records for Acacia (Fabaceae), Eucalyptus, and Ligustrum (Oleaceae), and various un-named rainforest species (Wood et al. 1996; Thorpe 2001; Holloway 2007). Jacaranda, Salix, and Ligustrum are exotic genera in Australia. The larva prefers recently dead wood that is infected by white-rot fungi (Wood et al. 1996; J. Hasenpusch, personal communication 2004). Live adults of R. nebulosus are easily distinguished by the velvety mottling of the upper surface, unique in the Australian Lucanidae (Moore 1984, figs 117-8; Mizunuma & Nagai 1994, plate 3), but dead specimens in collections are commonly greasy and uniformly dark brown, hence the name ���brown stag beetle��� (Naumann 1993). But brown is hardly a distinctive colour among stag beetles, even Australian species (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994). We propose that a more appropriate vernacular name for the living insect is ���mottled stag beetle���. There are no obvious morphological differences between specimens from the relatively isolated populations in north Queensland and central Victoria and the main range of the species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Kirby, W. (1819) A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12, 375 - 453. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","MacLeay, W. S. (1819) Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. Part 1. Bagster, London, 159 pp, 3 pls.","Holloway, B. A. (2007) Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 61, 1 - 254.","Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A. E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lyal, C. H. C., Newton, A. F., Reid, C. A. M., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, S. A. & Smith, A. B. T. (2011) Family group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys, 88, 1 - 972. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 88.807","Agassiz, J. L. R. (1846) Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus. Jent & Gassmann, Solothurn, viii + 383 pp.","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19.","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp.","Lawrence, J. F. & Slipinski, S. A. (2013) Australian beetles: morphology, classification and keys. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, viii + 561 pp.","Mjoberg, E. (1916) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 9. Cicindelidae, Gyrinidae, Lucanidae, Paussidae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 10 (10), 1 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1499","Brockerhoff, E. G. & Bain, J. (2000) Biosecurity implications of exotic beetles attacking trees and shrubs in New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection, 53, 321 - 327.","Wood, G. A., Hasenpusch, J. & Storey, R. I. (1996) The life history of Phalacrognathus muelleri (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Australian Entomologist, 23, 37 - 48.","Thorpe, S. (2001) Notes on the establishment in Auckland of the Australian stag beetle Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby), a new host plant record for it, and a practical identification key to the genera of New Zealand stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). The Weta, 23, 22 - 24.","Moore, B. P. (1984) A guide to the beetles of south-eastern Australia. Fascicle 6. Australian Entomological Press, Greenwich, New South Wales, pp. 85 - 100.","Naumann, I. D. (1993) CSIRO Handbook of Australian insect names. 6 th Edition. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publications, Melbourne, viii + 200 pp."]}

Key to the adults of Ryssonotus and Safrina 1 Antennal club with 6 antennomeres, antennomeres 2���4 without dense setae, in contrast to densely setose antennomeres 5���10 (Fig. 38); head with lateral genal lobes (Fig. 20); prosternal process flat, hidden between procoxae (Fig. 47); lateral margins of elytra explanate (Fig. 2); inner face of mandibles not densely setose (Fig. 20); upper surface of head and pronotum shiny, without mottled colour pattern (Fig. 2); ventral setae simple (genus Safrina).......................................... 2 - Antennal club with 5 antennomeres, antennomeres 2���5 without dense setae (Fig. 37); head without genal lobes (Fig. 19); prosternal process arched and visible between procoxae (Fig. 44); lateral margins of elytra narrow, not explanate (Fig. 1); inner face of mandibles densely setose (Fig. 19); entire upper surface dull, mottled (Fig. 1); ventral setae multifid...................................................................................... Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819) 2(1) Males (Figs 2���9, 20���27): pronotum usually parallel-sided or almost so; head more transverse, or with prominent anterior angles of the genal lobe; mandibles longer, lateral margin angulate, usually with dorsal tubercles; lateral pronotal margins complete or feebly crenulate; inner face of protibia usually with 2 or 3 teeth, rarely without (S. parallela); upper surface less strongly punctured and/or microsculptured................................................................. 3 - Females (Figs 11���18, 29���36): pronotum broadest at or near hind angles and sides curved; head less transverse, genal lobe usu- ally broadest at base; mandibles shorter, lateral margin curved, without dorsal tubercles, or small tubercle present at base of outer carina; lateral pronotal margins strongly crenulate; inner face of protibia without teeth, or with 1 small tooth; upper surface more strongly punctured and/or microsculptured........................................................ 10 3(2) Mandibles without basal tooth on upper side of internal face (Fig. 26); elytral suture and first interval raised as a smooth and shiny ridge, usually contrasting with dull, microsculptured unridged disc (Figs 5, 8)................................ 4 - Mandibles with basal internal tooth (Fig. 23); elytral disc shiny, or ridged, or both, without strongly contrasting sculpture of first interval (Figs 2���4, 6���7, 9)...........................................................................5 4(3) Elytral disc smooth, finely punctured and not strigose (Fig. 5); pregular ridge hemispherical or triangular in anterior view; inner face of protibia toothed; elytra distinctly rounded at sides, less elongate; ventrites 2���4 each with a dense band of yellow setae (Figs 48���49)........................................................ Safrina jugularis (Westwood, 1863) - Elytral disc irregularly strigose, with mixed large and small punctures (Fig. 8); pregular ridge slightly convex; inner face of protibia without teeth; elytra less rounded at sides, more elongate; ventrites 2���4 without dense yellow setae (length 15���22 mm)......................................................................... Safrina parallela (Deyrolle, 1881) 5(3) Mandibles without large pre-apical dorsal tooth (Fig. 39); without elytral ridges, or several present, but poorly defined (Fig. 2); shape of head variable................................................................................. 6 - Mandibles with large pre-apical dorsal tooth (Fig. 40); basal half of elytron with two ridges, one sharp and oblique from humerus to disc and the other on interval 5 (Fig. 3); head approximately parallel-sided (Fig. 21) (length 19���25 mm)....................................................................................... Safrina grandis (Lea, 1915) 6(5) Sides of head strongly expanded laterally as a triangular or trapezoid lobe with acute apex (Figs. 22���23); upper outer margins of mandibles strongly keeled, at most weakly tuberculate (Fig. 41); elytra shallowly striate with convex intervals (Figs. 4, 6) (pregular swelling with 0���2 setose punctures on each face).................................................... 7 - Head approximately parallel-sided or broadest at base (Figs. 20, 25, 27); upper margins of mandibles with tubercles; elytra smooth or irregularly ridged (Figs. 2, 7, 9)................................................................. 8 7(6) Lateral extension of head trapezoid, lateral margin concave or notched (Fig. 23); gap at base of parameres in ventral view broader (Fig. 57) (length 16���20 mm)............................................. Safrina laticeps (Macleay, 1885) - Lateral extension of head elongate triangular, with indentation on posterior margin (Fig. 22); gap at base of parameres in ventral view narrower (Fig. 55) (length 18���21 mm)....................................... Safrina jaedoni new species. 8(6) Upper surface of mandibles with 3���4 similar sized, rounded, tubercles (Fig. 44); elytral disc smooth and shiny, contrasting with dull explanate margins, sparsely and finely punctured, without convex areas (Fig. 7) (length 15���22 mm)........................................................................................... Safrina moorei new species. - Upper surface of mandibles with 1 large tubercle on outer ridge, occasionally a smaller second tubercle elsewhere (Figs. 39, 43); elytral disc at least vaguely ridged, disc, and explanate margins not contrasting in microsculpture (Figs. 2, 9)......... 9 9(8) Basal half of elytron with intervals 3 and 5 raised, also an oblique ridge from humerus to disc, these ridges irregularly transversely grooved (Fig. 2); sides of pronotum strongly and closely punctured, some punctures separated by a diameter or less; upper surface black; upper mandibular tubercle more lateral, on an irregular elongate ridge (Figs. 20, 39) (length 15���24 mm)............................................................................ Safrina dekeyzeri new species. - Basal half of elytron without distinct ridges, but at least interval 3 convex, remainder of elytron smooth and shiny, sparsely and finely punctured (Fig. 9); sides of pronotum finely and sparsely punctured; upper surface dark red with green reflection; upper mandibular tubercle isolated, not part of ridge (Figs. 27, 43) (length 16���25 mm)............. Safrina polita (Carter, 1921) 10(2) Elytral disc flat, dull, densely microsculptured, in contrast to convex and shiny first elytral interval (Figs 14, 17); anterior face of pregular ridge densely punctured (Fig. 47).............................................................. 11 - Elytral disc either shiny or ridged or both (Figs. 11, 16); anterior face of pregular ridge impunctate or sparsely punctured (interspaces much greater than puncture diameters) (as Fig. 45).................................................... 12 11(10) Elytra with irregular shallow strigose grooves (Fig. 17); posterior angles of genal lobe sharp, connected to eyes by straight margin at 45�� to axis (Fig. 35); length 15���20 mm................................. Safrina parallela (Deyrolle, 1881) - Elytra smooth, non-strigose (Fig. 14); posterior angles of genal lobe produced at 90�� and blunt (Fig. 33); length 22���26 mm.......................................................................... Safrina jugularis (Westwood, 1863) 12(10) Elytra without carina from shoulder to disc (Fig. 16); pronotum finely and sparsely punctured, punctures sparse on midline, not coalescent on disc; outer margin of mandible with basal tooth (Fig. 34)......................................... 13 - Carina from elytral shoulder to disc, with elytral interval 7 convex (Fig. 11); pronotum strongly and closely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove usually separated by less than diameters, some discal punctures coalescent; mandible with or without basal tooth............................................................................. 14 13(12) First, third, and fifth elytral intervals convex at base, entirely shiny (Fig. 18); pronotal punctures larger; lateral pronotal crenulation less regular; dorsum dark red with green reflection................................ Safrina polita (Carter, 1921) - Elytra smooth and explanate margins dull, contrasting with disc (Fig. 16); pronotal punctures finer; lateral pronotal crenulation more regular, sharper; dorsum black with green reflection............................... Safrina moorei new species. 14(12) Lateral margins of pronotum strongly crenulate, some tubercles sharp (Figs 11���12); first, third, fifth, and seventh elytral intervals convex at base, the last forming a sharp oblique carina from shoulder to disc (Figs 11���12)....................... 15 - Lateral margins of pronotum weakly crenulate, tubercles blunt (Figs 13, 15); all elytral intervals slightly convex at base, odd numbers slightly more so, seventh not sharply carinate (Figs 13, 15)........................................... 16 15(14) Black; elytra irregularly transversely wrinkled and dull, densely microreticulate except shiny ridges (Fig. 11); side of head broadest at base of genal lobe, evenly rounded to anterior of lobe (Fig. 29); pronotal disc more strongly and closely punctured, interspaces 2��� 5x puncture diameters; tooth at base of outer mandibular carina smaller or absent (Fig. 29)............................................................................................. Safrina dekeyzeri new species. - Black or dark brown, with green reflection; elytra not transversely wrinkled, shiny, without dense microsculpture (Fig. 12); side of head biconvex, anterior angle of genal lobe laterally produced (Fig. 30); pronotal disc more sparsely and finely punctured, interspaces 4��� 8x puncture diameters; tooth at base of outer mandibular carina larger (Fig. 30)................................................................................................... Safrina grandis (Lea, 1915) 16(14) Pronotal disc smoother, basal median groove less densely punctured, with smooth areas between punctures (Fig. 13); apex of elytral disc smoother [teneral specimens rugose], with smaller punctures................... Safrina jaedoni new species. - Pronotal disc rougher, basal median groove more densely punctured, punctures close or coalescent (Fig. 15); apex of elytral disc rugose, with larger punctures............................................... Safrina laticeps (Macleay, 1885) Key to mature larvae of Ryssonotus and Safrina (larvae of S. dekeyzeri, S. jaedoni, and S. parallela unknown; diagnostic attributes for Safrina species based on three or less specimens of each species) 1 Mandible with 4 scissorial teeth; tibiotarsus reduced to short lobe, length = width at base; raster setae outwardly directed............................................................................ Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby, 1819) - Mandible with 5 scissorial teeth (Fig. 64); tibiotarsus not reduced, length about 3x width at base (Fig. 66); mid raster setae posteriorly or inwardly directed (Fig. 67) (Safrina)............................................................. 2 2(1) Apex of third antennomere truncate or almost so; middle of raster with elongate spines or setae....................... 3 - Apex of third antennomere, at large oval sensilla, produced as a rounded lobe beyond base of fourth antennomere; middle of raster with dense short spines, posteriorly and inwardly directed (apex of metatrochanter rounded, stridulatory file not reaching apex)....................................................................... S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863) 3(2) Apex of metatrochanter angulate and stridulatory file reaching apex at this point, with 17���23 tubercles................. 4 - Apex of metatrochanter rounded and stridulatory file not reaching apex, with 15���17 tubercles (mesocoxal stridulatory file with 35���37 small granules or tubercles; fourth antennomere length to width ratio about 2.3)......... S. laticeps (Macleay, 1885) 4(3) Mesocoxal stridulatory file with 33���36 small granules or pegs; fourth antennomere more elongate, length to width ratio 2.6���3.3............................................................................................. 5 - Mesocoxal stridulatory file with c.26���30 small granules or pegs; fourth antennomere less elongate, length to width ratio 2.1���2.3............................................................................ S. grandis (Lea, 1915) 5(4) Inner edge of left mandible with deep excavation between bilobed apex of mola and middle of mola; inner margin of antennomere 3 deeply concave............................................................... S. polita (Carter, 1921) - Inner edge of left mandible without excavation between bilobed apex of mola and middle of mola; inner margin of antennomere 3 shallowly concave.............................................................. S. moorei new species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Kirby, W. (1819) A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12, 375 - 453. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","Westwood, J. O. (1863) Descriptions of some new exotic species of Lucanidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 1, 429 - 437, pl. 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1863. tb 01289. x","Deyrolle, H. (1881) Description de cinq lucanides nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Series 6, 1, 237 - 240, pl. 5.","Lea, A. M. (1915) Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 650 - 694, pl. 76.","MacLeay, W. J. (1885) Two new Australian Lucanidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 10, 199 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17915","Carter, H. J. (1921) Australian Coleoptera: notes and new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 301 - 323. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 14020"]}

Safrina Reid & Beatson, new genus Type species. Ryssonotus laticeps Macleay, 1885, this designation. Etymology. Named in honour of Safrina Thristiawati. The generic name is feminine in gender. Diagnosis. Ventral setae simple, not multifid; eyes completely divided; antennae geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1���4 sparsely setose and symmetrical, antennomeres 5���10 at least partly densely setose, asymmetric, forming a loose club; mandibles strongly punctured, inner faces not densely setose; sides of head with prominent genal lobe; upper surface of head tuberculate, with deep pit at base; mentum small, semicircular, punctate and thickly sclerotised; pregular area thickened and strongly transversely raised, with grooved sides for retention of maxillary palpi; pronotal disc with foveolate depressions; posterior corners of pronotum deeply concavely excavate, not margined; prosternal process linear, not arched, hidden between procoxae; lateral margins of pronotum crenulate in female; lateral margins of elytra explanate; mesosternal process anteriorly excavate; aedeagal endophallus everted; male paraproct split into two sclerites; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine; female paraproct split into two sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca present, globular. Description. Adult. Length: excluding mandibles, 14���26 mm; including mandibles 15���28 mm. Upper surface black to reddish brown, often with metallic green reflection, dull or shiny, smooth or rugose. Body oval with relatively small head. Head with sparse, erect, simple setae; most visible around median tubercles and on genal lobes; dorsal surface of pronotum (except margins) glabrous; elytra glabrous, except minute sparse stubble laterally and apically in S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863) and S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881). Ventral setae simple. Head. Eyes completely divided by canthus, dorsal segment of eye much smaller than ventral, separated by at least height of dorsal segment in lateral view; head strongly punctured; sides of head with prominent genal lobe; head tuberculate between eyes, and with a deep lunate pit at base; antennae geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1���4 sparsely setose and symmetrical, antennomeres 5���10 densely setose and asymmetric, forming a loose club; mandibles short, length less than width of head, strongly punctured, inner faces setose but without a dense brush, with multiple blunt tubercles (intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric); mentum relatively small, semicircular, punctate and sclerotised; pregular area thickened, strongly transversely raised, with convergent sides; gap between pregular ridge and base of mandible forming a groove for retention of maxillary palp. Thorax. Pronotum transverse, quadrangular or broader at base, anterior angles rounded (produced in males), posterior corners strongly concave, forming distinct posterolateral angle; disc with depressed midline (broad and shallow in S. parallela) and lateral foveolate depressions (intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric); at least posterior corners and anterior of pronotum without bevelled margin; lateral margins of pronotum usually feebly (male) or strongly (female) crenulate; anterior half of hypomeron smooth with sparse trichobothria; prosternum smooth, with scattered trichobothria, most species almost glabrous; prosternal process a level, unarched, ridge hidden between procoxae, which are almost touching; elytra parallel-sided at basal 2/3 to strongly ovate, narrowly elevated at sutural margin, flat and explanate at lateral margins; scutellum semicircular; wings variable, from fully formed to reduced to a short narrow strip half length of elytra; mesoventrite process anteriorly excavate, without a tubercle between mid coxae; meso- and metathoracic ventral sclerites closely punctured and pubescent; legs gracile; profemora much thicker than other femora, anteriorly ridged, the ridge with a preapical excavation (inner edge of excavation toothed in larger males); tibiae not carinate; number of tibial teeth intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric, protibiae with at least 4 large external teeth, mesotibiae with at least 2 small external teeth, metatibiae with or without external teeth; inner margin of protibia slightly excavate and usually with median teeth; tarsal empodium short, hardly projecting beyond ventral apex of fifth tarsomere, much less than half length of claws. Abdomen. Ventrites not laterally ridged, without a deep basal groove. Aedeagal endophallus everted, unbranched; male tergite IX (paraproct) membranous at dorsal midline, split into two sclerites (laterotergites); male sternite IX with basal (anterior) elongate lobe and truncate setose apex; dorsal edge of parameres not notched, apices with membranous flange; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine (4 species examined); female paraproct split into 2 sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca present, globular. Larva. The following diagnostic description is based on mature specimens (instars unknown) of five species (S. grandis (Lea, 1915), S. jugularis, S. laticeps, S. moorei new species, and S. polita), identified by their association with adults. Length 23���40 mm (when roughly straightened); third antennomere produced or truncate at apex; mandible with 1 apical tooth plus 5 internal subapical (scissorial) teeth; mesocoxal stridulatory file present as a fine line of coarse rounded granules, without basal area of finer granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file present as a single ridge of 15���23 sparse, transverse granules; tibiotarsus not reduced, length about 3 times width at base; 10th abdominal segment dorsally foreshortened, with raster of moderately dense, short setae, at sides laterally directed, at middle posteriorly to inwardly directed, raster with fringe of short to very long setae; no dorsal anal lobe, lateral lobes with large well-defined oval pads, which are margined, smooth, and glabrous. Notes. Safrina is easily distinguished from Ryssonotus, differing by at least 13 adult and two larval characters: adult: upper surface without mottled colour pattern (Fig. 2); ventral setae simple, not multifid; head with prominent genal lobes (Fig. 20); eyes separated widely in lateral view (Fig. 39); antennal club with six partly densely setose antennomeres (Fig. 38); inner face of mandibles not densely setose (Fig. 20); posterior corners of pronotum deeply concavely excavate (Fig. 2); prosternal process flat, hidden between coxae (Fig. 45); lateral margins of elytra broadly explanate (Fig. 2); male paraprocts not fused (Fig. 51); proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine (Fig. 62); female paraproct split into two sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca hard, globular; larva: tibiotarsus elongate, length 3x breadth (Fig. 66); raster with inner setae apically or inwardly directed (Fig. 67). Safrina and Ryssonotus are most similar to Australognathus Chalumeau and Brochier, 1995, from North Queensland (Moore 1978; Moore & Monteith 2004); Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 from South America (Onore 1994); and Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 from South America (Onore 1994; Paulsen & Smith 2010), as intimated by Westwood (1863). The nomenclature of these genera is complex. Sphaenognathus and Chiasognathus were split into 7 genera based largely on trivial secondary sexual characters (Chalumeau and Brochier 1993, 1995; Molino- Olmedo 2001), which are unlikely to provide a strong phylogenetic signal. Paulsen & Smith (2010) have discussed some of these genera and rejected their validity. However, one of these genera, Australognathus, was named for an Australian species of Sphaenognathus. Moore & Monteith (2004) discussed the status of Australognathus and reduced it to a subgenus, noting that it was based on minor male characters, but that there were biological differences between the two taxa. Paulsen (2010b), in a discussion of the separation of Chiasognathus from Sphaenognathus, accepted the validity of Australognathus as a genus, but without explanation. Most recently, Kim & Farrell (2015) have provided evidence for the ancient divergence of the Australian and South American species in this group, supporting the recognition of Australognathus as a valid genus, sister to Sphaenognathus + Chiasognathus. Kim & Farrell (2015) also discussed the composition of Chiasognathini and noted that Chiasognathini, ���Rhyssonotini��� [an unavailable name: Bouchard et al. 2011], ���Pholidotini��� [an unavailable name], and ���Colophonini��� [an unavailable name] formed a monophyletic group. They failed to provide morphological justification for any of their generic groups and made no classificatory changes. Ryssonotus and Safrina are hereby placed with Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus in the tribe Chiasognathini, defined by the club of 5 or 6 antennomeres, completely divided eyes, female externally keeled mandibles, female head with blunt median dorsal tubercle in front of an excavation (shallow to absent in Ryssonotus), plus other features listed by Moxey (1960). Molecular data support this monophyletic group (Kim & Farrell 2015). Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus differ from Safrina and Ryssonotus by: adult: lack of dorsal cephalic tubercles in males, flat pregula, profemora without anterior ridge, long tarsal empodium; larva (Onore 1994): mandibles with fewer internal (scissorial) teeth, pars stridens on metathoracic coxa with a diffuse patch of granules at apex. The larva of Australognathus munchowae Moore & Monteith, 2004, is similar to that of Sphaenognathus, with two scissorial mandibular teeth, metatrochanteral stridulatory file dense, with> 50 transverse tubercles, tibiotarsus reduced to short lobe and apex of metatrochanter strongly produced (material examined by CAMR in ANIC). Morphology therefore supports molecular analysis in placing Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus in a single clade (Kim & Farrell 2015). Without a detailed study of the male and female genitalia and larvae, the precise relationships of these five genera are unclear. Two genera related to the above are Cacostomus Newman, 1840 (= Eucarteria Lea, 1914; Reid 1999) in Australia, and Casignetus MacLeay, 1819 (= Pholidotus MacLeay, 1819) in South America, both placed in a poorly defined tribe Casignetini (Kikuta 1986; Reid 1999), incorrectly named ���Pholidotini��� in Kim & Farrell (2015). Casignetini genera share several attributes with Chiasognathini (split eyes, rugose mandibles, semicircular mentum, and posterolaterally excavate pronotum), but have several characters that appear to exclude them from this tribe: three antennomere club, non-carinate mandibles, dorsal scale-like pubescence, notched parameres, and two-segmented vaginal palpi (Reid 1999). The larvae of Casignetus are similar to Chiasognathini (Costa et al.1988). Casignetini and Chiasognathini are probable sister groups and the morphological evidence for this is supported by molecular analysis (Kim & Farrell 2015). All other extant lucanid genera, including South African Colophon Gray, 1832 (Switala et al. 2014), appear to differ considerably from the above genera, at least in external morphology. The fossil lucanid Protognathinus Chalumeau and Brochier, 2001, described in Chiasognathini, has Safrina - like antennae, mandibles, and pronotum, but it has complete eyes, unlike Chiasognathini and most other Lucaninae (Holloway 1969). This fossil appears to lack the morphological attributes that would place it in any known tribe (Paulsen 2010b). Protognathinus is best treated as incertae sedis in Lucanidae, although it has been suggested that it belongs to Lampriminae (Paulsen 2010b; Kim & Farrell 2015). Natural history and conservation of Safrina . Unlike Ryssonotus, the larvae of Safrina prefer old dead wood infected with brown-rot fungi (J. Hasenpusch, personal communication 2004). Both adults and larvae occur under and within logs deeply embedded in soil (R. DeKeyzer, personal communication, 2014; C.A.M.R., personal observation). The adults may be sap feeders and are frequently collected in pitfall traps, including the volant species. The species occur in a variety of habitats, from Eucalyptus woodland to temperate rainforest, generally at moderate to high elevations. Adults and larvae are recorded from logs and trunks of Nothofagus and Eucalyptus. Only one species of Safrina can be described as widespread and fairly common, the volant S. jugularis, but several populations of this species are small and isolated. The other species are known from few collecting events and several have small ranges. These other species should be considered threatened from habitat loss, changed fire regimes and over-collection. Safrina species largely occur in protected or extensive forests, but the rarely collected S. dekeyzeri new species has already lost one population due to clearance (B. Moore, personal communication 2004). Over-collecting is likely to become a significant problem (ironically, this paper may be a factor) as lucanids are popular with collectors, especially in North America, Europe, and Japan. Collecting lucanids is most popular in Japan, where they have special cultural significance from early childhood (J. Morimoto, personal communication 2004) and are traded in commercially significant numbers (Cornell & Honda 2002), which is causing damage to the Japanese lucanid fauna due to poor quarantine procedures (Goka et al. 2004). The dealers who satisfy obsessive collectors are not interested in conservation. Two Japanese dealers were successfully prosecuted in Australia in 2003 for illegal collection of more than 1000 specimens of Lamprima insularis Macleay, 1885, endemic to a small Pacific island, Lord Howe. During the lengthy preparation of this revision of Ryssonotus, the lucanid collecting community became aware of my work and one Japanese dealer offered " Rhyssonotus keyzerski " males for ���1500 (AUS$3000) each and pairs of " R. costatus " for ���1200 (AUS$2400) (www.eurofauna.com; seen September 2006). On the same website a male of the recently described Australognathus munchowae (Moore & Monteith, 2004), a species only known from protected areas, was offered for ���5000 (AUS$10,000). These large sums place the financial gain of lucanid dealing on a par with illicit drugs (Cornell & Honda 2002). While much of the collecting in Australia is done without permits, even the magnitude and impact of permitted collecting in National Parks is rarely monitored (C. A.M.R., personal observation). The taxonomic revision of collectable organisms, which must be done to enable their conservation, also flags rarities for collectors. This is a well-known problem in herpetology, where new species in particular become collectors��� targets (Stuart et al. 2006). To protect some of the species described below we omit details of collecting localities. For conservation of Safrina species, we recommend: (i) vulnerable species status for S. dekeyzeri, S. moorei, and S. politus, under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (New South Wales); (ii) modelling of suitable habitat and field survey for all species except S. jugularis; (iii) approved rearing programmes to improve knowledge of habitat requirements and to supply collectors' demands; (iv) improved regulation and policing of the insect trade; (vi) closer monitoring of approved collecting., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 9-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["MacLeay, W. J. (1885) Two new Australian Lucanidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 10, 199 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17915","Westwood, J. O. (1863) Descriptions of some new exotic species of Lucanidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series 3, 1, 429 - 437, pl. 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1863. tb 01289. x","Deyrolle, H. (1881) Description de cinq lucanides nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Series 6, 1, 237 - 240, pl. 5.","Lea, A. M. (1915) Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 650 - 694, pl. 76.","Chalumeau, F. & Brochier, B. (1995) Les Chiasognathinae: genres, sous-genres et synonymies (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Bulletin Sciences Nat, 83, 18 - 24.","Moore, B. P. (1978) A new Australian stag beetle (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) with Neotropical affinities. Journal of the Australian entomological Societ y, 17, 99 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1978. tb 01751. x","Moore, B. P. & Monteith, G. B. (2004) A second Australian species of the Gondwanan stag beetle genus Sphaenognathus Buquet (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 49, 693 - 700.","Onore, G. (1994) Description of the immature stages of six species of Sphaenognathus, with comparative notes on phylogeny and natural history (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 63, 77 - 99.","Paulsen, M. J. & Smith, A. B. T. (2010) Revision of the genus Chiasognathus Stephens of southern South America with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini). Zookeys, 43, 33 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 43.397","Chalumeau, F. & Brochier, B. (1993) Un nouveau genre de Chiasognathinae Australien. Bulletin Sciences Nat, 79, 16 - 17.","Molino-Olmedo, F. (2001) Cladistica del genero Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 y Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 con proposicion de subgeneros nuevos (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Chilena Entomologica, 28, 79 - 85.","Paulsen, M. J. (2010 b) Book review. Chalumeau, E. & Brochier, B. (2007) The Chiasognathinae of the Andes. Published by Taita Publishers, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. 324 pp., 43 color plates, 25 maps. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 64, 392 - 393.","Kim, S. I. & Farrell, B. D. (2015) Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 86, 35 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.02.015","Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A. E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lyal, C. H. C., Newton, A. F., Reid, C. A. M., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, S. A. & Smith, A. B. T. (2011) Family group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys, 88, 1 - 972. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 88.807","Moxey, C. F. (1960) A redescription of the tribe Chiasognathini, with the descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies of the genus Sphaenognathus Buquet (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Entomological News, 73, 197 - 203.","Reid, C. A. M. (1999) A new generic synonym in the Australian Lucanidae (Coleoptera). Coleopterists Bulletin, 53, 175 - 177.","MacLeay, W. S. (1819) Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. Part 1. Bagster, London, 159 pp, 3 pls.","Kikuta, T. (1986) On the higher taxa of the stag beetle family Lucanidae. In: Aoki, J. (ed.), Papers on Entomology Presented to Professor Takeshiko Nakane in Commemoration of his Retirement. Japanese Society of Coleopterology, Tokyo, pp. 131 - 138.","Costa, C., Vanin, S. A. & Casari-Chen, S. A. (1988) Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 165 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100233","Switala, A. K., Sole, C. L. & Scholtz, C. H. (2014) Phylogeny, historical biogeography and divergence time estimates of the genus Colophon Gray (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 326 - 336. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13054","Chalumeau, F. & Brochier, B. (2001) Une forme fossile nouvelle de Chiasognathinae: Protognathinus spielbergi (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). Lambillionea, 101, 593 - 595.","Holloway, B. A. (1969) Further studies on generic relationships in Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with special reference to the ocular canthus. New Zealand Journal of Science, 12, 958 - 977.","Cornell, A. & Honda, N. (2002) Beetlemania. Australian Financial Review Magazine, 30 August 2002, 39 - 44.","Goka, K., Kojima, H. & Okabe, K. (2004) Biological invasion caused by commercialization of stag beetles in Japan. Global Environmental Research, 8, 67 - 74.","Stuart, B. L., Rhodin, A. G. J., Grismer, L. L. & Hansel, T. (2006) Scientific description can imperil species. Science, 312, 1137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 312.5777.1137 b"]}

Ryssonotus MacLeay, 1819 Ryssonotus MacLeay 1819: 98; Thorpe 2001: 22; Holloway 2007: 115. Rhyssonotus Agassiz, 1846: 329, unjustified emendation. Type species. Lucanus nebulosus Kirby, 1819, by monotypy. Diagnostic description. Adult. Length: excluding mandibles: 12���26 mm; including mandibles: 15���33 mm. Upper surface densely microreticulate, with mottled colour pattern; ventral setae multifid; eyes completely divided by expanded canthus, eye segments separated by less than half upper eye segment height in lateral view; antennae geniculate, with antennomeres 1���5 sparsely setose and symmetrical, and antennomeres 6���10 partly densely setose and asymmetric, forming a loose club; mandibles strongly punctured, inner faces densely setose; side of head without genal lobe; upper surface of head with median tubercle, without deep pit at base; mentum relatively small, semicircular, impunctate and membranous; pregular area feebly convex, with slightly convergent sides; pronotum with foveolate depressions; posterior corners of pronotum not margined, but also not deeply concavely excavate; prosternal process strongly arched and visible between coxae; lateral margins of female pronotum almost even, with a few irregularly spaced small indentations about middle, but not distinctly crenulate; lateral margins of elytra not explanate; mesoventrite process anteriorly excavate; tarsal empodium short, much less than half length of claws; aedeagus with everted unbranched endophallus; dorsal edge of parameres not notched; male paraproct fused dorsally not split into two sclerites; proctiger of ovipositor weakly sclerotised and quadrate, paraproct complete; vaginal palp conico-cylindrical and thickly setose; spermatheca membranous. Larva. The following diagnosis is based on examined material from the Dorrigo area, New South Wales (AMS, collected Reid & Day), North Queensland (ANIC, collected Brooke & Parrott), and the published description (Lawrence 1981). Mandible with 1 apical tooth plus 4 internal subapical (scissorial) teeth; tibiotarsus reduced to a small lobe, length equal to width at base; no dorsal anal lobe, lateral lobes with well-defined ovoid pads, margined, smooth and glabrous; 10th abdominal segment dorsally foreshortened, with raster of moderately dense, very short, outwardly directed setae; metatrochanteral stridulatory file (pars stridens) present as a single ridge of about 16 sparse, almost quadrate granules (Lawrence 1981: fig. 4); mesocoxal stridulatory file (pars stridens) present as a fine line of densely packed small transverse granules, ending in a basal oval field of scattered minute granules. Notes. The original spelling of this genus was emended by Agassiz (1846) to Rhyssonotus. Prior use of Ryssonotus was well-established (Kirby & Spence 1826), but the emended name has become standard in Australian literature (Moore & Cassis 1992, updated by Calder 2010; Lawrence & Ślipiński 2013). However, outside Australia, use of Ryssonotus has prevailed (Thorpe 2001; Holloway 2007; Bouchard et al. 2011). As Agassiz��� action was an unjustified emendation (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Article 33.2.3) and its use has arguably not prevailed in a global context (Article 33.2.3.1), we follow Holloway (2007) and use Ryssonotus, consigning Rhyssonotus Agassiz, 1846 to junior objective synonymy (Article 33.2.3). The name Lucanus foveolatus Thunberg, 1806, hitherto considered a probable senior synonym of R. nebulosus (Parry 1870; Gourlay 1954; Moore & Cassis 1992), refers to the North American species Lucanus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1763) (new synonym) and is therefore unlikely to have been collected in Australia (photograph of holotype examined, courtesy UUS). The type species of Ryssonotus, R. nebulosus, differs markedly from all other species hitherto placed in this genus. These other species, which do not belong to any genus from elsewhere, for example the potentially related lucanid faunas of New Zealand (Holloway 2007), Africa (Switala et al. 2014), and South America (Mizunuma and Nagai 1994; Paulsen 2010a), are removed and placed in a new genus, defined below. The name Ryssonotus is retained for R. nebulosus, endemic to Australia but widespread on the eastern margin of the continent., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["MacLeay, W. S. (1819) Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. Part 1. Bagster, London, 159 pp, 3 pls.","Thorpe, S. (2001) Notes on the establishment in Auckland of the Australian stag beetle Ryssonotus nebulosus (Kirby), a new host plant record for it, and a practical identification key to the genera of New Zealand stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). The Weta, 23, 22 - 24.","Holloway, B. A. (2007) Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 61, 1 - 254.","Agassiz, J. L. R. (1846) Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus. Jent & Gassmann, Solothurn, viii + 383 pp.","Kirby, W. (1819) A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12, 375 - 453. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","Lawrence, J. F. (1981) Notes on larval Lucanidae (Coleoptera). Journal of the Australian entomological Society, 20, 213 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1981. tb 01035. x","Kirby, W. & Spence, W. (1826) An Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of Insects. Volume 3, with plates. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Ormi, & Brown, London, 720 pp.","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19.","Calder, A. A. (2010) Family Lucanidae. Australian Faunal Directory, Department of Environment. Available from: http: // www. environment. gov. au / biodiversity / abrs / online-resources / fauna / afd / taxa / LUCANIDAE / complete (accessed 22 March 2016)","Lawrence, J. F. & Slipinski, S. A. (2013) Australian beetles: morphology, classification and keys. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, viii + 561 pp.","Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A. E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lyal, C. H. C., Newton, A. F., Reid, C. A. M., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, S. A. & Smith, A. B. T. (2011) Family group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys, 88, 1 - 972. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 88.807","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Parry, F. J. S. (1870) A revised catalogue of the lucanoid Coleoptera, with remarks on the nomenclature, and description of new species. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1870, 53 - 118.","Gourlay, E. S. (1954) Records of introduced Coleoptera and notes on the 1953 - 54 collecting season. The New Zealand Entomologist, 1 (4), 6 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00779962.1954.9722723","Linnaeus, C. (1763) Centuria insectorum rariorum quam consent experimentiss Fac. Med. in Regia Academia Upsaliensi, praeside nobilissimo atque celeberrimo D: o Doct. Carolo von Linne, publico examini submittit Boas Johansson, Upsaliae [= Uppsala], [6] + 32 pp.","Switala, A. K., Sole, C. L. & Scholtz, C. H. (2014) Phylogeny, historical biogeography and divergence time estimates of the genus Colophon Gray (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 326 - 336. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13054","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp.","Paulsen, M. J. (2010 a) The stag beetles of southern South America (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 24, 1 - 148."]}

Safrina laticeps (Macleay, 1885) new combination. (Figs 6, 15, 23, 32, 51, 57, 63���67, 70) Rhyssonotus laticeps Macleay, 1885: 201; Moore & Cassis 1992: 16. Material examined. Type. HOLOTYPE: ��, Australia [printed label and Masters' handwritten label], on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney (ANIC). Other material (69): Queensland: 2 ��, 2 ♀, Cooran Plateau, as larva, ex core dead standing Eucalyptus, 12.xii.90, em[erged] 21.iv.1991, M. De Baar (MDB, QMB); ��, Cooran Tableland, via Gympie, ex larva, xi.1996, G. B. Monteith (QMB); 2��, ♀, Cooran Tableland, via Gympie, ex larva, 10.ii.2004, A Polak, collected as larva & reared adult emerged April 2004 (ANIC); ��, Mount Glorious, 24.iii.1968, G. J. Toop (BPM); 2 ♀, Mount Glorious, as larva, 15.v.1981, B. P. Moore (BPM); 16 ��, 15 ♀, Mount Glorious, 630 m, ex core dead standing Eucalyptus trunk, 24.iii.1989, M. De Baar, A. Hiller (BPM, MDB, QMB, RDK); 2��, 2♀, Mount Glorious, 630 m, ex core dead standing Eucalyptus trunk, 26.iii.1989, A. Hiller (RDK); ��, ♀, 20 km N Mount Glorious, 24.iii.1989, M. De Baar (DPIM); ��, Mount Tambourine, i.1893, C. J. Wild (QMB); 3 ♀, Springbrook, 2.iii.1990, 20.iv.1991, 28.iv.1991, M. De Baar (MDB); 4 ��, 2 ♀, Upper Tallebudgera Creek, ex old bloodwood log, 10.iii.1997, D. J. Cook (QMB). Diagnosis. Male: length 16���20 mm. Black or almost so, often with faint dark green reflection, legs reddish brown; prothorax almost parallel sided, elytra slightly rounded at sides; head with genal lobe greatly laterally projecting as a tapering trapezoid with long anterior edge and short posterior, the outer edge concave or notched; mandibles without pre-apical dorsal tooth, basal internal dorsal and ventral teeth separated or fused or ventral tooth small; basal half of elytron without ridges, with 5 striae. Female: length 15���19 mm. Colour as male; with (rarely) or without distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotum relatively strongly and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove separated by diameters or less, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum distinctly to feebly crenulate; elytra weakly or strongly transversely wrinkled, dull with dense microsculpture; elytral intervals 1���5 convex at base, without carina from shoulder to disc; explanate margin of elytra narrow, approximately equal width of base of metatibia, without or with shallow lateral grooves. Description. Male. Length 16���20 mm. Black or almost so, usually with faint dark green reflection, legs reddish brown. Body sub-parallel sided: pronotum generally broadest at middle third, often slightly broader than elytra, sides of elytra slightly rounded. Head conspicuously setose around median tubercles, with sparse setae elsewhere, pronotal disc glabrous. Head: sides greatly laterally produced, as a tapering trapezoid with acute apex, long anterior edge and short posterior, the outer edge concave or notched, width of lobe 0.6���1.2x length at base; strongly transverse, width 3.5���4.0x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth interspaces; 2 separate anteromedian tubercles, on median prominence; anterior margin deeply concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.5���2.0x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles without dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, externally keeled on middle third; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle absent; ventral inner edge with 3���7 angulate or rounded teeth, usually similarly sized but often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large separated dorsal and ventral tubercles, or these tubercles fused, or ventral much smaller; pregular swelling sharply convex, height ��� longitudinal length, with 0���2 setose punctures on each face. Thorax: pronotum usually almost parallel-sided in basal half, sometimes slightly contracted from posterolateral angles to apex, posterolateral angles not laterally projecting; lateral margins shallowly crenulate, or almost even with a few minute nicks; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with or rarely without, pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured, especially in lateral depressions and at posterolateral angles; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, sparsely to closely strongly punctured; elytra slightly rounded at sides, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; basal half of elytron with intervals 1���5 convex, 3 and 5 usually slightly more so than others, without an oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra shiny, but finely microreticulate except extreme base; elytral disc striate, with 5 fine sparsely punctured grooves reaching apical half, intervals with or without shallow transverse grooves, remainder of elytra fairly smooth, but with scattered punctures, often in rows, and usually with irregular fine grooves; elytral sides explanate, width approximately equal width of base of metatibia, smooth or almost so; wing fully developed, apex sharply folded to within basal third of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2 (or rarely 3) minor teeth, inner margin with 0���1 prominent teeth; metatibia with 1���2 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrites dull, microreticulate; ventrite I rugulose, finely and closely punctured on intercoxal process and sides, II ���V closely but finely punctured, I ���IV apparently glabrous (but with sparse and minute recumbent setae) except sides and intercoxal process, V with long erect setae on apical half; apex of ventrite V truncate to shallowly concave. Genitalia: phallobase glabrous, without setae, medially unsclerotised on dorsal surface, apex of venter with triangular less strongly sclerotised depression, dorsal surface convex; parameres with short but moderately close setae, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with v-shaped notch; endophallus in repose with 1���2 short coils. Female. As male, except: length 17���20 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, anterior truncate; genal lobe laterally produced as a short asymmetric triangle or trapezoid, broadest at posterior then approximately convexly curved to anterior of head; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with (rarely) or without small elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, punctures often confluent, lateral margins evidently notched or bluntly crenulate, hind angles obtuse; internal margin protibia without teeth; apex ventrite V truncate to shallowly concave. Larva (based on 1 specimen, about 25 mm when crudely straightened, from Cooran Plateau): inner edge of left mandible deeply excavated between apex and middle of mola; apex of antennomere 3 truncate, inner margin shallowly concave; antennomere 4 length to width ratio about 2.3; mesocoxal stridulatory file evenly curved, with about 35 small granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file with about 16 transverse tubercles, not reaching apex of trochanter, which is rounded; metafemur angularly produced at apex; metatibiotarsus elongate, length to width ratio about 3; raster with long apical and lateral setae, narrowly glabrous median strip, and elongate posteriorly or slightly inwardly directed spines or short setae on either side of midline. Distribution and natural history. Safrina laticeps is widespread in southern Queensland, from Mount Tambourine north to Cooran Plateau. This species occurs in dry eucalypt forest and is particularly active in late summer, from March to April. Adults have been found most frequently in hollow eucalypt logs or trunks, where they can be locally numerous. Larvae have been collected in a hollow Eucalyptus tree, in December and April (AMS; QMB)., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["MacLeay, W. J. (1885) Two new Australian Lucanidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 10, 199 - 202. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17915","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19."]}

Safrina grandis (Lea, 1915), new combination. (Figs 3, 12, 21, 30, 40, 54, 70) Rhyssonotus grandis Lea 1915: 650; Moore & Cassis 1992: 16; Mizunuma & Nagai 1994: 206, plate 3, fig. 34.1 (misidentified as R. politus). Rhyssonotus costatus Carter 1929: 65; Moore & Cassis 1992: 16; new synonym. Material examined. Types: Ryssonotus grandis Lea: HOLOTYPE: �� " grandis Lea type Comboyne / Ryssonotus grandis Lea N. S. Wales type " (SAM); Ryssonotus costatus Carter: HOLOTYPE: ♀ "Holotype male [sic], Dorrigo, W. Heron, KG7365, Ryssonotus costatus Cart. " (AMS). Other material (27): New South Wales: 3��, ♀, Banda Loop Road, Willi Willi National Park, 14.ii.2005, R de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest (RDK); 2��, 3♀ Banda Loop Road, Willi Willi National Park, 28 Feb 2002, R de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest (RDK); 2��, 2♀, Banda Loop Road, Willi Willi National Park, 17 Feb 2003, R de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest (RDK); 4��, ♀, Banda Loop Road, Willi Willi National Park, 31 Jan���1 Feb 2003, R de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest (RDK); ��, Banda Loop Road, Willi Willi National Park, 14.ii.2002, R de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest, collected as larva and reared adult emerged late Jan 2003 (RDK); 2 ��, ♀, Barrington Tops State Forest, 26.i.1996, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ��, Barrington Tops State Forest, 11.ii.1999, G. Williams (GWT); ��, Barrington Tops State Forest, 1180m, 21.ii.2002, C. Reid (AMS); 6��, 3♀, Barrington Tops State Forest, 8.ii.2004, R. de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, Bellangry, 6.ii.1976 (AMS); 3��, 2♀, 0.5 km N Berrico Trig, Chichester State Forest, 15.ii.2003, R de Keyzer in Nothofagus forest (RDK); ♀, Brooklana, E. Dorrigo, ii.1930, W. Heron (ANIC); pair of elytra only, Dorrigo [Carter] (ANIC); ♀, Chichester State Forest, 940 m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ♀, Chichester State Forest, 940 m, 300 m, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); 2 mature larvae, Chichester State Forest, 940 m, 22.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer (AMS); ��, ♀, Cobark Forest Park, Barrington Tops State Forest, 31��53'55''S 151��36'30''E, 26.i.1996, R de Keyzer (RDK); 6��, 5♀, old Cobark Forest Park, camping & picnic area, Barrington Tops National Park, 8.ii.2004, R de Keyzer (RDK); 4��, old Cobark Forest Park, camping & picnic area, Barrington Tops National Park, 13.ii.2005, in Eucalyptus woodland (RDK); ♀ [fragments], Dilgry Circle Road, 1.8 km N Moppy Rest area, Barrington Tops State Forest, 24.iii.2001, in Nothofagus forest, R de Keyzer (RDK); 3��, ♀, Dilgry Circle, Nothofagus forest near Dilgry Falls, Barrington Tops State Forest, 1.ii.2003, R de Keyzer (RDK); ��, 4♀, Dilgry Circle, Nothofagus forest near Dilgry Falls, Barrington Tops State Forest, 28.ii.2002, R de Keyzer (RDK); ♀, Dingo State Forest, 10.iii.1984, G. Williams & G. O���Dea (GWT); ♀, Dorrigo, W. Heron (SAM); ♀, Mount Boss State Forest, 13.i.1969, C.M. M. (ANIC); ��, Mount Boss State Forest, 1010m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ♀, Mount Boss State Forest, 1100m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ��, Mount Boss State Forest, 1040m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ��, ♀, Mount Boss State Forest, 1120m, 4.ii���9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ��, North Brother Mountain summit, 487 m, under rotting log in wet sclerophyll forest, 29.iii.2016, G. & T. Williams (photograph); ��, ♀, Plateau Beech, picnic area, Werrikembe National Park, 18.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer, Nothofagus forest (RDK); ��, Ramornie State Forest, 220 m, 4.ii��� 9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS) [possible label error]; ��, ♀, Rowleys Lookout Road, near carpark, Tapin Tops National Park, 28.iii.2004, R. de Keyzer (RDK); 1 mature larva, Willi Willi National Park, 1.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer (AMS). Diagnosis. Male. length 19���25 mm. Dark brown to black, with dark green reflection, at least on elytra, legs dark red; prothorax and elytra rounded at sides; head biconvex at sides; mandibles with prominent basal dorsal tooth and larger pre-apical dorsal tooth; basal half of elytron with two ridges, one sharp and oblique from humerus to disc and the other on basal half of interval 5. Female: length 17���22 mm. Colour as male; distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotum relatively strongly and closely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove usually separated by less than diameters, some discal punctures coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum strongly crenulate, some tubercles sharp; elytra not transversely wrinkled, shiny, without dense microsculpture; first, third, fifth, and seventh elytral intervals convex at base, the last forming a sharp oblique carina from shoulder to disc; explanate margin of elytra broad, twice width of base of metatibia, with deep lateral channels. Description. Male. Length 19���25 mm. Dark reddish brown to black, with dark green reflection, at least on elytra, tibiae reddish brown with darker teeth. Body elongate-ovate: pronotum generally broadest close to base, sides of elytra rounded. Head with sparse dorsal setae, more conspicuous at sides, pronotum glabrous to margins. Head: sides biconvex, posterior angles usually more acute and more prominent than bluntly rounded anterior angles; strongly transverse, width much more than 2.5x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth interspaces; anteromedian prominence usually bituberculate; anterior margin feebly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.5���2.0x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles with prominent elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, and often 1, rarely 2, additional tubercles distal to this; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle large and erect (height greater than width) on inner edge; ventral inner edge with 4���5 rounded teeth, usually similarly sized but often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large bilobed ventral tubercle and small separated dorsal tubercle; pregular swelling sharply convex, height ��� longitudinal length, with 1���10 setose punctures on each face. Thorax: pronotum contracted anteriorly from posterolateral angles or almost parallel-sided in basal half; lateral margins bluntly and irregularly crenulate; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured in lateral depressions and angles; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, closely and strongly punctured; elytra rounded at sides, broadest 1/3���1/2 from base; basal half of elytron with intervals 1 and 3 raised, plus an oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra mostly shiny, ridges and basal half mostly nonmicroreticulate, with scattered large punctures in irregular striae mixed with sparse small punctures, the surface mostly smooth except for inner edge of oblique ridge transversely grooved or wrinkled; elytral sides broadly explanate, 1.5���2.0x width of base of metatibia, with transverse grooves or wrinkles; wing reduced, half elytron width, with apex bent at 45�� and not reaching elytral apex; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2���4 minor teeth; internal edge of protibia with 2���3 prominent teeth; metatibia with 0���2 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrites dull, microreticulate; ventrite I strongly and closely punctured and rugulose, II ���V closely and coarsely punctured, I ���IV with short recumbent setae, V with longer erect setae; apex of ventrite V shallowly notched. Genitalia: phallobase without evident setae, medially unsclerotised on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, dorsally relatively flat; parameres conspicuously and closely setose, apices acute angled in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, endophallus with single coil. Female. As male, except: length 18���21 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, obscuring anteromedian prominence; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with small elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, lateral margins strongly and sharply crenulate, hind angles often acutely produced laterally; internal edge of protibia without or with 1 minute tooth; apex ventrite V truncate. Larva (based on 3 mature specimens from Barrington Tops, length 30���35 mm when crudely straightened out): inner edge of left mandible shallowly excavated between apex and middle of mola; apex of antennomere 3 truncate, inner margin shallowly concave; antennomere 4 length to width ratio 2.1���2.3; mesocoxal stridulatory file evenly curved, with 26���30 small granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file with 18���22 transverse tubercles, reaching apex of trochanter, which is angulate; metafemur angularly produced at apex; metatibiotarsus elongate, length to width ratio 3.0���3.5; raster with long apical and lateral setae, narrowly glabrous median strip, and elongate posteriorly directed setae on either side of midline. Distribution and natural history. Safrina grandis occurs in cool temperate and eucalypt forest and subalpine woodland on the eastern slopes of the Dividing Range of central and northern New South Wales, from Chichester State Forest to Ramornie State Forest. The published record for Ben Lomond (Moore 1984; Moore & Cassis 1992) is a misidentification (see S. dekeyzeri). On the Barrington Tops massif, S. grandis occurs in subalpine woodland rather than the cool temperate rainforest characteristic of sympatric S. polita (G. Williams, personal communication 2004; C.A.M.R., personal observation), however on Werrikimbe Plateau this is the only species and it is present in both habitats. Adults are active from January to March. Larvae were present in February under Eucalyptus logs at Barrington Tops and under Nothofagus logs at Werrikimbe. A larva probably belonging to this species has been collected in cool temperate rainforest in the northern part of the Richmond Range. Notes. There are no convincing differences between the populations of shiny green, costate Safrina on the northern ranges of New South Wales, although they seem widely separated. These populations include the species described as S. grandis by Lea (a male) and as S. costatus by Carter (a female, misidentified as a male), which are hereby synonymised (new synonymy). The males in all these populations have the same diagnostic mandibular teeth (Fig. 40)., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/272084, {"references":["Lea, A. M. (1915) Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 650 - 694, pl. 76.","Moore, B. P. & Cassis, G. (1992) Lucanidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 9, 4 - 19.","Mizunuma, T. & Nagai, S. (1994) The lucanid beetles of the world. Mushi-Sha, Tokyo, 337 pp.","Carter, H. J. (1929) Australian Coleoptera: notes and new species. VI. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 54, 65 - 79.","Moore, B. P. (1984) A guide to the beetles of south-eastern Australia. Fascicle 6. Australian Entomological Press, Greenwich, New South Wales, pp. 85 - 100."]}

Altica gravida (Blackburn, 1896) comb. nov. (Figs 7, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 29, 31, 43 ���46, 58���61, 73���76, 82, 83) Haltica gravida Blackburn 1896: 75 (type locality: Murray River district, in South Australia). Altica ignea sensu Vestjens, 1979, nec Blackburn 1889. Material examined (312; *= dissected). Types: Altica gravida (Blackburn) : lectotype (this designation): ♂/ T M.R.[Murray River]/ Type / Haltica gravida Blackb. / Blackburn coll. 1910 - 236 / (NHML); paralectotypes (3): 1 / 1544 / Austral. ex Black. type / Jacoby coll. 1908 - 28 a/ (NHML); 1 / MR 1544 / Haltica gravida Blackb. cotype/ S. Australia Blackburn/ Haltica gravida Bl. SA NSW cotype I. 4038 / (SAM); 1 / A 1544 / Haltica gravida Blackb. cotype/ Adelaide/ (SAM). Non-type material: Australia Capital Territory: 1 / ANU Campus, 26.xii. 1979, M. Carver (ANIC); 2 / Black Mtn, light trap, 10 xi. 1966, IFB Common (ANIC); 2 / Canberra 29.i. 1958, WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 1, ditto 24.xii. 1956 (ANIC); 1, ditto 15.xii. 1956 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 24.xii. 1957 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 13.i. 1957 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 1.i. 1957 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 11.xii. 1956 (ANIC); 2, ditto, ex Myriophyllum, 1.xi. 1977, R. Nipperas (ANIC); 1 / Cotter R., in flight, 7.xii. 1976, DP carne (ANIC); 10 / Kambah Pool, on ground swarming, 24.xii. 1973, DP Carne (ANIC); 1 / Kingston, 11.xii. 1956, C. Wellspring (ANIC); 1 / Lake Burley Griffin, feeding on Ludwigia peploides montevidensis, 1.iii. 1985, N. Starrick (ANIC); 1 / Lee���s Spring, 18.ii. 1922, G. J. Hill (ANIC); 1 / Mt Coree, 1157m, 25.xii. 1973, E&S Britton (ANIC); 1 / Pine Island, 10.xii. 1973, S. Misko (ANIC); 2 / Red Hill, 23.xi. 1968, K. Pullen (ANIC); New South Wales: ♂, 1 / Apsley Falls, 31:03S 151: 46 E, at light, 18.xii. 1968, Britton & Misko (ANIC); 1 / Billabong Ck, 1 k W Wanganella, 1.v. 1978, Z. Leipa (ANIC); 1 / Blayney, 5.iii. 1930, Salter (AMS); 1 / 10mi W Blayney, nr Bathurst, 11.i. 1967, B Cantrell (UQIC); ♀/ Bluegate, nr Yanco, 28.ix. 1932, K.C.McKeown (AMS); 2 ♀/ Blue Mtns, H. W. Brown (AMS); ♀, 1 / Bogan R, J. Armstrong (ANIC); ♂*, 10m, 9 f/ Braidwood, Jinden, 27.xii. 1974, R. J. M[ulder] (AMS); 1 / Caparra, mv light, 14.iv. 1991, SG Watkins (ANIC); 1, ditto, 16.x. 1991 (ANIC); ♀/ Carss Park, 24.viii. 1954, R. H. M[ulder] (AMS); 1 / Cattle Ck Rd, SW Captains Flat, 26.xii. 1926, W Allen (ANIC); ♂/ Clyde River, K. K. Spence coll. (AMS); 2 / Collector Swamp, on wing at dusk, 10.iv. 1966, BP Moore (ANIC); ♂/ Condobolin, 6.xi. 1972, D. A. Doolan (AMS); 1 / Congo, nr Moruya, at light, euc scrub by coast, 16���17.iii. 1985, C. Reid (ANIC); 2 / Cowal North, Lake Cowal, 10.iii. 1971, WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 1 / Denistone, on Acacia blossom, 5.i. 1975, DP Carne (ANIC); 1 / nr Euabalong, at light, 27.xi. 2001, G Hangay (ANIC); 5 / Euberta, Wagga Wagga, 6.xi. 1935, JA Green (AMS); 1 / 2.4 k NE Eugowra, 33 �� 26 S 148 �� 22 E, 24.v. 1972, Z. Liepa (ANIC); ♀/ Euralie-Narrandera Rd, 9���19.x. 1932, K.C.McKeown (AMS); ♂*, ♀*/ Fowlers Gap, 8.xii. 1974, D. Lester (AMS); 1, ditto, arid zone res. sta., 20.i. 1980, K. Miller (ANIC); ♂, ♀/ Gloucester, 17.x. 1977, D. A. Doolan (AMS); 2 ♂ / Gogeldrie, 23.ii. 1927, W. B. McKey (AMS); ♂*, 2 ♂ / ditto, except ���damaging rice���; 1 / 5 k NE Griffith, Myriophyllum, 24.ii. 1992, G. Saintly (ANIC); ♀/ Grosses Plains Ck, @Moonbah Stay, 36.49065 S 148.55431 E, 27.xi. 2011, DM & SJ (AMS); ♂/ Gundaroo, Wattle Vy, at light 6.ii. 1979, B. P. Moore (ANIC); ♂/ Gundaroo Rd, iii. 1970, B. P. Moore (ANIC); ♀/ Jenolan SF, 23.xii. 1972, D. A. Doolan (AMS); 2 / Khancoban, below Khancoban Dam, 36 �� 13 S 148 ��06E, 300m, at light, 13.ii. 1987, A Newton & M Thayer (ANIC); 2 / Lake Albert, nr Wagga, 20.iv. 1971, Z. Liepa (ANIC); ♂*, 25 / Lake Cowal, 33 �� 41 S 147 �� 22 E, on Myriophyllum, 16.ix. 1971, W. J. M. Vestjens (ANIC); 3, ditto, no coordinates or host, 15.ii. 1971 (ANIC); ♂*, ♂, ♀/ ditto, except 11.xi. 1972, D. A. Doolan (AMS); 14 / Leeton, weeds & rice, 4.iii. 1927, KC Mckeown (AMS); ♀/ Leichhardt, Sydney, xii. 1977, F. T. Fricke (AMS); 1 / Leura, i. 1932 (AMS); ♂/ Marrickville, 16.xii. 1955, R. J. M[ulder] (AMS); 2 / Menindee lakes, Burkes camp, 28.ix. 1978, Z. Liepa (ANIC); 1 / Moonbil Lookout, 30 �� 58 S 151 ��06E, 760m, 11.xii. 1974, Common & Edwards (ANIC); ♀/ Mt Coricudgy, 20.xii. 1985, G. Hangay (AMS); 4 / Mt Costigan, Tuena, 5.xii. 1961, FA Cook (ANIC); 1 / Mt Kaputar, 3000 ���, at light, 6.ix. 1962, ex coll. UNE (ANIC); 12 / Mt Kaputar NP, 30 �� 17 S 150 �� 10 E, 1362m, 5.xii. 1974, IFB Common & ED Edwards (ANIC); ♂*/ Mount Tomah, 14.x. 1977 (AMS); 1 / Myal Ck Xing @ Delungra & Binga Binga Rd, 25.i. 2000, G Hangay (ANIC); ♀*/ Myall Lakes NP, 32: 37: 56 S 152: 12: 27 E, ex Acacia longifolia var sophorae, ML 101 /04B[eat], 15.xi. 1996, L. Wilkie (AMS); ♀/ One Tree Waterhole, 145 miles N B[roken] Hill, 23.ix. 1955, R. D. Mackay (AMS); 2, ditto except 24.ix. 1955 (AMS); ♀/ Pilliga Scrub, Bongle Gulley, N. Baradine, 5.xii. 1978, R.D.K. (AMS); 1 / Pilot Hill, Bago Forest, Batlow, 1.iii. 1957, TG Campbell (ANIC); 1 / Quandong, 52 k SE Broken Hill, 26.ix. 1975, Z. Liepa (ANIC); 1 / Quibray Bay, 22.i. 1983, S Watkins (ANIC); ♂*/ Roto-Matakana district, 19.i. 1990, A. Sundholm & J. Bugeja (AMS); ♀/ Roundhill Res., 28.i. 1969, J.V. Peters (AMS); ♀/ Snowy R, Buchan-Jindabyne Rd, 30.xii. 1977 (AMS); ♂/ Tamworth, xi. 1967, G.W. A. (ANIC); ♂*, ♀*/ Tuglo, 48 k N Singleton, 6.i. 1978 (AMS); 1 / Trangie, at light, 23.x. 1976, D. Whale (ANIC); ♂*/ Upper Allyn, nr Eccleston, mv lamp, 25.ii. 1970, D. K. McAlpine (AMS); ♀/ N of Warren, 26.iv. 1975, D. Lester (AMS); ♀/ 30mi S Warren, 25.iv. 1975, G Gowing (AMS); 1 / Wauchope, 31 �� 27 S 152 �� 44 E, at light, 4.i. 1970, Britton & Misko (ANIC); 1 / Willandra Br., 11 k N Mossgiel, 33 �� 16 S 144 �� 34 E, dry swamp, at light, 21.xii. 1970, Britton, Misko & Pullen (ANIC); 3 / Williamstown, ex Alternanthera philoxeroides, 26.x. 1977, M. Julien (ANIC); 2 / Windamingle, nr Wentworth, 29.iv. 1951, A Dyce (ANIC); 3 / Windsor, HJ Carter (ANIC); ♂*/ Wingham, Stockard home, Combined St, incand. light, 8.ix. 1991, J. Stockard (ANIC); 3 / Wits Ck Xing, Queanbeyan R, S Captains Flat, 19.xi. 1977, S&W Allen (ANIC); Northern Territory: ♂/ 30 k WNW Alice Springs, 23: 32 S 133: 38 E, 7.x. 1978, M. S. Upton (ANIC); ♂*, ♂, 2 / 39 k E Alice Springs, 23: 41 S 134: 15 E, 5.x. 1978, Upton & Barrett (ANIC); 6 / 53 k NE Alice Springs, 23 �� 35 S 134 �� 22 E, 6.x. 1978, Upton & Barrett (ANIC); ♂*/ 15 k SW Alroy Downs HS, 19 �� 24 S 135 �� 58 E, 10.iv. 1976, Key & Balderson (ANIC); ♀, 8 / Bessie Spring, 8 k ESE Cape Crawford, 16: 40 S 135: 51 E, 26.x. 1975, M. S. Upton (ANIC); 4 / 22 k WSW Borroloola, 16 ��08S 136 ��06E, at light, 16.iv. 1976, J Feehan (ANIC); 1 / 4 k S Jarmarm, Keep R. NP, 15 �� 48 S 129 ��06E, GPS, at light, 29.v. 2001, T Weir & P Bouchard (ANIC); ♂*, 4 / McArthur R., 48 k SSW Borroloola, 16 �� 27 S 136 ��05E, 29.x. 1975, MS Upton (ANIC); ♂*/ Timber Ck, at light, 22.v. 1976, K&E Carnaby (ANIC); ♂, 6 / Todd River, 9 k NE Alice Springs, 23: 38 S 133: 53 E, 10.x. 1978, Upton & Barrett (ANIC); 1 / 3.5 k SW Victoria R. Downs Sta., in flood channel Wickham R., at light, 13.viii. 1979, LP Kelsey (ANIC); Queensland: ♀/ Biggenden, xii. 1973, H. Frauca (ANIC); 1 / foothills, Bluff Ra., via Biggenden, 15.ix. 1974, H Frauca (ANIC); ♀/ summit Bluff Rg., 16.viii. 1974, H. Frauca (ANIC); 1 / 62 k SW Boulia, 23 ��02S 139 �� 18 E, 16.x. 1978, Upton & Barrett (ANIC); 1 / Brisbane, iii. 1969, J. Liddy (ANIC); 1 / Burnett R., N Eudsvold, 24 �� 46 S 152 �� 25 E, at light, 10.i. 1970, Britton, Holloway & Misko (ANIC); ♂*/ Cheltenham, 21:03S 144: 56 E, 17.xi. 1986, R. Bejsak (AMS); ♂*/ Coast Range, nr Biggenden, 1.vi. 1977, H. Frauca (ANIC); 1 / Cunnamulla, iii. 1942, N Geary (AMS); 1, ditto, x. 1941 (AMS); 1 / Elizabeth Gorge, viii. 1974, JAG Brooks (ANIC); ♂/ Gilruth Plains, 9.i. 1964, W. J. M. Vestjens (ANIC); 6 / Hell Hollow Gorge NP, Powell Ck, 25 �� 34 S 144 �� 41 E, at light, 22���25.x. 1997, T Weir (ANIC); 1 / Joalah NP, Tamborine Mtn, 27 �� 56 S 153 �� 12 E, 18���21.x. 1978, Lawrence & Weir (ANIC); 2 ♂ *, 3 ♂, 3 ♀/ Lake Muncoonie, floodplain, 20.ix. 1977 (AMS); 1 / Mackay, ii. 1964, JE Dunwoody (UQIC); 6 / 25 k N Monto, 24 �� 41 S 150 �� 58 E at light, 13.xii. 1990, T Gush (ANIC); ♂*/ Normanton, 20.v. 1976, K. & E. Carnaby (ANIC); ♀/ Southport, xii. 1932, L. W. (ANIC); 2 / Surat (AMS); ♂*, ♂/ Wallaville, T.L. Bancroft/ Altica coerulea Ol. det G. Scherer 1969 / (ANIC); South Australia: ♂/ Angorichina Ck, below hostel, 22.x. 1978, E.B.Britton (ANIC); ♀/ Angorichina Hostel, 7 k E Parachilna, 23.x. 1978, E. B. Britton (ANIC); ♀/ 12 k NW Cameron���s Corner, at light, 22.x. 1974, P. Meyer (ANIC); ♀/ Innaminka, 23.iv. 1980, I. D. Buddle (AMS); 1 / Lake Eyre S, 18.ix. 1978, Upton & Barrett (ANIC); 4 / R Murray, AH Elston (AMS); 1 / Tea Tree Gully, Ainsley���s Hill Reserve, ex Leptospermum, 6.xii. 1977, R. Patterson (ANIC); Tasmania: ♂, ♀/ Devonport, 22.xi. 1977, G&G Palmer (ANIC); ♂/ Hobart, Boat Harbour, 21.xi. 1977, G. & G. Palmer (ANIC); Victoria: ♀/ Barmah NP, Little Rushy Swamp, 35: 53: 24 S 145:02: 24 E, infesting Myriophyllum papillosum, 25.ii. 2014 K Ward (AMS); 1 / Buchan, 17.ii. 1974, GG Burns (ANIC); 1 / Kiata, 21.x. 1976, GG Burns (ANIC); ♀/ Lake Hattah, light trap, 9���15.iii. 1969, G. W. Anderson (ANIC); 1 / Macedon, on Quercus fastigata, 1977 (ANIC); ♂*, 1 f/ Mt Buffalo NP, 36: 46: 28 S 146: 47: 40 E, path to Dixons Falls, sweeping above falls, c 1475m, 28.xi��� 2.xii. 2011, C. Reid (AMS); 3 / Murray R., ex coll. National Museum (ANIC); 1 / Manns Beach, ii. 1957, DF Coulson (ANIC); 2 / Murrabit, xi. 1946, EH (ANIC); 1 / Noojee, 31.i. 1986, GG Burns (ANIC); 1 / Tullamarine, 22.iii. 1975 (ANIC); 1 / Wahgunyah, 7.xii. 1950, JH Callaby (ANIC); ♂*, ♀*/ Yamberloona, Trawool, Seymour, at light, 17.ix. 1981 (AMS); Western Australia: ♂*, ♀, 8 / Drysdale River, 15:02S 126: 55 E, 3���8.viii. 1975, I.F.B. Common & M.S. Upton (ANIC); ♂*, 1 / Carson Escarpment, 14 �� 49 S 126 �� 49 E, 9���15.viii. 1975, IFB Common & MS Upton (ANIC); ♂/ Fitzroy Crossing, 18.iv. 1976, K. & E. Carnaby (ANIC); ♂*, ♀/ Halls Ck, 19.iv. 1976, K. & E. Carnaby (ANIC); ♀, 2 / Wyndham, 20.iv. 1976, K. & E. Carnaby (ANIC). Description. Relatively large, length male 5.6���6.5mm, female 5.7���7.2mm. Colour: dorsum entirely dark bronze-green, purplish-black, black, or bicoloured, with greenish or purplish head and pronotum and purplish or greenish elytra; antennae black, apex of first antennomere occasionally dark brown; legs and venter black, usually slightly bronzed; Head: ratios (Tables 3 & 4): male EG 8.33���9.40; IE 1.04���1.21; HG 18.83���20.80; HN 1.22���1.30; NE 1.70���1.95; female EG 7.50 ���10.00; IE 1.08���1.22; HG 20.40 ���21.00; HN 1.19���1.28; NE 1.90 ���2.00; pubescence: a few short setae at inner edge of orbit, longitudinal row of short setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, transverse row of long setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except minute punctures at bases of setae; face strongly microreticulate, postantennal calli usually microreticulate; eyes large and laterally prominent; postantennal calli slightly elongate, with broadly triangular anterior angles and rounded bases; frontoclypeal median ridge lanceolate, weakly convex, anteriorly terminating in a narrow keel before clypeal margin; anterior clypeal margin slightly elevated and thickened but not finely ridged; sides of clypeus slightly rugose; Thorax: pronotum dull and microreticulate; pronotum distinctly finely punctured throughout (punctures usually distinctly smaller than elytral punctures), separated by 2���4 diameters on disc, slighter denser in basal field; hypomeron entirely transversely strigose and shallowly microreticulate; scutellum triangular, densely microreticulate; elytra entirely microreticulate, sometimes shallowly so on disc; prosternum smooth and shining; mesoventrite strigose and dull, remaining thoracic ventrites densely microsculputured and pubescent; elytra finely and fairly sparsely irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 2��� 4 x puncture diameters; sides of elytra keeled from behind humeri to apical third, sometimes keel absent in males, often with 1���3 additional keels on disc in females; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia with thin keel at base, flat in apical half; male first protarsomere ovate, slightly longer than broad, female 1.5 x longer than wide; Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculputured and pubescent; male: length penis 2.25���2.35mm; in dorsal view slightly expanded from base to almost right-angled apical lobe; shallowly transversely ridged in small patch of middle of dorsal surface; fairly straight in profile, with tip abruptly curved; with dense oblique ridges on apical half of venter, absent from midline and apex, ridges subtending approximately 75���90 �� at midline; two short apicoventral depressions present, c. 0.2 x penis length, elongate, laterally smooth-edged, internally finely strigose, separated by broad flat ridge; female: vaginal palpi long and almost conical, length: width ratio 1.6���2, with rounded apex, and straight, concave or convex inner margin; palpal apodemes 1.2���1.4 x length palpi, 0.3���0.5 x width palpi; tignum with irregularly expanded blunt tipped base, broader than base of apical part, lateral arms absent, and slightly to broadly expanded apex; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 3���4 twists. Distribution and biology. Altica gravida is endemic to Australia, where it is abundant and widespread in the southeast, especially the Murray-Darling basin, but also including Tasmania. It is scarcer further north but occurs far inland through the centre of Australia as far as the Kimberleys (north Western Australia). Altica gravida is apparently absent from most of the tropical coastal region, unlike the similar A. caerulea. Altica gravida is an aquatic plant oligophage, feeding on Myriophyllum species (Haloragaceae), but not all species of that genus. Vestjens (1979) made detailed observations on the biology of A. gravida at Lake Cowal, NSW, misidentified as A. ignea (the correct identity has been confirmed by our examination of his specimens in ANIC, see list above). Large numbers of adults were present from August to June, including several huge swarms totalling up to 780,000 individuals. Adults fed only on Myriophyllum verucosum, but aggregations occurred on nearby plants, including Eragrostis (Poaceae) and Muehlenbeckia (Polygonaceae). Larvae occurred from October to May, only feeding on Myriophyllum. Larvae and adults of A. gravida have also been reared on Myriophyllum at Barmah, Victoria, but only on M. papillosum, not on co-occuring M. crispatum (K. Ward, pers. com. 2013; Fig. 83). Myriophyllum occurs throughout Australia, avoiding only the driest deserts of Western Australia (Anonymous 2014). The absence of A. gravida from high rainfall coastal sites may indicate that it requires temporary water bodies which evaporate, leaving the hostplants on drying mud. Perhaps this indicates a difference in pupation site between A. gravida and A. caerulea.Vestjens��� study suggests that specimen label data indicating presence on Ludwigia and Alternanthera represent strays from the host Myriophyllum (which occurs in the same habitat), although one specimen from Canberra was labelled ���feeding on Ludwigia ���. Label records of singletons on Acacia (Fabaceae), Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) and Quercus (Fagaceae) may represent accidental associations or adults attracted to nectaries or pollen of non-host flowers (Samuelson 1994). Specimens of A. gravida are also labelled ���damaging rice��� (material collected by W. B. McKey, 1927), but this has never been published (Daniels 2004) or confirmed by other observations. We suspect that McKey collected A. gravida in a wet rice field with Myriophyllum present, and that the damage to Oryza was from some other agent. Confusingly, Veitch & Greenwood (1921) recorded A. gravida on rice in Fiji and this is presumably why it is listed as a dangerous pest by quarantine agencies in Australia and New Zealand. However this record was corrected by Bryant & Gressitt (1957), although wrongly; the correct name for the Fijian species is A. aenea (q.v.). Vestjens (1979) sampled 11 bird species feeding at the shoreline of Lake Cowal where A. gravida was abundant, but found that only the generalist predator Gymnorhina tibicen (Australian Magpie) had Altica gravida (both adults and larvae) in its stomach (Barker & Vestjens 1990). Altica gravida has been collected in every month except July, but only 10 % of collections were made in May to August and 60 % in October to January, which appears to be the peak activity period. This species is attracted to light. Taxonomic notes. Altica gravida was described from ���Murray River district etc���, South Australia, based on an unknown number of specimens. We have seen four syntypes in the Blackburn collections (in NHML & SAM) and hereby designate a male lectotype to fix the identity of this species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 540-545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Blackburn, T. (1896) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 20, 35 - 109.","Vestjens, W. J. M. (1979) Notes on the leaf beetle Haltica ignea Blackburn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Halticinae) at Lake Cowal, New South Wales. Australian entomological Magazine, 5 (6), 113 - 114.","Blackburn, T. (1889) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (2) 3, 1387 - 1506.","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Samuelson, G. A. (1994) Pollen consumption and digestion by leaf beetles. In: Jolivet, P. H., Cox, M. L. & Petitpierre, E. (Eds.), Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 179 - 183. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 1781 - 4 _ 10","Daniels, G. (2004) Bibliography of Australian entomology. Vol. 1. A-M. G. Daniels, Mount Ommaney, viii + 879 pp.","Veitch, R. & Greenwood, W. (1921) The food plants or hosts of some Fijian insects. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 505 - 517.","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Barker, R. D. & Vestjens, W. J. M. (1990) The food of Australian birds. 2, Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 557 pp."]}

Biology of Altica species Adult Altica species are relatively weak jumpers (Schmitt 2004) but with their dark metallic colours and conspicuous diurnal swarming behaviour are likely to be strongly chemically protected (Phillips 1977), although there are surprisingly few studies of the defence system (Deroe & Pasteels 1982; Carruthers et al. 2011). Altica species may be monophagous or polyphagous. They may occur in huge numbers, altering plant succession in dynamic habitats (Bach 1994). Adults also swarm on non-hosts (Vestjens 1979) and may be associated with damage caused by other organisms, causing confusion in host records. For example, we were informed of damage by swarming Altica to Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) in a swamp on the Murray River, June 2014. The Altica was identified by us as A. aenea, which appears to feed only on Ludwigia (Onagraceae), so we queried the host record. A closer examination of the damage to the Eleocharis by the correspondent showed that it had been made by grazing kangaroos or horses; Altica -damaged Ludwigia was found nearby. The tussocks of Eleocharis were relatively elevated compared with nearby vegetation and clearly acted as focal points for the swarms of A. aenea. The general life cycle of Altica is atypical for alticines as the larva is an external feeder: eggs are laid in loose clusters on the hostplant; larvae feed on leaves; pupation is in soil; adults feed on leaves of the larval host but may visit floral nectaries of unrelated plants. All life stages of A. birmanensis have been photographed (Lee & Cheng 2007) and the larva described (Takizawa 1978). The immature stages of A. cyanea described and illustrated by the same authors are probably A. aenea, based on the foodplant. Larvae of the two endemic Australian species of Altica are undescribed. Larvae of Altica species worldwide show little variation and the Australian larvae examined by CAMR are similar to their well-described Holarctic counterparts, as reviewed by Hua et al. (2013), with a full complement of dark tubercles and prominent blunt-tipped setae. The major organisms causing mortality of larvae appear to be Pentatomidae and Tachinidae, but others include Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Miridae, Sarcophagidae, Nematoda and fungi (Phillips 1977; de Souza Lopes & Achoy 1986; Cox 1996; Schwenke 1999). Altica larvae are toxic to some predacious Carabidae (Phillips 1977). Adult specimens often carry Laboulbenia fungal parasites and the appendages may be heavily encrusted (photographed in Lee & Cheng 2007: 130; pers. obs. CAMR), but the host records provided by Balazuc (1988) may be misidentifications. The range of host plants of Altica species worldwide is enormous (Jolivet 1991; Clark et al. 2004), with many northern hemisphere species associated with trees and woody shrubs. A single species occurs on woody shrubs in western Indo-Malaya (A. cyanea), but in Australia and the west Pacific, Altica species are recorded feeding only on annual and perennial herbs (with one exceptional record). There is a large literature on the biology of Altica species in the region covered here, but descriptions of individual species��� biology may be based on misidentifications or erroneous synonymy (for example: Hawkeswood 1988; Kimoto 2000; Lee & Cheng 2007). The endemic Australian species have not been studied in detail, but their life histories are unlikely to deviate significantly from south and east Asian species (Dubey 1981; Singh, Rose & Gautam 1986; Nayek & Banerjee 1987; Lee 1992; Kimoto & Takizawa 1994; Shah & Jyala 1998; Jyala 2002; Lee & Cheng 2007; Zhang, Ge & Yang 2007). Note that in most of these studies the Altica species is wrongly named (Table 1). , Pacific of east Guinea New Australia Tasmania of New west Guinea Haloragaceae Onagraceae Melastomaceae Polygonaceae A. aenea X X X X A. birmanensis X X A. corrusca X X X X A. cyanea X X A. caerulea X X X A. gravida X X X Wordwide, several Altica species have been suggested for biocontrol of pasture or aquatic weeds, for example A. carduorum Gu��rin-M��neville, 1858, on Cirsium arvense (Wan et al. 1996) and A. lythri Aub��, 1843, on Lythrum salicaria (Batra et al. 1986). Some Altica species are pests, including the European A. ampelophaga Gu��rin- M��neville, 1858, on Vitis (Picard 1926), and several pest species in North American horticulture (Clark et al. 2004). Altica species are of slight significance in the Australian region. Altica corrusca is a pest of strawberry (Fragaria) in Victoria (French 1913; Adam & Prescott 1932) and occasionally a pest of cultivated Onagraceae in gardens. Altica aenea (as A. cyanea), is a possible biological control agent of onagraceous weeds in irrigated rice (Oryza) (Dubey 1981; Nayek & Banerjee 1987; Xiao-Shui 1990; Naples & Kessler 2005). Altica species have been collected on Oryza (rice), in Australia (label data), Fiji (Bryant & Gressitt 1957) and Timor Leste (label data), but there is no published confirmation in any study of rice pests that plants are damaged, whereas Ludwigia, a common weed in rice padi, is a definite host of Altica species. We suspect that all records of Altica on Oryza are of nonfeeding individuals. However, A. aenea has been recorded causing damage to leaves of a Citrus species in Kakadu Natonal Park, Northern Territory (label data), so the range of plant hosts may widen in outbreak conditions. Despite these occasional exceptions, hostplants are a useful guide for the identification of Altica species (Table 2). Perhaps the most interesting observation on the biology of Altica in Australia is the toxicity of adults and larvae of ��� A. ignea��� (probably A. aenea) to mosquito larvae in the Brisbane area (Hamlyn-Harris 1930). Hamlyn- Harris recorded that naturally released secretions from abundant adults and larvae, dislodged or swimming in the water around their emergent Ludwigia hosts, killed Culex larvae., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 507-509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Schmitt, M. (2004) Jumping flea beetles: structure and performance (Insecta, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds.), New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp. 161 - 169.","Phillips, W. M. (1977) Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff. in Britain. Ecological Entomology, 2 (3), 205 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1977. tb 00883. x","Deroe, C. & Pasteels, J. M. (1982) Distribution of adult defence glands in chrysomelids (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) and its significance in the evolution of defence mechanisms within the family. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 67 - 82.","Carruthers, R. I., Franc, M. K., Gee, W. S., Cosse, A. A., Grewell, B. J. & Beck, J. J. (2011) Volatile emissions from the flea beetle Altica litigata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associated with invasive Ludwigia hexapetala. Chemoecology, 21, 253 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00049 - 011 - 0090 - 6","Bach, C. E. (1994) Effects of a specialist herbivore (Altica subplicata) on Salix cordata and sand dune succession. Ecological Monographs, 64, 423 - 445. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2937144","Vestjens, W. J. M. (1979) Notes on the leaf beetle Haltica ignea Blackburn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Halticinae) at Lake Cowal, New South Wales. Australian entomological Magazine, 5 (6), 113 - 114.","Lee, C. - F. & Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp.","Takizawa, H. (1978) Notes on Taiwanese chrysomelid larvae, V. Entomological Review, Japan, 31 (1 - 2), 75 - 84.","Hua, Y., Beutel, R. G., Zhang, Y., Cui, J. - Z. & Yang, X. - K. (2013) The larvae of Altica koreana (Oglobin) and A. viridicyanea (Baly) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). Zootaxa, 3694 (5), 461 - 470. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3694.5.4","de Souza Lopes, H. & Achoy, R. M. (1986) On Chrysagria (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) with descriptions of two new species, one of them living on the larvae of Altica sp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 46 (1), 273 - 276.","Cox, M. L. (1996) Insect predators of Chrysomelidae. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L. (Eds.), Chrysomelidae biology. Vol. 2. Ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 23 - 91.","Schwenke, W. (1999) Revision der Europaischen Mesochorinae. Spixiana Supplement, 26, 1 - 124.","Balazuc, J. (1988) Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) parasitic on Chrysomelidae. In: Jolivet, P., Petitpierre, E. & Hsiao, T. H. (Eds.), Biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 389 - 398. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 3105 - 3 _ 22","Jolivet, P. (1991) Selection trophique chez les Alticinae (Col., Chrysomelidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneene de Lyon, 60 (1), 26 - 40.","Clark, S. M., LeDoux, D. G., Seeno, T. N., Riley, E. G., Gilbert, A. J. & Sullivan, J. M. (2004) Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada. The Coleopterist's Society, Sacramento, 476 pp.","Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112.","Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299.","Dubey, A. N. (1981) Biological control of weeds in rice fields. Tropical pest management, 27 (1), 143 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670878109414186","Singh, S. J. P., Rose, H. S. & Gautam, R. K. (1986) The biology of the flea beetle, Altica caerulea Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) a pest on mountainous weed Rumex sp. Entomon, 11 (3), 175 - 178.","Nayek, T. K. & Banerjee, T. C. (1987) Life history and host specificity of Altica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biological control agent for water primrose, Ludwigia adscendens. Entomophaga, 32 (4), 407 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02372450","Lee, J. E. (1992) Larval description of four alticine species of genera Altica and Argopistes from Japan (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). Korean Journal of Entomology, 22 (4), 287 - 295.","Kimoto, S. & Takizawa, H. (1994) Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) of Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, xvii + 539 pp.","Shah, L. & Jyala, M. N. (1998) Population dynamics and host specificity of flea beetle Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 23 (4), 299 - 305.","Jyala, M. N. (2002) Biology and nutritional efficiency of flea beetle, Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its probable role as a biological control agent of weed in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 27 (3), 239 - 248.","Zhang, Y, Ge, S. Q. & Yang, X. K. (2007) Study of the morphology of Altica fragariae (Nakane) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), with first descriptions of the larvae and pupae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 109, 661 - 683.","Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1858) Melanges et nouvelles: ravages des altises. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Series 2, 10, 414 - 416.","Wan, F. H., Harris, P., Cai, L. M. & Zhang, M. X. (1996) Host specificity of Altica carduorum Guer. (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), a defoliator of Cirsium arvense (L) Scop. (Asteraceae) from north-western China. Biocontrol Science & Technology, 6, 521 - 530. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09583159631154","Aube, C. (1843) Sur quelques Altica confondues sous le nom d' Altica oleracea. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Series 2, 1, 5 - 10.","Batra, S. W. T., Schroeder, D., Boldt, P. E. & Mendl, W. (1986) Insects associated with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in Europe. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88 (4), 748 - 759.","Picard, F. 1926. Recherches sur la biologie de l'altise de la vigne (Haltica ampelophaga Guer.). Annales des Epiphyties (Paris), 12, 177 - 196.","French, C. (1913) A new strawberry pest. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 11 (10), 591.","Adam, D. B. & Pescott, R. T. M. (1932) Strawberry culture. Fungus diseases and insect pests. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 30, 21 - 25.","Xiao-Shui, W. (1990) Altica cyanea (Col: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Ludwigia prostrata (Onagraceae) in China. Tropical Pest Management, 36 (4), 366 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670879009371513","Naples, M. L. & Kessler, P. J. A. (2005) Weeds of Rain Fed Lowland Rice Fields of Laos & Cambodia. Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 12 September 2005. Available from: http: // www. nationaalherbarium. nl (accessed June 2014)","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Hamlyn-Harris, R. (1930) Halticinae (Col) as possible vectors in natural control of mosquitoes in Queensland. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21 (2), 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021672"]}

Altica cyanea Weber, 1801 (Figs 6, 13, 28, 41, 42, 56, 57, 71, 72, 81) Altica cyanea Weber 1801: 57 (type locality Sumatra). Haltica cyanea: Illiger 1807: 115. Galleruca cyanea Fabricius 1801: 497 (objective junior homonym, type locality Sumatra). Haltica ianthina Illiger 1807: 115 (nom. nov. pro cyanea Fabricius 1801, nec Weber 1801). Altica caerulea partim sensu auctt. nec Olivier, 1791; Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 889. Material examined (20, * = dissected specimen). Type material: Altica cyanea Weber : Lectotype (this designation): ♀*/ cyanea / (NHMD). Non-type material: Indonesia: Java: ♀*, ♀/ Buitenzorg, vi. 1907 (BMH); 2 ♂ */ Java, Dieng Plateau, above Telago Warna, 2150m, on low shrub, ii. 1991, C Reid (ANIC); ♂*, ♀*/ West Java E entrance to Gunung Halimun NP, ix. 1999, C Reid (AMS); Sumatra: 2 ♂ *, ♀/ West Lampung, 3 k S Krui, Melastoma, old coastal palm plantn, 19.xii. 2001, C Reid (AMS); Malaysia: ♀*, 4 / North Borneo or Sarawak, 1958 - 9, TC Maa (BMH); 1 / British North Borneo [Sabah], Tenompok, 48 k E Jesselton, 1460m, 26���31.i. 1959, TC Maa (BMH); ♂*, ♂, ♀*, ♀, ditto, 19.ii. 1959 (BMH). Description. Length: male 5.1���5.8mm, female 5.2���6.1mm. Colour: dorsum usually deep blue, rarely purplish or bicoloured, either with green pronotum and blue elytra or the mostly blue elytra narrowly green laterally; base of head often reddish (teneral specimens?); first antennomere dark brown with red apical third and base; remainder of antennae black or antennomeres 2 & 3 reddish-brown; venter and legs entirely black, or legs partially reddish-brown (teneral specimens?), with duller metallic reflection than dorsum. Head: ratios (Tables 3 & 4): male: EG 2.80 ���4.00; IE 1.57���1.82; HG 7.80 ���10.00; HN 1.00��� 1.08; NE 2.35���2.66; female: EG 3.40 ���4.00 (A. cyanea lectotype: 3.40); IE 1.55���1.63 (A. cyanea lectotype 1.62); HG 8.8���9.80 (A. cyanea lectotype 8.8); HN 1.03���1.06 (A. cyanea lectotype 1.04); NE 2.33���2.50 (A. cyanea lectotype 2.50); pubescence: several small setae at posterior of orbit, longitudinal row of short recumbent setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, 1 long pair and several short setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row of long setae between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except small punctures at bases of orbital setae; vertex without microreticulation; postantennal calli smooth, not microreticulate; eyes small and relatively flat; postantennal calli usually almost quadrate, with bluntly triangular anterior angles and truncate to convex bases, these usually tranversely subdivided, with secondary triangular areas; calli variably adjacent, from most of length to base only; frontoclypeal ridge lanceolate, broad and smooth or finely rugose at base, entirely convex, anteriorly terminating in a narrow keel before clypeal margin or keel absent; anterior edge of clypeus dull and finely rugose, strongly raised, often as a prominent transverse ridge, sides of clypeus microreticulate and finely rugose. Thorax: pronotum with or without pair of shallow ovate depressions behind anterior border; shining, entirely non-microscuptured or apical half and basal field microreticulate; non-glandular puncturation variable, from small sparse punctures only laterally, to anterior and basal field with sparse (separated by at least 2 diameters) larger punctures, but disc always finely and sparsely punctured; hypomeron without microreticulation, smooth, except anterior angles finely transversely strigose and sometimes with sparse punctures; prosternum anteriorly smooth and shining, process finely transversely grooved and dull, slightly rugose; scutellum triangular with curved sides, to semiovate, microreticulate or shining and smooth; elytra shining, microreticulation absent or at extreme apices only, strongly and closely but irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 0.5���2 diameters, sometimes with smooth elongate intervals on disc; elytra with small deep depression laterally behind humerus, but without distinct keel; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia convex, usually with prominent keel for most of length, apical fifth sometimes flat; male first protarsomere distinctly longer than broad, female 1.6���1.7 x longer than broad. Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculptured and with recumbent pubescence; male: penis 1.95���2.15mm long; in dorsal view parallel-sided to the rounded apex, which has a protruding short truncate lobe; dorsal and ventral surfaces slightly curved in lateral view, with extreme tip recurved; shallowly transversely ridged on middle of dorsal surface (only 2 ridges on specimen from Dieng, Java); venter without transverse or oblique ridges, two long apicoventral depressions present, 0.30���0.35 x penis length, ovate, internally finely ridged or smooth surfaced, laterally smooth edged, separated by a narrow sharp ridge; female: tignum 1.04���1.28mm long, basal part broad and irregularly outlined, lateral arms large and broadly triangular and apex broadly spatulate; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 1���2 twists; vaginal palpi short and broad, almost ovate, length: width ratio 0.6���1.2, with rounded to truncate apex and straight or convex inner margin; palpal apodemes 3��� 5 x length palpi, 0.5 ��� 0.5 x width palpi. Distribution and biology. Altica cyanea appears to be endemic to Sundaland (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java) and is absent from Australia and islands east of Java. Manfred D��berl has kindly provided additional records of A. cyanea based on his dissections and all fit this limited distribution on the Sunda shelf: Malaysia: Endau Rompin NP, Johore; Taiping, Perak; Indonesia: Cibodas & Cipanas, Java; Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatra; Payakumbuh, West Sumatra. Altica cyanea has been found feeding on Melastoma (Melastomaceae) in Sumatra and Java (pers. obs.; label data, AMS). Published records of hosts for probably correctly identified A. cyanea include only Melastoma (Kamarudin & Shah 1978; Ooi 1987). Mohammedsaid (2004) has also listed Melastoma as the host of A. cyanea but his entry for this species is a conflation of A. cyanea and A. aenea. Melastoma malabathricum is a weed in forestry plantations and A. cyanea has been proposed as a biocontrol agent for it (Kamarudin & Shah 1978). Altica cyanea and its closest relative A. birmanensis have been collected together in Java (Dieng Plateau). Taxonomic notes. Altica cyanea Weber, 1801, was described from material collected by the Danish naturalist Daldorff in Sumatra. In the same year Fabricius named A. cyanea from the same material (Fabricius 1801), without acknowledging Weber���s prior use of the name. Weber���s publication appeared at least by August and probably before March, 1801 (Evenhuis 1997; Y. Bousquet, pers. comm. 2014), whereas Fabricius��� publication is not datable within 1801 and therefore should be dated 31 December 1801 (ICZN: Art. 21). Weber was Fabricius��� pupil and it is possible that pupil and master used the same name for the same insect without realising that each was going to publish it. Daldorff was a Danish Naval officer in the Danish East Indian Company, based in Tranquebar on the east coast of India (Daldorff 1797), and is known to have visited Bencoolen [Bengkulu], the principle British trading port on the west coast of Sumatra in 1800 (Heyne 1814). Therefore Daldorff���s material was probably from Bengkulu. Weber���s description was minimal: blue, but including a greenish variety, elytra punctate, similar and related to A. oleracea [from Europe] but more elongate, and with dense short grey pubescence on the venter. This description fits any of the three species of Altica known from Sumatra in collections. Fabricius��� description was also minimal: blue, shining, antennae and legs black, similar to A. tamaricis [from Europe] but slightly larger and abdomen black. Illiger in Berlin also had material from Daldorff and based on comparison of Weber and Fabricius���s descriptions with his material decided that two species were involved. He therefore renamed Fabricius��� junior homonym, using his emendation of the genus name: Haltica ianthina Illiger, 1807. Weber���s early beetle types were retained in Fabricius��� collection, housed in NHMD (Horn & Kahle 1937) and there should be at least two syntypes, since a colour variety was mentioned. However, Gressitt claimed to have examined the syntypes of A. cyanea in the Royal Scottish Museum (now NMSE) in Scotland in the 1950 s (Gressitt & Kimoto 1961, 1963). Scherer (1969) also listed RSM as repository of the types but without any evidence that he had seen the material (Scherer 1969). A search of the NMSE collections has revealed that there are two syntypes of Altica caerulea Olivier, 1791 (q.v.), but no Weber or Daldorff material (Richard Lyszkowski, pers. comm. 2013). We think Gressitt muddled his notes when travelling around collections in Europe, and this error was simply copied by Scherer. There is a single specimen in NHMD, labelled as a type of Galeruca cyanea Fabricius, 1801, collected by Dahldorff in Sumatra and there is a single early specimen in ZMB standing as a type of Haltica ianthina Illiger, 1807. The handwritten label on the first appears to be by Fabricius. Documentation is lacking for the origins of these specimens in NHMD and ZMB, therefore at least three scenarios are possible: (i) these are the two syntypes of Weber, one relabelled by Fabricius and the other relabelled by Illiger; (ii) the specimen in Copenhagen is one of Weber���s syntypes, relabelled or also used by Fabricius, and the specimen in Berlin is not a type; (iii) Weber���s syntypes are missing and only Fabricius��� specimen remains. In the interests of reducing ambiguity for this species, we consider it reasonable to suppose that the same specimen was used by pupil (Weber) and master (Fabricius) and that this is the specimen in NHMD. Furthermore that the specimen in Berlin is from the same collection of material (by Daldorff) but has no type status. We designate the NHMD specimen a lectotype of Galeruca cyanea Weber, 1801, to cement this argument. Altica cyanea has been confused with both A. birmanensis and A. caerulea for most of the last 100 years. Maulik (1926) synonymised A. cyanea and A. birmanensis, followed by Scherer (1969) and Medvedev (2009), although the two last authors based their arguments on misidentifications. Kimoto separated the species on the presence or absence of a lateral elytral groove (and keel) without mentioning genitalic characters (Kimoto 2000: 256). This character is useful but the genitalia are the only reliable diagnostic features. Altica cyanea is found wholly within the range of A. birmanensis, which suggests the possibility that it is a divergent population within that species. Further work is needed to determine the status of these species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 538-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Weber, F. (1801) Observationes entomologicae, continentes novorum quae condidit generum characteres, et nuper detectarum specierum descriptiones. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae, xii + 116 pp.","Illiger, K. (1807) Verzeichnis der Arten der Flohkafer, Halticae, in der Hellwig-Hoffmanseggischen Sammlung, mit Beschreibung der neuen und Bezeichnung der ubrigen Arten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 6, 81 - 177.","Fabricius, J. C. (1801) Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae, xxiv + 506 pp.","Olivier, A. G. (1791) Encyclopedie metodique, ou par ordre de matieres: par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome sixieme. Pars 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 704 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Kamarudin, K. A. & Shah, A. A. (1978) The potential of Haltica cyanea Weber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological control agent of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. MARDI Research Bulletin, 6 (1), 15 - 24.","Ooi, P. A. C. (1987) A Melastoma feeding chrysomelid beetle, Altica cyanea. Malayan Nature Journal, 41 (2 - 3), 379 - 382.","Evenhuis, N. (1997) Litteratura taxonomica dipterorum (1758 - 1930). Vol. II. L - Z. Backhuys, Leiden, 445 pp. [pp. 427 - 871]","Daldorff, I. K. (1797) XIV. Natural history of Perca scandens. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 3 (1), 62 - 63.","Heyne, B. (1814) Tracts, historical and statistical, on India; with journals of several tours through various parts of the peninsula: also, an account of Sumatra, in a series of letters. Baldwin, London, viii + 462 pp.","Horn, W. & Kahle, I. (1937) Uber entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen & Entomo-Museologie. Teil III. Entomologische Beihefte, Berlin-Dahlem, 4, 297 - 536, plates 27 - 38.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1961) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 1. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 A, 1 - 299.","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Maulik, S. (1926) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelinae and Halticinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 442 pp.","Medvedev, L. N. (2009) Alticinae of Indochina. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 224 pp.","Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299."]}

Altica in the Australopapuan, Pacific and Indomalayan regions The taxonomic history of Altica species in Australia is relatively short. Altica was much more broadly defined when its first Australian species was described, A. splendida Olivier, 1808, and this seems to be misplaced in Altica (see below). For much of its history the name Altica has been spelt Haltica, following Illiger���s emendation (1807). Erichson (1842) described Haltica corrusca from Tasmania. Blackburn described three species of Haltica in 1889 and two species in 1896 and provided a key to seven of the eight species then understood (Blackburn 1896). Weise (1923) placed H. australis (Blackburn, 1889) in synonymy with H. coerulea Olivier, 1791, which he claimed was also a synonym of H. cyanea, Weber, 1801. This synonymy was partly rejected by Heikertinger & Csiki (1939), who recognised H. cyanea as a valid species, but a senior synonym of H. australis. The unjustified emendation Haltica was dismissed in favour of the original Altica in 1994 (Opinion 1754; ICZN 1994). Two of the eight supposed Australian species can be eliminated from Altica. The specimen(s) on which A. splendida was based is/are missing from the Olivier collection in Paris (A. Mantilleri, pers. com.) and were not included in that part of the Olivier collection sold to Edinburgh (R. Lyszkowski, pers. com.), but the description and illustration (Olivier 1808, [Altica] plate 3, figure 41) suggest that this was a species of Sutrea Baly, 1876, several of which are similar sized, yellowish-red with blue or bluish-black elytra. Such species occur along the east coast of Australia, the origin of early material in European collections. There are no Australian species of Altica with both black and red or yellow colouration. This species becomes Sutrea splendida (comb. nov.), although we acknowledge that without type material it may be impossible to identify within that genus. Examination of the type material of Altica ferruginis (Blackburn, 1889) shows it is certainly a species of Sutrea and it is hereby removed to that genus, as S. ferruginis (Blackburn, 1889), comb. nov. Significantly, Blackburn later had doubts about the generic placement of his species (Blackburn 1896: 74). Since Sutrea lacks a type species, we hereby designate S. elegans Baly, 1876, the first described species, distinguished by size and colouration. The five remaining species names belong to Altica, as currently understood. Blackburn (1896) revised the Altica species based on external characters, particularly colour, elytral sculpture and sculpture of the apical male ventrite. In our experience all of these characters are intraspecifically variable in the Australian Altica and the more reliable diagnostic features are genitalic, in both males and females, although these also vary. Based on our dissections of more than 150 Altica specimens from more than 40 localities throughout the country, we recognise four species in Australia. Two species have southern distributions and appear to be endemic to Australia (and misidentified elsewhere): A. corrusca and A. gravida (Blackburn, 1896). Our comparison of types shows that Altica corrusca, described from Tasmania, is a senior synonym of A. pagana (Blackburn, 1896), syn. nov., described from Victoria and Tasmania. The remaining two Australian species are principally tropical in distribution and therefore might reasonably be considered also to occur in New Guinea and/ or the Indonesian archipelago. In regions neighbouring Australia, descriptions of Altica species go back to the eighteenth century (Olivier 1791). These early samples appear to have originated from few collecting localities and of course were poorly described as species, therefore the species have been misinterpreted by later authors. For example, the Indian (Maulik 1926; Scherer 1969), southeast Asian (Kimoto 2001; Medvedev 2009) and Chinese (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963) faunas share species with Indomalaya and the Pacific, but from examination of type material we have discovered that many names are misapplied. This could provide an argument for conserving traditional concepts using the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (1999), but given the extent of misidentification and the inconsistency in use of the nomenclature by various authors, we consider a complete revision of the nomenclature the best option. Our study of type material shows that all the common Altica species in Indo-malaya have been misidentified. The A. cyanea of many authors should correctly be named A. aenea (Olivier, 1808), previously considered a junior synonym of A. cyanea; the name A. cyanea Weber, 1801, should correctly be applied to another species in the region, hitherto referred to as A. caerulea (or A. coerulea); the name A. caerulea (Olivier, 1791) should be applied to the species generally known as A. brevicosta (Weise, 1922 a), as correctly noted by Kimoto (2001) and Mohamedsaid (2004); the species A. birmanensis is valid, but has been misidentified or conflated with A. cyanea. All these names have many synonyms, as detailed below. Altica aenea, A. birmanensis, A. brevicosta and A. cyanea have also been catalogued as a single species (Gruev & D��berl 1997). In Australia, Altica aenea is a senior synonym of A. ignea (Blackburn, 1889), syn. nov., described from the Northern Territory, and A. australis (Blackburn, 1889), as indicated by Weise (1923) and Heikertinger and Csiki (1939), although these authors wrongly used the name A. cyanea. Altica caerulea is a widespread species in northern Australia which was included by Blackburn (1896) under the name Haltica gravida. In the west and central Pacific region five species have been recorded, but our dissections of extensive material show that only a single species is involved. Altica aenea is the correct name for this single species, previously misidentified as A. corrusca or A. gravida (Allard 1891, 1904; Veitch & Greenwood 1921; Bryant & Gressitt 1957; Samuelson 1973). The species A. bicolora (Jacoby, 1904), described from New Guinea as a possible colour variety of A. pagana, is also a synonym of A. aenea (syn. nov.). Our examination of types of Altica jussiaeae Gressitt, 1955, described from Palau, shows that this too is a junior synonym of A. aenea (syn. nov.). The fifth species recorded in the region is based on a single nineteenth century specimen of the Palaearctic (D��berl 2010 a) species A. oleracea (L., 1758), labelled from New Caledonia (Samuelson 1973). We have not examined this specimen, but given that (i) A. aenea is abundant on the island (Samuelson 1973), (ii) the identifier is a competent taxonomist, and (iii) A. oleracea has only been collected once, this record should be considered a mislabelled specimen. One further Altica species has been described in the Indomalayan Archipelago: A. albicornis Medvedev, 2004, from the mountains of Sulawesi. This species was poorly described, but notably the third antennomere is described as longer than any one of 4���10, and the penis lacking ridges but having a single preapical hollow. Fortunately a photograph of the holotype is available (Bos 2014), which shows that the pronotal basal depression is laterally abbreviated by short longitudinal grooves, there is a row of large punctures at the sides of the pronotum and the postantennal calli are adjacent and triangular. All of these features are typical of the genus Phygasia Dejean, 1836 (Scherer 1969; Kimoto 2000; Medvedev 2009), to which this species is therefore transferred, as P. albicornis (Medvedev, 2004) comb. nov. In summary, only six species exist from Sumatra to Fiji, including Australia. Based on external and internal morphology these can be divided into two informal groups: A. aenea species-group, including A. aenea, A. birmanensis, A. corrusca, and A. cyanea;and A. caerulea species-group, including A. caerulea and A. gravida. The history of the regional literature concerning Altica is summarised in Table 1. Adults of all the species are redescribed below. Reference published name probable correct name(s) Adam & Pescott 1932 pagana corrusca Alam & Karim 1980 foveicollis aenea? Bryant & Gressitt 1957 corusca & A. gravida aenea D��berl 2010 a cyanea aenea caerulea birmanensis, A. caerulea & A. cyanea Elliott et al 2002 pagana corrusca French 1913 pagana corrusca Gressitt & Kimoto 1963 brevicosta caerulea coerulea aenea, A. birmanensis & A. cyanea cyanea aenea,. A. birmanensis & A. cyanea Gruev & D��berl 1997 cyanea aenea, A. birmanensis, A. caerulea & A. cyanea Gruev & Doberl 2005 coerulea birmanensis, A. caerulea & A. cyanea Hawkeswood 1988 corusca aenea &/or A. caerulea Hawkeswood & Furth 1994 corusca aenea &/or A. caerulea Jyala 2002 himensis himalayensis? Kimoto 2000 birmanensis birmanensis & A. aenea ......continued on the next page cyanea aenea Singh et al. 1986 caerulea himalayensis Takizawa 1978 cyanea aenea Veitch & Greenwood 1921 gravida aenea Vestjens 1979 ignea gravida Xiao-Shui 1990 cyanea aenea Zhang et al 2006 brevicosta caerulea coerulea aenea? cyanea aenea, Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 505-507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Olivier, A. G. (1808) Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leur caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome sixieme. Desray, Paris, 613 - 1104 pp. + 46 plates.","Erichson, W. F. (1842) Beitrag zur Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die geographische Verbreitung der Insekten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 8 (1), 83 - 287.","Blackburn, T. (1896) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 20, 35 - 109.","Weise, J. (1923) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 31. Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden aus Queensland. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (12), 1 - 150.","Blackburn, T. (1889) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (2) 3, 1387 - 1506.","Olivier, A. G. (1791) Encyclopedie metodique, ou par ordre de matieres: par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome sixieme. Pars 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 704 pp.","Weber, F. (1801) Observationes entomologicae, continentes novorum quae condidit generum characteres, et nuper detectarum specierum descriptiones. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae, xii + 116 pp.","Heikertinger, F. & Csiki, E. (1939) Chrysomelidae: Halticinae 1. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 25 (166), 1 - 336.","Baly, J. S. (1876) Descriptions of new genera and species of Halticinae. Transactions of the entomological Society, London 1876, 433 - 449.","Maulik, S. (1926) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelinae and Halticinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 442 pp.","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Kimoto, S. (2001) Checklist of Chrysomelidae of southeast Asia, south of Thailand and west of Irian Jaya of Indonesia, IX. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 28, 153 - 249.","Medvedev, L. N. (2009) Alticinae of Indochina. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 224 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Weise, J. (1922 a) Chrysomeliden der Indo-Malayischen Region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 65, 39 - 130.","Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2004) Catalogue of the Malaysian Chrysomelidae (Insecta; Coleoptera). Pensoft, Moscow, 239 pp.","Gruev, B. & Doberl, M. (1997) General distribution of the flea beetles in the Palaearctic subregion (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Scopolia, 37, 1 - 496.","Allard, E. (1891) Collection d'insectes formee dans l'Indochine par M. Pavie consul de France au Cambodge. Coleopteres. Phytophages. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 3, 3, 229 - 234.","Allard, E. (1904) Coleopteres (Tenebrionides, Chrysomelides). Mission Pavie, 3, 108 - 109, 157 - 163.","Veitch, R. & Greenwood, W. (1921) The food plants or hosts of some Fijian insects. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 505 - 517.","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Samuelson, G. A. (1973) Alticinae of Oceania (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 30, 1 - 165.","Jacoby, M. (1904) Descriptions of new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Dr Loria in New Guinea.","Gressitt, J. L. (1955) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Insects of Micronesia, 17 (1), 1 - 60.","Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563.","Medvedev, L. N. (2004) New and poorly known Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Sulawesi and the Philippines. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 658, 1 - 7.","Bos, M. M. (2014) South east Asian beetles. Available from: http: // www. beetle-diversity. com / node / 7157 (accessed 27 February 2014)","Dejean P. F. M. A. (1836) Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. [Livraison 5]. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 361 - 443.","Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299.","Adam, D. B. & Pescott, R. T. M. (1932) Strawberry culture. Fungus diseases and insect pests. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 30, 21 - 25.","Alam, A. & Karim, A. N. M. R. (1980) The black beetle: an efficient weed feeder in Bangladesh. International Rice Research Newsletter, 5 (4), 23.","Elliott, H. J., Bashford, R., Jarman, S. J. & Neyland, M. G. (2002) Foliage insect diversity in dry eucalypt forests in eastern Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 136, 17 - 34.","French, C. (1913) A new strawberry pest. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 11 (10), 591.","Gruev, B. & Doberl, M. (2005) General distribution of the flea beetles in the Palaearctic subregion. Supplement. Pensoft, Sofia, 239 pp.","Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112.","Hawkeswood, T. J. & Furth, D. G. (1994) New host plant records for some Australian Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Spixiana, 17 (1), 43 - 49.","Jyala, M. N. (2002) Biology and nutritional efficiency of flea beetle, Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its probable role as a biological control agent of weed in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 27 (3), 239 - 248.","Singh, S. J. P., Rose, H. S. & Gautam, R. K. (1986) The biology of the flea beetle, Altica caerulea Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) a pest on mountainous weed Rumex sp. Entomon, 11 (3), 175 - 178.","Takizawa, H. (1978) Notes on Taiwanese chrysomelid larvae, V. Entomological Review, Japan, 31 (1 - 2), 75 - 84.","Vestjens, W. J. M. (1979) Notes on the leaf beetle Haltica ignea Blackburn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Halticinae) at Lake Cowal, New South Wales. Australian entomological Magazine, 5 (6), 113 - 114.","Xiao-Shui, W. (1990) Altica cyanea (Col: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Ludwigia prostrata (Onagraceae) in China. Tropical Pest Management, 36 (4), 366 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670879009371513"]}

Altica Geoffroy 1762: 244 Type species. Chrysomela oleracea Linneus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Latreille 1810; Riley, Clark & Seeno 2003; D��berl 2010 a). = Haltica Illiger 1807: 59 (unjustified emendation of Altica: ICZN 1994) = Graptodera Chevrolat 1836: 388. Type species: Chrysomela oleracea L., 1758, by subsequent designation (Chevrolat 1845; Bousquet & Bouchard 2013). Authorship of Altica is attributed to Geoffroy, not M��ller (Opinion 1754, ICZN 1994). The complete generic synonymy of Altica is listed by Riley, Clark & Seeno (2003) and D��berl (2010 a), but only two secondary synonymic names have been used in the Australian region as noted above: one invalid, the other an objective synonym. Generic diagnosis. The following diagnostic description is based on the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species. Moderately large amongst regional alticine genera, length 4.2���7.3 mm. Black (legs may be entirely red or reddish in teneral specimens, and one mature specimen of A. aenea), dorsal surface with metallic blue, purple, green, coppery or bronze hues (sometimes without metallic reflection in A. corrusca & A. gravida), venter and legs less strongly metallic; antennae varying from entirely dark to basal segments orange to red; mandibles with apical band of reddish-orange to dark brown. Body elongate-ovate, length 2���2.5 x width; elytra rounded at sides, width at humeri 1.5���1.6 x width pronotum and c. 1.8 x width head. Dorsal puncturation generally sparse and shallow, interspaces >> puncture diameters. Dorsum mostly glabrous, except patches of short setae present at sides and anterior of head, a pair of trichobothria at anterior of vertex, and a trichobothrium at each corner of pronotum; elytra with minute setae, adpressed to surface, only visible at high magnification. Prothoracic venter mostly glabrous, with setae at posterior edge of prosternum and prosternal process; mesoventrite process glabrous, but remainder of mesothoracic venter, metathoracic venter, abdomen and legs almost entirely densely pubescent. Head. Face with slightly convex profile; eyes laterally prominent, with straight or feebly concave inner margins; minute inter-ommatidial setae present; vertex smooth, without median groove, but often with small medial swelling at posterior of postantennal calli; sulci at upper margins of calli and posterior part of orbit absent or shallow but posterior margin of orbit abruptly elevated; orbit broad and convex between eye and postantennal calli, as wide or almost as wide as antennal socket, tapering in width to gena; frons with pair of well-defined large and triangular to quadrangular postantennal calli which almost touch posteriorly; frontoclypeal median ridge prominent, separating calli at base and extending anteriorly to elevated clypeal anterior margin; lateral margins of frontoclypeal area, anterior to antennal sockets, not elevated; interantennal space 0.8���1.5 x socket diameters, sockets approximately level with middle of eyes and separated from them by 0.5��� 1 x socket diameters, antennal fossa separated from calli and antennal sockets by a punctate groove or depression; posteriorly not defined by a groove, anteriorly not extending to interantennal space; antennae 11 -segmented, length 0.5��� 1 x body length; all antennomeres elongate, 1 ��� 2 x length 2, 2 shortest, ovoid, 3 much longer than 2, 4 usually equal longest with 11; labrum with 2���5 pairs of discal setae, distribution often asymmetric, apical margin truncate to slightly concave; mandible with three apical teeth and angulate internal margin; apical maxillary palpomere conical, as long as but narrower than preapical; gena 0.1���0.2 x eye length, with or without transverse setose ridge between eye and buccal cavity. Thorax. Prothorax distinctly broader than head and much narrower than elytra (c. 0.7 x width elytra at humeri), broadest at base or middle; sides of pronotum slightly convex; anterior and sides of pronotal disc often shallowly depressed or dimpled, sometimes asymmetrically; arcuate patch of deep glandular punctures clustered near anterior angles, with most punctures on anterior part of arc; pronotum transversely depressed anterior to basal margin, the depression sinuous, usually sharply defined and almost reaching lateral margins where it merges with narrow lateral explanation; area betweeen transverse groove and basal margin (basal field), usually sculptured differently from pronotal disc; pronotum without two short longitudinal grooves cutting across basal field, but sometimes shallowly depressed between transverse depression and basal margin; anterior and posterior angles each with trichobothrium, anterior angles rounded, slightly swollen (pronotal callus) with setae preapically inserted on callus, posterior angles 90 �� or slightly projecting laterally; pronotum with distinct raised border present basally and laterally, but absent anteriorly; hypomeron without groove near lateral margin; prosternal process slightly convex, elongate, slightly expanded at tip, transversely grooved at base; procoxal cavities broadly open, gap as long as hypomeral process or wider; scutellum triangular to semi-ovate; elytra convex in cross-section, covering abdomen, subparallel or slightly expanded from humeri to Abdomen. Pygidium rounded at apex, without longitudinal median sharp-edged groove; abdominal ventrites free, not fused; surface ventrite I evenly convex, without median ridges; ventrites II���IV not laterally bordered or keeled; male ventrite V of male with median flat convexly margined lobe; apex female ventrite V evenly convex; penis symmetrical, apex entire, base without recurved lobes; endophallus with two long strongly sclerotised rods, in basal half of penis in repose; tegmen Y-shaped; ovipositor with well-developed strongly sclerotised but thin rodlike tignum on mostly membranous sternite 8; vaginal palpi one-segmented, with internal apodeme as long as or longer than everted portion of palp; spermathecal receptaculum C-shaped, collum U-shaped, with base of ���U��� slightly kinked to strongly convoluted, insertion point of spermathecal gland swollen as a round or transversely ovate appendage to base of collum. Notes. Altica is easily recognised in the regional fauna by the diagnostic characters listed above, especially colour, procoxal cavities, ventral pubescence, thoracic sculpture, elytral sculpture and leg morphology. The structurally most similar genera are: Agasicles, in which the single species (exotic) in this region is striped black and yellow; and Sutrea, which has strongly expanded hind femora, lacks a well-defined pronotal transverse groove, and has the hind tibial spur inserted outside the base of the tarsus. In Australia, Sutrea species are never uniformly metallic. The features used by many authors to discriminate species of Altica were reviewed by Kangas & Rutenen (1993), following Kevan (1962) and others. They included: colour, puncturation, microreticulation, facial sculpture, mandibles, elytral sculpture, relative size of tarsomeres, penis, vaginal palpi, spiculum ventrale, spermatheca. The authors found each to be of limited use, as none was comprehensively diagnostic for the 12 species in Finland. The authors also found occasional abnormal specimens which defied identification from external characters. The most recent review of Altica morphology (D��berl 2010 b) has added new characters: development of the pronotal groove, shape of external face of tibia, and structure of the apical lobe of male ventrite V (named the hemicyclus by D��berl). The characters listed by Kangas & Rutanen (1993) and D��berl (2010 b) were applied to the Australian and regional specimens, as well as a few other characters based on the experience of CAMR with galerucine genera (for example, Reid 1988, 2003; Reid & Nally 2008). A limited range of dorsal colours was shown by the six Altica species studied, with a predominant hue in each, but some variation present. For example, 59 of 76 A. corrusca examined were dark blue, but 11 were dark green, 3 dark purple, 2 bicoloured with blue anterior and green elytra, and one bicoloured asymmetrically with one elytron green and one dark purple. The colour of the first antennomere was useful: all examined mature specimens of A. caerulea, A. corrusca and A. gravida had the first antennomere black or with at most a small red apical spot, all specimens of A. aenea had at least the apical quarter of the antennomere dark red to orange; but in A. cyanea both colour states were present. Eye size and head width were useful (Tables 3���4). Facial sculpture provided some useful information, particularly the development of the postantennal calli, median longitudinal carina and anterior clypeal ridge, but it was difficult to define accurately, and was intraspecifically variable. Antennomere shapes and ratios were not significant; all the Altica species typically had antennomere 4 longer than 3, and 3 longer than 2, but with rare anomalous specimens (for example, one specimen out of 30 A. corrusca examined showing antennomere 3 slightly longer than 4). The number of labral setae was frequently asymmetric and not useful. The labral tormae in single specimens of each Altica species showed differences but were also asymmetric therefore we suspect this character is variable (Figs 15���18). The mandibles of single specimens of each Altica species were virtually identical. Puncturation of the Altica species was found to be interspecifically similar and intraspecifically variable, with each species showing a wide range of puncture sizes and densities. Microsculpture on the dorsal surface was an important discriminant for A. caerulea and A. gravida. The presence or absence of a longitudinal fold on the elytra was not universal within a species, difficult to characterise, and variable in strength (including some specimens with multiple longitudinal folds). The degree of convexity of the external surface of the mid tibia was useful, although difficult to define. Relative length of tarsomeres was almost constant. The male ventrite V apical lobe (hemicyclus) showed no obvious interspecific variation, in contrast to African species (D��berl 2010 b) and was generally hard to see, being obscured by setae. The shape of the vaginal palpi provided discrimination of the species into two groups. Primary sexual characters were most useful as species discriminants, but the spermatheca was too variable for species diagnosis. The best character for discriminating males was the shape and surface sculpture of the penis. The best character for discriminating females was the shape of the tignum., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 510-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Geoffroy, E. L. (1762) Histoire abregee des insectes qui se trouve aux environs de Paris, dans laquelle ces animaux sont ranges suivant un ordre methodique. Tome premiere. Durand, Paris, xxxviii + 523 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. Salvii, Holmiae, iii + 824 pp.","Latreille, P. A. (1810) Considerations generales sur l'Ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustaces, des Arachnides, et des Insectes, avec un tableau methodique de leurs genres disposes en familles. F. Schoell, Paris, 444 pp.","Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M. & Seeno, T. N. (2003) Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publication, 1, 1 - 290, CD-ROM.","Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563.","Illiger, K. (1807) Verzeichnis der Arten der Flohkafer, Halticae, in der Hellwig-Hoffmanseggischen Sammlung, mit Beschreibung der neuen und Bezeichnung der ubrigen Arten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 6, 81 - 177.","Chevrolat L. A. A. (1836) [new taxa]. In: Dejean, P. F. M. A. (Ed.), Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. [Livraison 5]. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, pp. 361 - 443.","Chevrolat L. A. A. (1845) Galerucites; Gastrophysa; Graptodera; Hippodamia. In: d'Orbigny, C. (Ed.), Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle … Tome sixieme. MM. Renard, Martinet et Cie., Paris, pp. 4 - 6, 34, 307, 622 - 623.","Bousquet, Y. & Bouchard, P. (2013) The genera in the second catalogue (1833 - 1836) of Dejean's Coleoptera collection. Zookeys, 282, 1 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 282.4401","Kangas, E. & Rutanen, I. (1993) Identification of females of the Finnish species of Altica Muller (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Entomologica Fennica, 4 (2), 115 - 129.","Kevan, D. K. (1962) The British species of the genus Haltica Geoffroy (Col., Chrysomelidae). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 98, 189 - 196.","Doberl, M. (2010 b) Beitrag zur kenntnis der afrotropischen Arten von Altica Geoffroy, 1762 unter Ausschuss der Arten Madagaskars (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 120 (2), 51 - 72.","Reid, C. A. M. (1988) Bellaltica Reid, a new genus of Alticinae from south-west Western Australia. The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 42 (3), 219 - 231.","Reid, C. A. M. (2003) Recognition of the genus Hoplosaenidea Laboissiere in Australia, with a key to the Australian genera of Galerucini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 42 (1), 40 - 45. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 6055.2003.00329. x","Reid, C. A. M. & Nally, S. (2008) Revision of the genus Menippus Clark in Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 47 (2), 87 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.2008.00634. x"]}

Altica corrusca (Erichson, 1842) (Figs 5, 12, 17, 20, 27, 30, 39, 40, 54, 55, 69, 70, 80) Haltica (Graptodera) corrusca Erichson 1842: 235 (type locality: northwest Tasmania). Haltica corusca [misspelling]: Fogg 1859: 334. Altica corusca: Bryant & Gressitt 1957: 77 (misidentification and misspelling). Altica corrusca: Scherer 1982: 479. Haltica pagana Blackburn 1896: 74 (type locality Tasmania, Victoria); syn. nov. Material examined (301, * = dissected). Types: Altica corrusca (Erichson) : Lectotype (designated by Scherer 1982, with original labels illustrated on page 479): ♂/ corrusca Er Van Diemensland Schayer / Terra van Diem Schayer/ 55784 / Lectoholotypus [sic] Haltica (Graptodera) corrusca Erichson det Dr G. Scherer 10.80 / (ZMB); Paralectotypes (3): ♂, 2 ♀/ Terra van Diem Schayer nr 55784 / Lectoparatypus [sic] Haltica (Graptodera) corrusca Erichson det Dr G. Scherer 10.80 / (ZMB); Altica pagana (Blackburn) : Lectotype (this designation): ♂/ T 5854 Tasm/ Type / Haltica pagana Blackb. / Blackburn coll. 1910 - 236 / (NHML); Paralectotypes (3): 1 / Austral. ex Black. type / Jacoby coll. 1908 - 28 a/ (NHML); 1 [upsidedown on card]/ Tas 5854 / Haltica pagana Blackb. cotype/ Tasmania/ Haltica pagana Blk. Vic. Tas. cotype I. 4037 / (SAM); 1 / Al [Alps] 5854 / Haltica pagana Blackb. cotype/ Victorian Alps Blackburn/ (SAM). Non-type material: Australia: 2 / ex coll. Nat. Mus. (ANIC); Australian Capital Territory: 1 / 2500 ��� 1.iii. 1932 (QMB); 1 / Ainslie, 2.xii. 1948, Carne (ANIC); 1 / Black Mtn, 15.x. 1971, R Kohout (ANIC); 1 / Blundells, 27.i. 1930 IM Mackerras (ANIC); 1, ditto, 24.viii. 1930, WK Hughes (ANIC); ♂*, 3 / Brindabella Ra, Blundells Ck Rd, 16.xi. 1972, RJ Kohout (ANIC); 1 / Bruce���s Nursery, 21.ii. 1929 (ANIC); 1 / Buleen Ra, x. 1982, M. Carson (ANIC); 3 / nr Bulls Head, Old Mill Rd, 28.ix. 1967 CJ Shepherd (ANIC); 1 / Condor Ck, Canberra, 15.vii. 1929 GF Hill (ANIC); 1 / Coree Ck, 12.ii. 1930 JW Evans (ANIC); 2 / Cotter, flowers, 28.xi. 1964, WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 1 / Cotter Dam, 500m, 8.xii. 1962, ES Ross & DQ Cavanero (CAS); ♂, 3 / Cotter R. (ANIC); 1, ditto, 29.i. 1973, S&M Misko (ANIC); 1, ditto, 7.xii. 1962, DK McAlpine (AMS); 1 / Kambah Pool, weeds on waters edge, 26.xii. 1964, WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 1 / Monash, 35 �� 24 S 149 ��06E, ex dog dung, 12.xii. 1995, W Dressler (ANIC); 1 / Mt Coree, 1157m, 25 xii. 1973, E&S Britton (ANIC); 1 / Murrays Corner, Cotter Rd, Leptospermum, 6.i. 1974, W Allen (ANIC); 3 / Paddys R, 14.xi. 1967, R Barker (ANIC); 1 / 4 k SW Picadilly Circus, 29.xi. 1972, Misko, Allen & Klingenberg (ANIC); 1 / Stromlo, 29.i. 1973, S&M Misko (ANIC); 1 / Tidbinbilla, 10.iii. 1967 WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 4, ditto, rushes, 6.x. 1964 (ANIC); 4, ditto, 18.iii. 1967 (ANIC); 4, ditto, 18.iii. 1967 (ANIC); ♂/ Yarralumla Nursery, on Epilobium, 29.ix. 1969, F. Grossbechler (ANIC); New South Wales: 1 / no locality, Sloane (AMS); 1 / Allyn R, Colchester SF, 32 ��08S 151 �� 27 E, 10���11.xi. 1981, T Weir (ANIC); 4 ♀/ Appin, xii. 1935, E.C. (AMS); 1 ♀/ Armidale, C.F.Deuquet (ANIC); 4 / Barrington Tops, i. 1925 (ANIC, AMS); 1, ditto, via Salisbury, 9��� 10.ii. 165, G Monteith (UQIC); 9 / Braidwood, 26.x. 1960 (ANIC); 1 / nr Cutlers Pass, Williams R, 23���30.x. 1926, Musgrave & Campbell (AMS); 10 / Dainers Gap, 15.ii. 1960 (ANIC); 1 ♂ *, 4 ♀ / Dignam���s Ck, 26 k S Narooma, GD A 96 55 767035 5973637, infesting Haloragis exalata, 2006, coll? (AMS); 2 ♀ / Duckmoloi, i. 1934, J. C. Wiburd (AMS); 1 ♂ */ East Lindfield, infesting Oenanthera, 11.vi. 2001, M. McGahey (AMS); 1 ♀ / Eastwood, 23.viii. 1964, D. A. Doolan (AMS); 1 ♂ *, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ / Eucumbine R, i. 1931, H.J. C[arter] (ANIC); 2 / 4mi S Glencoe, 1280m, 29.xi. 1962, ES Ross & DQ Cavanero (CAS); 1 / Hartley, 20.ix. 1956, DK McAlpine (AMS); 3 ♀ / Hazelbrook, i. 1935, B. & G. Stoyles (AMS); 1 ♀, ditto except 26���28.i. 1934 (AMS); 1 ♂ *, 1 ♀ *, 3 ♀ / Heathcote (centre), on emergent plants, pond in garden, iv. 2007, C. Reid (AMS); 1 ♀ / Hornsby Heights, 10.iii. 1974 (AMS); 1 ♀ / Inverell, 7.xi. 1950 (AMS); 1 ♀ */ Jenolan area, x. 1970, P. Zborowski (AMS); 4 / vic Jenolan Caves, JC Wiburd (AMS); 1 / 14 k E Kiandra, Snowy Mtns Hway, 2.xii. 1979, LP Kelsey (ANIC); 1 / Kosciusco (ANIC); 3, ditto, 5700���6000 ��� (QMB); 1 ♀, ditto, 5000 ���, iii. 1889, Helms (AMS); 1 / Kosciusko NP, nr Charlotte���s Pass, 1880m, Sphagnum moss, 20.ix. 1978, S&J Peck (ANIC); 2 / Kurrajong Heights, 25.ix. 1951, M Blunden (AMS); 1 / Medlow, i. 1933, KK Spence (AMS); 2 ♂, 1 ♀ / Megalong Vy, Euroka (AMS); 1 / 5 k S Monga, on Epilobium, rainforest swamp, iii. 1991, C. Reid (ANIC); 2 / Mongarlowe R, nr Charleyong, 26.i. 1968, Z. Liepa (ANIC); 5 / Mt Costigan, Tuena, 5.xii. 1961 FA Cook (ANIC); 4 / Mt Irvine, 14.vi. 1944, ELG Troughton (AMS); 1 ♂ */ Mt Kosciusko, i. 1937, H. J. Carter (AMS); 3, ditto, no date, coll Helms (BMH); 1 ♂ */ Pt Lookout Rd, 16.ii. 1981, R. H. Mulder (AMS); 7 / Prison Farm, Glen Innes, 1969���1970 (ANIC); 3 / Ross Hill, Inverell, 11.iv. 1956, N Riley (AMS); 4 ♀ / Scone, on Godetia, x. 1928, E.B. (AMS); 1 / Stuarts Brook SF, 31 �� 57 S 151 �� 25 E, on wood in swamp, 18.i. 1992, T Gush (ANIC); 1 / Sydney, KK Spence (AMS); 2 / Tomalla Rd, below Tubrabucca, 19.x. 1956, DK McAlpine (AMS); 4 ♀ / Tuross, 17���22.i. 1936, K. C. McKeown (AMS); 4 / Springwood, taken on garden Fuschia (ANIC); 1 ♀ / Upper Colo R., x. 1922, J. R. Kinghorn (AMS); 1 ♀ / Wagga, 10.ii. 1931, W.D. (AMS); Queensland: 2 ♀ / Stanthorpe, E. Sutton (AMS); South Australia: 1 / no data (AMS); Tasmania: 1 / Blessington, ii. 1939 B. Plumley (ANIC); 5 ♀ (AMS); 5 / Bust-me-Gall Ck, 12.4 k W Buckland, 200m, 11.ii. 1980, Newton & Thayer (ANIC); 1 / 2 k S Cambridge, 11.xi. 1975, KR Norris (ANIC); 1 / 90 k S Coleraine, 28.ii. 1981, EB Britton (ANIC); 6 ♀ / Cushion Ck Cave, Florentine Vy, 7.xi. 1966, T. Goede (AMS); 4 / Eaglehawk Neck, 12.i. 1934, AJ Turner (QMB); 1 ♂ *, 11 / Florentine Vy, 42 �� 38 S 146 �� 28 E, 7.ix. 1993, AR Clarke (ANIC); 1 ♂, 9 / Florentine Vy, 42: 37 S 162: 27 E, swarming on Acaena anseri [- nifolia] foliage, Euc. regnans plantn, 3.ii. 1992, C. Reid (ANIC); 1 ♀ / Great Lake, 23.i. 1928, G. P. Whitley (AMS); 1, ditto, on bush, 7.i. 1981, S Fearn (ANIC); 4 / 12 k S Grotty, 24.i. 1985 GG Burns (ANIC); 1 ♂ *, 1 ♀ / Harallay Ba[y], Epil. & Olearia 16.xi. [18] 86 Tepper, K 29787 [collected King Island] (AMS); 3 / Kermandie Falls tk, Geeveston, 7.iii. 2003 J Balderson (ANIC); 1 / Lake St Clair, 42 ��08S 146 �� 13 E, roadside sweep, 16.ii. 1997, P Greenslade (ANIC); 2 / Launceston (QMB); 4, ditto, 25.i. 1914 (QMB); 1, ditto, Launceston, xi. 1933, RH Bevin (ANIC); 1 ♂ *, 3 ♀ / Lenah Vy, Hobart, 25.i. 1928, G.P. Whitley (AMS); 3, ditto, 10.x. 1981, J Lesek (ANIC); 1 / Liffey Vy, 12.xi. 1981, S Fearn (ANIC); 1 ♀ / Macquarie Heads, ex Senecio, 2.i. 1990, G. Cassis (AMS); 2 ♀, ditto except ex compost (AMS); 1 / Miena, Great Lake, 41 �� 59 S 146 �� 43 E, under rocks edge of lake, 10.xii. 1993 W Horning (ANIC); 10 / Mt Arthur (QMB); 4 / Mt Barrow, nr Launceston, 16.i. 1948, Key, Carne & Kerr (ANIC); 2, ditto, on Acaena sanguisorba, 28.iii. 1969, BP Moore (ANIC); 1 ♀ / Mt Field NP, 42: 40 S 146: 43 E, 160m, 8���13.xi. 2010, C & E. Reid (AMS); 2 / Mt Rufus, 42 �� 10 S 146 ��07E, 800m, under bark, 26���28.i. 1980, Lawrence & Weir (ANIC); 1 ♀ / 3 k E National Park, 42: 40 S 146: 44 E farmland, 155m, 8���13.xi. 2010, C. Reid (AMS); 3 / Nubeena, Lea (ANIC); 1 / Quambys Bluff, nr Deloraine, 12.i. 1948, Key, Carne, Kerr (ANIC); 1 / 16mi SW Scottsdale, 16.i. 1948, Key, Carne & Kerr (ANIC); 1 / Sheffield, 8.i. 1977, PG Kelly (ANIC); 4 ♂ *, 1 ♀ *, 4 ♀ / 6 k S Tayana, route C 405, riparian vegetation, 23.ii. 1994, C. Leask (AMS); 1 / S Tayene, ck along rd, yellow pan, 1.ii. 1989, D Bickel (ANIC); 1 / Tewkesbury, 4.i. 1948, Key & Carne (ANIC); 1 / 2 k ENE Tim Shea, 42 �� 43 S 146 �� 29 E, 600m, 1.ii. 1980, Lawrence & Wear (ANIC); 3 / Waratah, Lea (AMS); 1, ditto, 21.ii. 1971, BP Moore (ANIC); 6 / nr Weldborough, 41 ��09S 147 �� 53 E, roadside, 11.xi. 1993, J Trueman, W Lee (ANIC); 1 / Willowdale, Deloraine, 14.xii. 1984, S Fearn (ANIC); 1 / 14 k SSW Wilnot, 41 �� 30 S 146 ��05E, yellow pan, 31.i. 1983, Naumann & Cardale (ANIC); Victoria: 2, no locality (ANIC); 2, ditto, coll. Helms (BMH); 1 / Bernhard, Mt Hotham, 1375m, 13.xii. 1962, ES Ross & DQ Cavanero (CAS); 2 / Broadford, ix. 1903, Helms (BMH); 1 / Cann R, i. 1971, J Strong (ANIC); 6 / Cape Liptrap, 11.viii. 1972 (ANIC); 4 / Cockatoo, GF Hill (ANIC); 1 ♂ */ Eurobin, 20.iii. 1965, C. Smithers (AMS); 1 / Fern Tree Gully, H Blackwood (AMS); 1 / Flinders, ii. 1930 MB Sproule (ANIC); 1 / Icey Grb [?], 16.iii. 1958 CGL Gooding (ANIC); 1 / Kalista, xi. 1950, AB (ANIC); 1 / Kallista, 26.xii. 1941, Smith (ANIC); 1 / Macedon, i. 1916, JC Dixon (ANIC); 6, ditto, 16.viii. 1923, OH Swezey (BMH); 2 / Marysville, R Blackwood (AMS); 1 ♀, ditto, 31.xii. 1930 A. Musgrave (AMS); 1 ♀ / Melb[ourne], xi. 1925 (AMS); 2 / Mirimbah, 1.i. 1964, PG Kelly (ANIC); 1 / Moonderra area, xi. 1970, M Coulson (ANIC); 1 / Mt Cobungra, xii. 1933, A Musgrave (AMS); 1 / Mt Hotham, Blackburn (AMS); 1 / Mt Macedon, 10.xi. 1972, M Schwartz (ANIC); 2 / Nelson, Blackburn (ANIC); 8 / Olinda, 5.xi. 1967, B Hardie (ANIC); 1 ♂ / Rokeby, 15.ii. 1958, C.G.L. Gooding (ANIC); 1 / S Gippsland, 26���30.x. 1930 WK Hughes (ANIC); 4 / Stockmans Reward, 25.xi. 1962, PG Kelly (ANIC); 10 / Traralgon, 6.xi. 1958 A Whyte (ANIC); 1 / Tyres R, 5.ii. 1966 M Coulson (ANIC); 1 / Upper Tarago R, 6.vi. 1969, B. May (ANIC); 1 ♂ *, 1 ♀ / Wannon R, nr Jimmy���s Ck, Grampians, 10.xii. 1977, D.K. McAlpine & M. A. Schneider (AMS); 6 / Waratah Bay, x. 1969 G May (ANIC); 1 / Yarrah, 7.i. 1966 PG Kelly (ANIC). Description. Relatively small, length: male 4.2���5.8mm, female 4.7���6.1mm. Colour: entirely black with metallic reflection, dorsum usually bright dark blue, less frequently purplish-blue, dark green, dark bronze, purple or non-metallic, rarely bicoloured (blue anterior and green elytra, or asymmetrically with one elytron green and one dark purple), venter and legs with duller reflection; antennae black, or first antennomere with apex reddish-brown (rarely also second). Head: ratios (Tables 3 & 4): male: EG 3.00��� 3.32; IE 1.58���1.61; HG 7.50���8.50; HN 1.06���1.10; NE 2.36���2.42; female: EG 3.00���4.00; IE 1.51���1.72; HG 8.18���10.25; HN 1.06���1.14; NE 2.25���2.58; pubescence: a few small setae at inner edge or posterior of orbit, longitudinal row of short setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, 3���4 pairs of long setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row of long setae between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except minute punctures at bases of setae and occasionally extra punctures on orbit; vertex with or without microreticulation; postantennal calli smooth, microreticulate at base, to mostly microreticulate; eyes small but laterally prominent; postantennal calli elongately to transversely triangular, with acute to blunt triangular anterior angles (70���90 ��) and almost truncate bases; frontoclypeal ridge lanceolate, smooth to rugose, varying from broad and almost flat to narrow and convex, anteriorly terminating in a short keel before clypeal margin; anterior edge of clypeus generally smooth, weakly raised, sides of clypeus microreticulate, slightly rugose. Thorax: pronotum often laterally depressed or transversely depressed behind anterior border; shining, entirely non-microscuptured; pronotum minutely and sparsely punctured on disc, punctures slightly closer at anterior margin, usually denser and larger on basal field (separated by 2���5 diameters); hypomeron almost entirely smooth, without microreticulation; prosternum smooth and shining; scutellum triangular but with slightly curved sides, microreticulate or shining and smooth; elytra shining, without microreticulation, usually strongly and closely but irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 0.5��� 2 x diameters, discal punctures often partly aligned in short rows; elytral laterally smooth behind humeri or weakly to strongly keeled to middle, rarely with traces of other longitudinal ridges on disc; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia with prominent median keel for most of length, on a concave (male) to flat (female) surface; male first protarsomere distinctly longer than broad, female c. 1.5 x longer than broad. Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculptured and pubescent; male: penis 1.5���1.7mm long; in dorsal view almost entirely parallel-sided to the angulate apex, which has a short projecting right-angled but rounded lobe; dorsal and ventral surfaces curved in lateral view, with tip weakly bent; dorsal surface smooth, without ridges; venter without transverse or oblique ridges, two long apicoventral depressions present, 0.25��� 0.3 x penis length, elongate, smooth surfaced and laterally smooth edged, separated by a broad shallowly convex ridge which continues basally beyond the grooves; female: tignum 0.95���1.1mm long, basal part with blunt tip and irregularly expanded sides, broader than base of apical part, minute lateral arms, triangular to threadlike, tip of apical part slightly to broadly expanded; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 1���2 twists; vaginal palpi short and almost conical, length: width ratio 0.8���1, with obliquely truncate or concave apex, and concave inner margin; palpal apodemes 3��� 4 x length palpi, 0.3���0.5 x width palpi. Distribution and biology. Altica corrusca is endemic to southeast Australia including Tasmania, as far north as the Queensland border (Stanthorpe) and as far west as the South Australian border (Mount Barker) and Grampian Mountains (Victoria), but is absent from low elevation areas of the Murray-Darling basin. The record of A. corrusca feeding on Ludwigia in north Queensland is likely to refer to A. aenea (Hawkeswood 1988), however records of A. corrusca on Rosa and Clarkia from central Queensland may possibly refer to this species (Hawkeswood & Furth 1994). Altica corrusca has been regularly identified outside Australia (Allard 1891, 1904; Bryant & Gressitt 1957; Samuelson 1973; Kamnerdratana 1982) but these are all misidentifications. Our studies of Pacific material show that only A. aenea (q.v.) is present there, but mainland southeast Asian records of A. corrusca may belong to the similar species A. aenea or A. cyanea or possibly other species. Altica corrusca is polyphagous and occasionally a pest. Its native hosts include Acaena (Rosaceae) (A. ovina and A. sanguisorbae: French 1913; A. anserinifolia: pers. obs. CAMR), Epilobium (Onagraceae) and Haloragis (Haloragaceae), in montane grassland, eucalypt forest and riparian margins. Altica corrusca does not feed on emergent species of Onagraceae, such as Ludwigia and is the only species of Altica that occurs far from water. David De Little (pers. com., 2013) reared larvae through to adults on Acaena from material collected at Ringwood, Tasmania. Three larvae collected in Ridgley, Tasmania, on Epilobium, were also reared to adults by De Little (pers. com., 2013). In the early 20 th century, Altica corrusca (as A. pagana) was a serious strawberry (Fragaria, Rosaceae) pest in Victoria, damaging leaves and flower buds (French 1913; Adam & Pescott 1932). It is still occasionally a pest in Victoria (D. Madge, pers. com. 2014). Label records show that A. corrusca also attacks a range of exotic horticultural plants in Onagraceae, including Oenothera, Fuchsia and Clarkia. The recorded presence of A. corrusca on Acacia (Elliott et al. 2002) and label records of singletons on Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) and Senecio (Asteraceae) probably represent accidental associations or adults attracted to non-host flowers. We suspect that the specimen recorded from dog dung is mislabelled. Altica corrusca has been collected in every month except May. Most collection events are in October to March (80 %), especially November (20 %) and January (26 %). The dip in collections in December (11 %) may indicate that there is a short summer generation in some areas. Taxonomic notes. Altica corrusca has been mispelled ���corusca��� by most authors since Fogg (1859), with the notable exception of Blackburn (1896). However, Scherer (1982) examined Erichson���s type material, designated a lectotype and corrected the spelling. Blackburn (1896) described A. pagana from Victoria and Tasmania, separating it from A. corrusca primarily by having the ���apical ventral segment of male bituberculate���, despite not having seen Erichson���s type material. We have been unable to find any consistent visible differences in the male last ventrites of the Altica species under review, although they occur in African species (D��berl 2010 b). Comparison of the type material shows that A. corrusca is a senior synonym of A. pagana (syn. nov.). Blackburn (1896) did not indicate how many specimens he examined but the species was based on material from two type localities. We have seen four syntypes in the Blackburn collections (in NHML & SAM) and hereby designate a male lectotype to fix the identity of this species., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 535-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Erichson, W. F. (1842) Beitrag zur Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die geographische Verbreitung der Insekten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 8 (1), 83 - 287.","Fogg, S. A. (1859) Contribution to the insect fauna of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), with particular reference to the geographical distribution of insects. By Dr W. F. Erichson. (Translated by Miss S. A. Fogg). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 3 (2), 298 - 338.","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Scherer, G. (1982) Erichson-Typen im Zoologischen Museum, Berlin (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae - Alticinae). Deutsch Entomologische Zeitschrift, 29 (4 - 5), 479 - 481. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19820290412","Blackburn, T. (1896) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 20, 35 - 109.","Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112.","Hawkeswood, T. J. & Furth, D. G. (1994) New host plant records for some Australian Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Spixiana, 17 (1), 43 - 49.","Allard, E. (1891) Collection d'insectes formee dans l'Indochine par M. Pavie consul de France au Cambodge. Coleopteres. Phytophages. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 3, 3, 229 - 234.","Allard, E. (1904) Coleopteres (Tenebrionides, Chrysomelides). Mission Pavie, 3, 108 - 109, 157 - 163.","Samuelson, G. A. (1973) Alticinae of Oceania (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 30, 1 - 165.","Kamnerdratana, P. (1982) Pest and disease status after different cutting methods in teak and dry dipterocarp forest. Research reports, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 2 pp. [pp. 112 - 113, not seen]","French, C. (1913) A new strawberry pest. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 11 (10), 591.","Adam, D. B. & Pescott, R. T. M. (1932) Strawberry culture. Fungus diseases and insect pests. Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, 30, 21 - 25.","Elliott, H. J., Bashford, R., Jarman, S. J. & Neyland, M. G. (2002) Foliage insect diversity in dry eucalypt forests in eastern Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 136, 17 - 34.","Doberl, M. (2010 b) Beitrag zur kenntnis der afrotropischen Arten von Altica Geoffroy, 1762 unter Ausschuss der Arten Madagaskars (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 120 (2), 51 - 72."]}

Reid, C. A. M., Beatson, M. (2015): Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Zootaxa 3918 (4): 503-551, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3

Altica caerulea (Olivier 1791) (Figs 4, 11, 16, 25, 26, 37, 38, 52, 53, 67, 68, 79) Galeruca caerulea Olivier 1791: 590 (type locality: East Indies). Graptodera coerulea [misspelling]: Allard 1891: 230. Haltica coerulea [misspelling]: Maulik 1926: 423. Altica coerulea [misspelling]: Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 890 (misidentification, as junior synonym of A. cyanea); Kimoto 1966: 35 (valid species) Altica coelurea [misspelling]: Kimoto 1972: 47. Haltica elongata Jacoby 1884: 28 (type locality: Sumatra); syn. nov. Altica elongata: Kimoto 2001: 159. Altica brevicosta Weise 1922 a: 110 (type locality: Luzon, Java, Canton, Darjeeling); Kimoto 1972: 47 (jun. syn. A. caerulea); Medvedev 2009: 22 (valid species); D��berl 2010 a: 493 (jun. syn. A. caerulea). Altica brevicostata [misspelling]: Kimoto 1965: 490. Haltica brevicosta: Chen 1933: 51. Material examined (263, * = specimen dissected). Types: Galeruca caerulea Olivier : Lectotype (this designation): ♂/ Dufresne 1936 - 50 217 / Galeruca coerulea 14 / Haltica coerulea Oliv.?cotype/ (NMSE); Paralectotype: female/ Dufresne 1936 - 50 216 / Galeruca coerulea 14 / Haltica coerulea Oliv.?cotype/ (NMSE); Altica elongata (Jacoby) : Lectotype (this designation): ♂ [mounted on point, with penis already removed and glued on separately]/ Soeroel[angoen = Surulangun] 4.78 [written in black ink on faded bluish-grey paper label with printed square]/ Sumat. exped. [black ink on white card]/ 1 st Jacoby coll./ F.C. Bowditch collection/ F.C. Bowditch collection/ label(s) same as type specimen/ (MCZ); Paralectotypes (2): ♂/ Silago 7.77 / [blue square label]/ Sumat. exped. / 1 st Jacoby coll./ F.C. Bowditch collection/ Type 18717 / Altica elongata Jac. / Jan���Jul 2004 MCZ image database/ label(s) same as type specimen/ (MCZ); ♀[slightly teneral]/ Misauw [?] 7.78 / Sumat. exped. / [blue square label]/ 1 st Jacoby coll./ (MCZ). Non-type material: New South Wales: ♀/ Bruinswick Heads, at light, 9.iii. 1981, BJ Day (AMS); 3 / Tweed R, Lea (AMS); Northern Territory: 4 / Adelaide R, 13 �� 15 S 131 ��06E, 17.x. 1972, MS Upton (ANIC); 2 / Birraduk Ck, 18 k NE Oenpelli, 12 �� 17 S 133 �� 13 E, 4.vi. 1973, Upton & Feehan (ANIC); 3 ♂ *, 2 ♂, 2 ♀/ Blackmore R, nr Tumbling Waters, 12 �� 46 S 130 �� 57 E, 25.viii. 1970, JV Peters (AMS); 2 ♀/ 46 k SSW Borroloola, 16 �� 28 S 136 ��09E, 23.iv. 1976, JE Feehan (ANIC); 1 / Burnside, 23.iii. 1929, TG Campbell (ANIC); 3 / Cahills Xing, E Alligator R, 12 �� 26 S 132 �� 58 E, at light, 29.v. 1973, EG Matthews (ANIC); 12 / 1 k N Cahills Xing, E Alligator R, 12 �� 25 S 132 �� 58 E, 8.xi. 1972, MS Upton (ANIC); 2, ditto, 11.xi. 1972 (ANIC); 9 / 5 k NNW Cahills Xing, E Alligator R, 12 �� 23 S 132 �� 57 E, 28.v. 1973, EG Matthews (ANIC); 1, ditto, 8.vi. 1973, Upton & Feehan (ANIC); 5 / 7 k NNW Cahills Xing, E Alligator R, 12 �� 23 S 132 �� 56 E, 27.v. 1973, EG Matthews (ANIC); 2 / Cooper Ck, 19 k SE Mt Borradaile, 12 ��06S 133 ��04E, 9.xi. 1972, MS Upton (ANIC); 2 / Daly R Mission, 17.viii. 1974, J Hutchinson (ANIC); 4, ditto, 13 �� 45 S 138 �� 41 E, 8���24.vi. 1974 (ANIC); 4, ditto, 24.ix. 1974 (ANIC); ♂*/ Darwin, 1926, GF Hill (ANIC); 1, ditto, 1925 (ANIC); 3 / Delamere, 17.ix. 1968, M Mendum (ANIC); 3, ditto, 6.vii. 1968 (ANIC); 3 ditto, 28.vi. 1968 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 12.ix. 1968 (ANIC); ♂*, 3 ♂, 2 ♀/ E Alligator R, Oenpelli, 20.x. 1948, JE Bray (AMS); 2 ♂, ditto, 21.x. 1948 (AMS); 1 / E Alligator Ranger Sta., 12 �� 26 S 132 �� 57 E, at light, 15.viii. 1990, MS Upton (ANIC); 2 / Elizabeth R, 21.iii. 1968 BP Moore (ANIC); 3 / Ferguson R, 14 �� 19 S 131 �� 50 E, 25.vi. 1968, M Mendum (ANIC); ♂*, 1 / Goose Lagoon, 11 k SSW Borroloola, 16 �� 10 S 136 �� 15 E, at light, 17.iv. 1975, J Feehan (ANIC); 2 ♂ *, 2 ♀/ Howard Springs, 16mi S Darwin, 22.viii. 1970, JV Peters (AMS); 1 / Jabaluka Lagoon, 14 k N Mudginberry HS, 12 �� 28 S 132 �� 52 E, 13.xi. 1972, MS Upton (ANIC); 4 / 1 k ENE Jarmarm, Keep R Xing, Keep R NP, 15 �� 45 S 129 ��06E, at light, 25���27.v. 2001, T Weir & P Bouchard (ANIC); 6 / 5.5 k NNE Jarmarm, Keep R NP, 15 �� 44 S 129 ��09E, at light, 27.v. 2001, T Weir & P Bouchard (ANIC); 1 / 8 k NE Jarmarm, Keep R NP, 15 �� 45 S 129 �� 10 E, spring, at light, 9.vi. 2001, A. Calder (ANIC); 3 / 9 k S Jarmarm, Keep R NP, 15 �� 51 S 129 ��06E, at light, 30.v. 2001, T Weir & P Bouchard (ANIC); 1 / Katherine, 17���18.viii. 1973, LP Kelsey (ANIC); 1, ditto, 16.viii. 1973 (ANIC); 10 / Koongarra, 12 �� 52 S 132 �� 50 E, 6���10.iii. 1973, MS Upton (ANIC); 1, ditto, 24.v. 1973, EG Matthews (ANIC); 4 / Lakefield NP, Bizant, Python Waterhole, 14 �� 44 S 144 ��07E, at light also eating leaves of aquatic plants at edge of waterhole, 28.x. 1992, T Weir & P. Zborowski (ANIC); 2 / Magela Ck, 1 k NNW Mudginberry HS, 12 �� 36 S 132 �� 52 E, 25.v. 1973, Matthews & Upton (ANIC); 6 / Magela Ck, 2 k N Mudginberry HS, 12 �� 35 S 132 �� 52 E, 14.xi. 1972, MS Upton (ANIC); 7, ditto, 25.v. 1973, Matthews & Upton (ANIC); 2 / Mumbulloo Sta., Katherine, 10.vii. 1929, TG Campbell (ANIC); 2 / Nabarlek Dam, 15 k SW Nimbunah Rock, 12 �� 20 S 133 �� 19 E, at light, 2.vi. 1973, EG Matthews (ANIC); 1 / Nankeen Billabong, 11 k WSW Cannon Hill, 12 �� 26 S 132 �� 51 E, 3.viii. 1981, P. Outridge (ANIC); 1 / Narbarlek, 12 �� 19 S 133 �� 19 E, 19.xi. 1983, M Webb (ANIC); 1 / Newcastle Waters, 4.vi. 1929, TG Campbell (ANIC); 1 / Nourlangie Ck, 8 k E Mt Cahill, 12 �� 52 S 132 �� 47 E, at light, 22.v. 1973 EG Matthews (ANIC); 3 / 6 k SSW Oenpelli, 12 �� 22 S 133 ��01E, 6.vi. 1973, Uton & Feehan (ANIC); 1 / 18 k E Oenpelli, 12 �� 17 S 133 �� 13 E, 1.vi. 1973, Matthews & Upton (ANIC); 1 / Sixty Mile, found on rice, 11.iv. 1956, ID Crawford (ANIC); ♂/ S Alligator Motor Inn, 28.xii. 1987, M Moulds (AMS); ♂*/ 1.5 k E Stuart Hway on Warawange Rd, Darwin, at light, 24.vii. 1979, LP Kelsey (ANIC); 19 / Tindal, 14 �� 31 S 132 �� 22 E, light trap, 1���20.xii. 1967, WJM Vestjens (ANIC); 1 / 6.4 k SSW Victoria R, along Wickham R, 18.vi. 1973, LP Kelsey (ANIC); ♀*/ Victoria R roadhouse, Gregory NP, 15 �� 36 S 131 ��07E, woodland by river, 9.iv. 2008, G Williams & W Pulawski (AMS); 1 / West Baines R, at xing, 28.v. 1968, M Mendum (ANIC); Queensland: 3 / Ayr, 19 �� 35 S 147 �� 24 E 15.x. 1970, WB Muir (ANIC); 1 / Bin Bin Ra., via Discot, 4.xii. 1974, H. Frauca (ANIC); 2 / Brisbane (AMS); 5, ditto, Blackwood (AMS); 1, ditto, OW Tiegs (QMB); 1, ditto, 17.i. 1912, H Hacker (QMB); 2, ditto, 11.ii. 1912 (QMB); 4, ditto, 3.iii. 1914 (QMB); 1, ditto, xi. 1919, H Pottinger (QMB); 1 / Bucasia, 13.ii. 2004, K Sandery (ANIC); 1, ditto, 22.i. 2004 (ANIC); 1, ditto, 4.iii. 2006 (ANIC); ♂*/ Bundaberg, 9.ix. 1927, G Bates (ANIC); ♂*/ Byfield, 5.xii. 1975, D Fricke (AMS); 1 / Cairns/ paratype / Oides cairnsensis Lea Queensland cotype/ on permanent loan from Macleay Museum University of Sydney/; ♀/ Cairns distr., JA Anderson (QMB); 1 / Cape York Peninsula, C French (AMS); ♂*/ Cardstone, i���ii. 1972, D Perkins (AMS); 1 / Cloncurry, 1920 (AMS); ♂*, 3m, 4 f/ Delta Downs Sta, 13.xi. 1981, D Walford-Huggins (AMS); 1 / E Barrata, 23 k N Ayr, Casuarina, 15.xi. 1970, WB Muir (ANIC); 2 / Funnel Ck, 21 �� 47 S 148 �� 55 E, at light, 12.xii. 1968, Britton & Misko (ANIC); 1 / Giru, at light, 20.xi. 1981, B Lowery (ANIC); 1 / Ingham, 28.i. 1968, JG Brooks (ANIC); ♀*/ Moa I, Torres Strait, 25.ii. 1975 H Heatwole (AMS); 4 / Marmor x. 1924, HJ C[arter] (ANIC); 1 / Moreton Bay (AMS); 1 / Mossman, 29.iii. 1967, MS Upton (ANIC); 1 / Nassau R., NW Dunbar Sta., 18.xi. 1983 A Walford-Huggins (ANIC); 2 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 / Normanby R, 9.ix. 1930, Wassell (AMS); 4 / Normanton, x. 1924, HJ C[arter] (ANIC); 1 / Old Laura Sta., at mv light, 4.iv. 1983, A Walford-Huggins (ANIC); 1 / One Tree Hill, Brisbane, 17.i. 1923, A Musgrave (AMS); ♀/ Pistol Gap, Byfield, 22 �� 50 S 150 �� 40 E, at light, 10.i. 1970, Britton, Holloway & Misko (ANIC); ♂*, 31 / R[ockhamp]ton, ii. 1968, AN, ex CGL Gooding coll. (ANIC); 1 / Townsville, FH Taylor (ANIC); 1, ditto, 6.ix. 1975 PG Kelly (ANIC); 1, ditto, light trap, 26.iv��� 10.v. 1968, P. Ferrar (ANIC); ♂*/ Wide Bay (AMS); Western Australia: ♂*/ Carson Escarpment, 14 �� 49 S 126 �� 49 E, 9���15.viii. 1975, Common & Upton (ANIC); 3 / Kimberley Res. Sta, via Wyndham, 23.x. 1956, ECB Langfield (ANIC); 2 / Kununurra, 21.ii. 1984, T. Postle (ANIC; DAB); 1 / Wyndham, light trap, 21.vi. 2004, T Vinnicombe (DAB); Indonesia: Kalimantan: ♂*, 3 ♀/ 38 k N Balikpapan, Borneo, 2���15.iii. 1992, Darling, Rosichon & Sutrisno (ROM); Sumatra: ♀*/ Kalianda, Sumatra, yellow Epilobium [sic], ii. 2010, C Reid (AMS); Malaysia: Sarawak: ♂*/ Miri Lambir, uv light, 28���29.iv. 1998 (AMS); 1, ditto, 16���17.vi. 1999 (AMS); 1, ditto, 18���19.ii. 1999 (AMS); Papua New Guinea: ♂*, 2 / Aroa Estate, W Redscar Bay, 1m, 30.ix. 1958, JL Gressitt (BMH); 1 / Laloki, nr Port Morseby, 2.ix. 1959, JL Gressitt (BMH); Timor Leste: ♂*, ♀/ Maliana, sweep of Oryza sativa, 19.iii. 2009, A. Ximines (AMS); ♀/ 1.8 k NW Quelicai, 8 �� 35 ��� 37 ���S 126 �� 33 ��� 51 ���E, dry rf patch, c 680m, TL 2012 /018/034, mv lamp, 3.vi. 2012 (AMS). Description. Relatively large, length male 5.6���6.7mm, female 5.7 ���7.0mm. Colour: dorsum entirely dark blue (typical colour in Indomalaya, rare in Australia), dark green or dark purple, or bicoloured with green head and pronotum and purple elytra (typical colour in Australia, not seen in Indomalayan specimens); antennae black, apex of first antennomere occasionally dark brown; legs and venter black, usually slightly bronzed. Head: ratios (Tables 3 & 4): male: EG 7.50 ���10.00; IE 0.94���1.11; HG 17.00��� 20.80; HN 1.17���1.22; NE 1.70���1.79; female: EG 9.20 ���10.00; IE 1.00��� 1.04; HG 17.67���22.50; HN 1.19���1.24; NE 1.76���1.78; pubescence: a few minute hairs at posterior of orbit, longitudinal row of short setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, transverse row of longer setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except minute punctures at bases of setae; face microreticulate, often faintly so, postantennal calli usually smooth & non-reticulate; eyes large and laterally prominent; postantennal calli slightly elongate, with acutely triangular anterior angles and rounded bases; frontoclypeal median ridge lanceolate, weakly convex, anteriorly terminating in a narrow keel before clypeal margin; anterior clypeal margin slightly elevated and thickened but not finely ridged; sides of clypeus not rugose; Thorax: pronotum relatively dull and microreticulate; pronotum almost impunctate, apart from glandular punctures,with scattered minute punctures on basal field; hypomeron and elytra smooth & shining, except extreme apex of elytra microreticulate; prosternum smooth and shining; scutellum triangular, microreticulate or shining and smooth; mesoventrite strigose and dull, remaining thoracic ventrites densely microsculputured and pubescent; elytra finely and densely irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 1���1.5 x puncture diameters; sides of elytra usually keeled from behind humeri to apical third, but keel may be faint or rarely absent; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia with thin keel at base, flat in apical half; male first protarsomere ovate, slightly longer than broad, female 1.5 x longer than wide; Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculputured and pubescent; male: length penis 2.25���2.5mm; in dorsal view slightly expanded from base to near apex, then slightly contracted before almost truncate tip, with short right-angled median lobe; shallowly transversely ridged on middle of dorsal surface; fairly straight in profile, with tip slightly curved; with dense oblique ridges on most of venter, absent from midline, base and apex; ridges subtending approximately 90 �� at midline; two short apicoventral depressions present, c. 0.2 x penis length, elongate, laterally sharp-edged, internally finely strigose, separated by broad flat ridge; female: vaginal palpi long and almost conical, length: width ratio 2���3, with rounded apex, and straight or convex inner margin; palpal apodemes 1.2���1.3 x length palpi, 0.15���0.3 x width palpi; tignum with narrow acutely tipped base, short triangular lateral arms, and broad triangular or spatulate apex; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 3���4 twists. Distribution and biology. Altica caerulea is widespread in tropical Australia, from west Northern Territory (Daly River) to the east coast, then south to northern New South Wales (Byron Bay). It is mostly coastal in south and central Queensland but occurs far inland in the northern tropics. Outside Australia, Altica caerulea is widespread, from northeast India through the Philippines and Sunda Islands to New Guinea. Published records which are probably this species include Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand (Scherer 1969). Much of the Australian material of A. caerulea appears to have been collected by light trapping, and there are no host observations except the enigmatic ���eating leaves of aquatic plants at edge of waterhole��� (ANIC). Overseas, in Sumatra CAMR has collected A. caerulea on Ludwigia (as ���yellow Epilobium���), and this is probably the host in Australia. Hawkeswood���s erroneous records of A. corrusca on Ludwigia in north Queensland (Hawkeswood 1988) may therefore represent A. caerulea and/or A. aenea (q.v.). The specimens collected on rice (Oryza) in the Northern Territory and Timor Leste (label data), do not record feeding. These specimens were swept, so the probable host Ludwigia, a common weed in rice padi, may have been present but overlooked. Records for A. caerulea on Rumex (Polygonaceae) and Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Himalayas (e.g. Singh et al. 1986) refer to A. himalayensis (Chen, 1936) (Shah & Jyala 1998; Jyala 2002; D��berl 2010 a). If A. caerulea only feeds on Ludwigia it is also a potential biocontrol agent of this weed. In Australia, A. caerulea is similar to A. gravida, but the two species appear to be almost allopatric. Despite being widespread they have never been collected together and only old material has been recorded from the same general locality (���Brisbane���). The two species have different hostplants but both hosts are restricted to wetlands and similarly widespread (Anonymous 2014), so in theory the two Altica species should co-occur. We suspect that the different distributions of Altica caerulea and A. gravida reflect the preference of the former for permanent wetlands and the latter for temporary wetlands. In Australia, Altica caerulea has been collected in every month, with no clear collection peaks but with greater frequency in the dry season, from March to November. It is commonly collected at light. Taxonomic notes. The species name of A. caerulea has been misspelled since Maulik (1926) and the species has been misidentified at least since the revision of Chinese species by Gressitt & Kimoto (1963). This is not surprising since Olivier���s description only refers to colour and the types have been considered lost. Altica caerulea was described from the East Indies, based on an unknown number of specimens (Olivier 1791). Part of the Olivier collection was sold to the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (now NMSE) in the early 19 th century and Galeruca caerulea is listed amongst this material. Two syntypes are present. To clarify the identity of this species we nominate the dissected male as a lectotype of Altica caerulea. Although the penis of the lectotype is deformed at the base and apparently shortened (length 1.93mm: R. Lyszkowski, pers. com., May 2013), it shows clearly that this is the species hitherto treated under the name A. brevicosta (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963; Scherer 1969), quite different from A. caerulea sensu auctt., for example Scherer (1969), which is a mixture of A. birmanensis and A. cyanea. However, Kimoto (1972) and D��berl (2010 a) correctly synonymised A. caerulea and A. brevicosta. Altica elongata is an older name than A. brevicosta but has not been recognised since its description. This description, ironically accompanied by the remark that ���earlier descriptions were inadequate for species recognition��� (Jacoby 1884: 28), is itself inadequate for species recognition. Jacoby notes that A. elongata is probably the largest species of the genus, and mentions its colour, antennal segment ratio and some slight details of the body surface sculpture. Jacoby���s species was described from a remarkable (for the time) seven different localities in Sumatra, both lowland and highland, from the NW to SE of the island, suggesting a common widespread species. Our examination and dissection of Jacoby���s type material shows that this is a synonym of A. caerulea (= A. elongata, syn. nov.). Since species in this genus are difficult to recognise and the taxonomic decisions are subjective, we take the opportunity of fixing the identity of A. elongata by nominating a lectotype. Altica brevicosta was also described from abundant material, with a wide distribution including south China, the Philippines and Java (Weise 1922 a). Weise���s description is unusually detailed, with a clear description of the penis. This confirms the synonymy of A. brevicosta and A. caerulea by Kimoto, who examined Weise���s type material but not Olivier���s. An unpublished Weise manuscript name listed as a synonym of A. brevicosta by Biondi (1992) is not available. Altica bicosta (Shukla, 1960) was described from northwest Indian material and later synonymised with A. brevicosta by Scherer (1969), who did not examine types. The original description is poor but the illustration of the dorsal view of the penis suggests that this may be a different species, not A. brevicosta (A. caerulea). We therefore remove A. bicosta from synonymy with A. brevicosta and A. caerulea and suggest it be treated as a valid species pending revision of the Indian fauna. Scherer���s treatment of A. brevicosta seems to involve more than one species therefore we omit his records from our map (Fig. 79). One specimen listed in the material examined carries the label ��� Oides cairnsensis Lea cotype��� in Lea���s handwriting (MMS). This name has never been published and is unavailable. Lea probably realised his mistake but forgot to remove, Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 530-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Olivier, A. G. (1791) Encyclopedie metodique, ou par ordre de matieres: par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome sixieme. Pars 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 704 pp.","Allard, E. (1891) Collection d'insectes formee dans l'Indochine par M. Pavie consul de France au Cambodge. Coleopteres. Phytophages. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 3, 3, 229 - 234.","Maulik, S. (1926) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelinae and Halticinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 442 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Kimoto, S. (1966) A list of the chrysomelid specimens of Taiwan preserved in Zoological Museum, Berlin. Esakia, 5, 21 - 38.","Kimoto, S. (1972) A list of the chrysomelid beetles collected by Prof. K. Yasumatsu in India and Pakistan in 1963 (Col. Chrysomelidae). Entomological Review, Japan, 24 (1 - 2), 43 - 48.","Jacoby, M. (1884) Note III. Descriptions of new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera from Sumatra. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 6, 9 - 70.","Kimoto, S. (2001) Checklist of Chrysomelidae of southeast Asia, south of Thailand and west of Irian Jaya of Indonesia, IX. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 28, 153 - 249.","Weise, J. (1922 a) Chrysomeliden der Indo-Malayischen Region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 65, 39 - 130.","Medvedev, L. N. (2009) Alticinae of Indochina. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 224 pp.","Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563.","Kimoto, S. (1965) A list of specimens of Chrysomelidae from Taiwan preserved in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annalen Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 68, 485 - 490.","Chen, S. - H. (1933) Some species of Halticinae from Canton. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 8, 43 - 58.","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112.","Singh, S. J. P., Rose, H. S. & Gautam, R. K. (1986) The biology of the flea beetle, Altica caerulea Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) a pest on mountainous weed Rumex sp. Entomon, 11 (3), 175 - 178.","Chen, S. - H. (1936) Notes on some flea-beetles from tropical Asia (II). Sinensia, 7, 80 - 88.","Shah, L. & Jyala, M. N. (1998) Population dynamics and host specificity of flea beetle Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 23 (4), 299 - 305.","Jyala, M. N. (2002) Biology and nutritional efficiency of flea beetle, Altica himensis Shukla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its probable role as a biological control agent of weed in Kumaon Himalayas. Entomon, 27 (3), 239 - 248.","Biondi, M. (1992) Osservazioni su alcuni tipi di Chrysomelidae Alticinae conservati nel Museo regionale di Scienze naturali di Torino (Coleoptera). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bolletino (Turin), 10 (2), 307 - 331.","Shukla, S. P. (1960) Entomological survey of Himalaya. Part XXX-On some Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from the North-West (Punjab) Himalaya. Agra University Journal of Research (Science), 9, 65 - 88."]}

Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808) stat. rev. (Figs 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 23, 32 ���34, 47���49, 62���64, 77) Galeruca aenea Olivier 1808: 646, plate 4, fig. 56 (type locality: Java). Haltica aenea: Heikertinger & Csiki 1939: 247 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.). Altica aenea: Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 890 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.). Haltica australis Blackburn 1889: 1493 (type locality: Northern Territory); Weise 1923: 109 (synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.). Altica australis: Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 890 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.); Scherer 1982: 480 (valid species). Haltica ignea Blackburn 1889: 1494 (type locality: Northern Territory) syn. nov. Haltica bicolora Jacoby 1904: 182 (type locality: southeast New Guinea) syn. nov. Altica jussiaeae Gressitt 1955: 34 (type locality: Palau) syn. nov. Altica caerulea sensu Weise 1923, nec Olivier 1791; Weise 1923: 109. Altica cyanea sensu auctt. nec Weber, 1801; Maulik 1926: 422. Altica corrusca sensu auctt. nec Erichson 1842; Bryant & Gressitt 1957. Material examined (c. 850, * = specimen dissected). Types: Altica aenea (Olivier) : Neotype (this designation, see Notes below): ♂/ Java Bogor 26.xii. 1964 / J Stusak collector BISHOP/ (BMH); Altica australis (Blackburn) : Lectotype (this designation): LH specimen of 2 on card/ N. Territory/ Haltica australis Blackb. cotype/ Haltica australis Bk N.T. cotype 18152 / (SAM); Paralectotypes (4): 1 same data as lectotype, RH specimen on card (SAM); 2 [on shared pin]/ N. Territory J.P. Tepper/ Haltica australis Blackb. type / Haltica australis Bk N. Territory type I. 3015 / (SAM); 1 / 2514 NT/ Haltica australis Blackb. cotype/ (SAM); Altica ignea (Blackburn) : Lectotype (this designation): LH specimen of 2 on card/ TY/ N. Territory J.P. Tepper/ Haltica ignea Blackb. type / Haltica ignea Blackb. N. Territory type I. 3017 / (SAM); Paralectotypes (3): 1 same data as lectotype, RH specimen on card (SAM); 2 [on card]/ N. Territory/ 2515 / Qu 2515 / Haltica ignea Blackb. cotype/ Haltica ignea Blackb. N. Territory cotype 18153 / (SAM); Altica jussiaeae Gressitt: Paratypes (4): ♂/ Yap I., Yap Gr. Caroline viii. 1952 NLH Krauss/ paratype A. jussiaeae / (BMH); ♀/ Yap I, Caroline Is, 28���30.iii. 1954 / JW Beardsley collector/ paratype Altica jussiaeae L Gressitt (BMH); ♂*/ Bebelthuap, Ngaremeskang, 25m, 20.xii. 1952 / Caroline Is Pac. Sci. Bd. JL Gressitt/ paratype Altica jussiaeae L Gressitt (BMH); ♂/ Peleliu I, north central Pelew Is, viii. 1945 / collected by HS Ducoff/ at light/ paratype Altica jussiaeae L Gressitt (BMH). Non-type material: Australia: Australian Capital Territory: Lake Burley Griffin, feeding on Ludwigia pepaliodes [sic] montevensis (ANIC); 2 ♂ */ Weston (ANIC); New South Wales: ♂*/ Allyn R, Chichester SF, 32 ��08S 151 �� 27 E (ANIC); Ashfield (AMS); Barrington Tops, i. 1925, SU Zool Exp. (ANIC); Berkshire Park, leaves Jacksonia scoparia (AMS); Bondi (AMS); 1 k N Bruinswick Heads (ANIC); Caparra (ANIC); Chiswick, nr Armidale (ANIC); Congo, 35 �� 58 S 150 ��09E (ANIC); Dorrigo (AMS); 26mi NE Grafton (ANIC); Griffith (ANIC); Harrington (ANIC); Kurrajong (AMS); ♂*♀*/ Lansdowne, 31 �� 45 S 152 �� 31 E (AMS); Lightning Ridge (ANIC); ♂*/ Llandilo, 29.99912 S 146.0346 E (AMS); Macleay R (ANIC); Maroota, Ludwigia longifolia (ANIC); Moree (AMS, ANIC); Mt Annan Botanic Gardens (AMS); Mullimbimby (AMS); 28 k S Narooma, infesting Haloragis exalata (AMS); Sydney (ANIC); Tea Tree Ck (ANIC); Tooloom Plateau, 28 �� 29 S 152 �� 24 E (ANIC); Tweed R (AMS, ANIC); Upper Kangaroo R nr Yeola, in rotten wood (ANIC); ♂*/ Williamtown, ex Alternanthera filoxeroides (ANIC); Windsor (AMS); Northern Territory: Berrimah (ANIC); ♂*/ 33 k SW Borroloola, 16 �� 16 S 136 ��05E (ANIC); 1 k NE Cahills Xing, 12 �� 25 S 132 �� 58 E (ANIC); Cutta Cutta (AMS); Daly R, 13 �� 41 S 130 �� 33 E, beaten off Mimosa (ANIC); Daly R Mission, 13 �� 31 S 138 �� 41 E and 13 �� 45 S 138 �� 41 E (ANIC); Douglas R, 13 �� 45 S 131 �� 34 E (ANIC); 2 ♂ */ E Alligator R, 12 �� 26 S 132 �� 57 E (AMS, ANIC); ♂*/ Ferguson R, 14 �� 48 S 131 ��03E & 19 �� 14 S 131 �� 50 E (ANIC); Gregory NP, 16 ��07S 130 �� 26 E (ANIC); Holms Jungle (ANIC); Jabiru, 12 �� 41 S 132 �� 50 E (ANIC); Kakadu NP, 13 �� 35 S 132 �� 36 E (ANIC); ♂*, Kakadu, S Alligator Resort, 12: 40: 34 S 132: 28: 41 E (AMS, DAD); Keep R NP, 15 �� 45 S 129 �� 10 E (ANIC); ♂*♀*/ Nourlangie Rock, defoliating Ludwigia (AMS); 18 k E Oenpelli, 12 �� 17 S 133 �� 13 E (ANIC); Port Darwin (AMS); Sixty Mile (ANIC); Virginia, 12: 31: 19 S 131: 13: 33 E, ex Ludwigia (DAD); Yellow Waters, 12 �� 54 S 132 �� 31 E, Ludwigia (ANIC); Queensland: Archer R, 13 �� 26 S 142 �� 29 E (AMS, ANIC); 14mi NW Ayr (CAS); Babinda (ANIC, BMH); Bald Mtn via Emu Vale (UQIC); Ban Ban Ra. (ANIC); Banks Id (AMS); Batavia Downs HS, 12 �� 40 S 142 �� 40 E (ANIC); 23 k NE Bauhinia Downs, 24 �� 24 S 149 �� 23 E (ANIC); Benaraby (ANIC); ♂*/ Bertie Ck Xing, 11 �� 50 S 142 �� 30 E (ANIC); Biggenden (ANIC); Brisbane (QMB); Broken R, 21 �� 10 S 148 �� 30 E (AMS); ♂*/ Brookfield (AMS); ♂*/ Bucasia (ANIC); Bundaberg (BMH); Bunya Mtns (QMB); Burnett R, 24 �� 46 S 152 �� 25 E (ANIC); Burnett R Gorge, Bundaberg (ANIC); Cairns (AMS, ANIC, BMH, QMB, UQIC); 2 ♂ */ Cardstone (AMS); ♂*/ Carnarvon Gorge NP, 25 �� 3 S 148 �� 14 E (AMS); Cathedral Fig (ANIC); 15 k SW Charleville, 26 �� 32 S 146 �� 12 E (ANIC); ♀*, Cloncurry (AMS); Cockatoo Ck Xing, 11 �� 39 S 142 �� 27 E (ANIC); Condamine (AMS); 12mi WNW Cooktown (ANIC); 21 k NW Cooktown, 15 �� 25 S 145 ��03E (ANIC); Coorumba (AMS); Crater Lakes NP, SW Biggenden (ANIC); Cunnamulla (AMS); Dallarnil (ANIC); Danbulla FR, 17 �� 10 S 145 �� 39 E (ANIC); Deeral (BMH); Dunk Id (ANIC); Eidsvold (ANIC); Eubenangee (ANIC); 6 k E Kamma (ANIC); Edge Hill, nr Cairns (ANIC); Fanning R, 18 �� 45 S 146 �� 27 E (AMS); Finch Hatton Gorge, on Ludwigia peploides (ANIC); Garradunga (AMS); Gayndah (AMS); Goondi Hill Swamp (ANIC); Gordonvale (AMS, BMH); 6mi W Gordonvale (CAS); Green Hills (ANIC); Hambledon (BMH); Hann R, 15 �� 14 S 144 �� 55 E (ANIC); Hell Hole Gorge NP, 25 �� 34 S 144 �� 11 E (ANIC); 14 k NW Hope Vale Mission, 15 �� 16 S 144 �� 49 E (ANIC); ♂*/ Ingham (ANIC); Innisfail (ANIC); Iron Ra NP, 12 �� 43 S 143 �� 18 E (AMS, ANIC, UQIC); Joalah NP, 27 �� 56 S 153 �� 12 E (ANIC); 3 k NNE Julatten, 16 �� 35 S 145 �� 22 E (ANIC); Kowonyama, Mitchell R (ANIC); Kuranda (AMS, UQIC); ♂*/ 2m N Kuranda (ANIC); Lake Barrine, 17 �� 15 S 145 �� 38 E (ANIC); Lakefield NP, 14 �� 44 S 144 ��07E (ANIC); Langi Lagoon, 13 �� 27 S 142 �� 42 E (ANIC); Lockerbie, Cape York (UQIC); McIlwraith Ra (AMS); Mer Id (BMH); 21 k SE Millaa Millaa (ANIC); Milman, 30 k N Rockhampton (ANIC); 3 ♂ *♀*/ Mission Beach (AMS); Millaa Millaa (AMS); 9 k NNW Moonie, 27 �� 39 S 150 �� 19 E (ANIC); Mt Crosby (AMS); Mt Glorious (ANIC); 10 k N Mt Molloy, 16 �� 39 S 145 �� 14 E (ANIC); ♂*/ Mt Morgan (AMS); Mt Nebo (ANIC); 2 k ENE Mt Tozer, 12 �� 44 S 143 �� 43 E (ANIC); 3 k ENE Mt Tozer, 12 �� 44 S 143 �� 44 E (ANIC); 9 k ENE Mt Tozer, 12 �� 43 S 143 �� 17 E (ANIC); Mourilyan (ANIC); Munduberra (AMS); Mungkan Kandju NP, 13 �� 39 S 142 �� 41 E (ANIC); Palmerston NP @ 1000 ��� on Tully Rd (ANIC, UQIC); 32 k S Ravenshoe, 17 �� 38 S 145 �� 29 E (ANIC); Stonehenge, W Qld (UQIC); Tamborine (ANIC); 13 k NW Taroom, 25 �� 32 S 149 �� 45 E (ANIC); Tinarro (ANIC); Tin Ck, Cook Hwy (ANIC); Toowoomba (ANIC); Townsville, reared on Ludwigia (AMS, ANIC); 10 k NE Tully, 17 �� 50 S 145 �� 59 E (AMS); 12 k S Tully, 18 ��02S 145 �� 54 E, on Psidium guineense (AMS); Ward R via Charleville (UQIC); ♂*/ West Claudie R (AMS); White Mtns NP, 20 �� 27 S 144 �� 49 E (ANIC); Yeppoon (ANIC); South Australia: ♂*/ no locality (AMS); Murray R (AMS); Victoria: 3 ♂ *, ♀*, Barmah NP, 35 �� 53 ��� 24 ���S 145 ��02��� 24 ���E infesting Ludwigia peploides, (AMS), 2 ♂ */ ditto, aggregating on Eleocharis (AMS); Lake Hattah (ANIC); ♂*/ Shepparton (AMS); Western Australia: ♂*/ Carson Escarpment, 14 �� 49 S 126 �� 49 E (ANIC); Croosing Falls, Kununurra, defoliating Ludwigia perennis (DAB); Fitzroy R (ANIC); ♂*/ 12 k S Kalumburu Mission, 14 �� 25 S 126 �� 38 E (ANIC; DAB); 14 k SE Kalumburu Mission, 14 �� 25 S 126 �� 40 E (ANIC); 4 k W King Cascade, 15 �� 36 S 126 �� 15 E (ANIC); Kings Sound (ANIC); Kununurra, ex Acacia (DAB); N end Lake Argyle (AMS); ♂*/ Mitchell Plateau, 14 �� 52 S 125 �� 50 E (ANIC); Wyndham (ANIC); Fiji: ♂*/ Kadavu (AMS); Koronivia, Viti Levu, one specimen labelled ���in rice crop��� (ANIC, BMH); ♂*/ Ovalau (BMH); Vambea, Ono (BMH); Tamavua, Suva (ANIC); India: ♂*/ Jhansi-Chatarpur (ANIC); Rishikesh (ANIC); Indonesia: Java: Bawean Is (BMH); Bogor (BMH); ♀*/ Buitenzorg (BMH); Kalimantan: Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat (BMH); Maluku: Ambon (BMH); Aru Ids (ANIC); Solea, Seram (AMS); Sulawesi: ♀*/ Palolo, Palu (AMS); Sumatra: ♂*/ Bengkulu (AMS); ♂*/ Kalianda, Ludwigia (AMS); Tanjung Morawa (BMH); Timor: Balical[unknown], Timor Barat (BMH); Naibonat, West Timor, 10 ��08���S 123 �� 41 E (AMS); West Papua: Baliem (BMH): Bokondini (BMH); Enarotadi (BMH); Eramboe (BMH); Guega, W Swart Vy (BMH); ♂*, Kebar Vy, W Manokwari (BMH); Kulima (BMH); Manokwari (BMH); Merauke (BMH); Moanemani, Kamo Vy (BMH); ♂*, Sarmi, W to Hollandia (BMH); ♂*, Sibil Sterrengeb (BMH); ♂*, Tigi Lake (BMH); Wamena (BMH); Malaysia: Bau distr., Sarawak (BMH); Frasers Hill (AMS); Kedah (BMH); ♂*/ Pahang (BMH); Tenompok, Sabah (BMH); 10 k SW Tenom, Sabah (BMH); Nepal: ♂*/ Modi Khola R (ANIC); New Caledonia: Bourail (ANIC); La Foa R (AMS); Loyalty Ids, Fayaoue (BMH); Nossirah [Nassiran] (BMH); ♂*/ Yahoue (BMH); Papua New Guinea: Aiyura (BMH); ♂*/ Amboin (ANIC); Baiyer R (BMH); Banz (BMH); Bosavi (ANIC); Brown R (BMH); Bulolo (BMH); Bultemen [unknown], ex sweet potato (AMS); Cape Rodney (BMH); Daragi [Dorogari] (BMH); Daru Id (BMH); Deria, Amazon Bay (ANIC); ♂*, Eliptamin Vy (BMH); Feramin (BMH); Fly R (AMS); Finschafen (BMH); Garaina (BMH); Goroka (BMH); Hargen [unknown] (AMS); Huon Peninsula (BMH); Ihu (AMS); ♂*, Kainantu (BMH); Kerema (BMH); Kiunga, Fly R (BMH); Kokoda (BMH); 2 ♂ *, Komalabu, New Ireland (AMS); Koroba (BMH); Korgua (BMH); Lae (BMH); ♂*, 11 k NW Lae (AMS); ♂*, 19 k NE Lae (BMH); Lindenhafen, New Britain (BMH); Lufa (BMH); Madang (BMH); ♂*, 25 k SSW Madang (ANIC); Maprik (BMH); Markham R (BMH); Milne Bay (BMH); Moorhead (BMH); Mt Hagen (ANIC); Mt Kaindi (BMH); Mt Kerowagi (BMH); Mt Lamington (AMS); Mt Missim (BMH); ♂*, Murua R (BMH); Musgrave R, Astrolabe (BMH); M���Waka [unknown] (ANIC); Niokamban [unknown], ex snake beans (DAB); ♂*, Nondugl, NE Highlands (BMH); Normanby Id (BMH); Okapa (BMH); Olsobip (BMH); ♂*, Omsis (AMS); Oriomo R (BMH); Oro Bay (BMH); Orokolo (ANIC); Palmer & Black R junction (BMH); Popondetta (BMH); Port Glasgow (BMH); Port Morseby (AMS, BMH); 40 k N Port Morseby (AMS); Redscar Bay (BMH); ♂*, Rouku, Morehead R (ANIC); Star Mtns (BMH); Swart Vy (BMH); Telefomin (BMH); 2 ♂ *, May R, Upper Sepik Distr. (BMH); ♂*, Torricelli Mtns (BMH); ♂*/ Varirata NP (AMS); Wau (ANIC, BMH); Wharton Ra (AMS); Woitape (BMH); 2 ♂ *, Woodlark Id (BMH); Philippines: Tanay (AMS); Solomon Islands: ♂*/ Bougainville Is (ANIC); 3 ♂ */ Guadalcanal, Honiara, Ludwigia (AMS); ♂*/ Guadalcanal, Gold Ridge, Ludwigia (AMS); San Cristobal (BMH); Timor Leste: ♂*/ Ira Sequero (AMS); 2 ♂ */ Los Palos (AMS); Vanuatu: Aneilyum (BMH); Efate (BMH); Espiritu Santo (BMH); ♂*/ Santo (BMH); Vietnam: ♂*/ Bach Ma NP (ROM); ♂*/ 2 k S Ngoc Linh (ROM); Sa Pa (ROM). Description. Length: male 4.6���5.8 mm, female 4.5���6.4 mm. Colour: dorsum black, usually with dark blue reflection (especially Indomalaya) but east of Timor and in Australia also commonly dark green, coppery-green, dark bronze, purple, or bicoloured (pronotum contrasting with elytra, or elytral suture and margins contrasting with disc), bicoloured form predominant in east New Guinea, Solomons, New Caledonia & Fiji, rarely non-metallic black; venter and legs black with duller reflection, one dissected male from Sepik River, New Guinea, with entirely red legs, one male from Sumatra with asymmetrically coloured red and black tarsi, teneral specimens often with reddish tibiae and tarsi; first antennomere with apical quarter red (dark brown in some NW Victorian specimens) to wholly red, often antennomeres 2���4 also reddishbrown, remainder of antennae black to brown. 15 16 17 18 Head: ratios (Tables 3 & 4): male: EG 3.30 ���7.00; IE 1.18���1.53; HG 9.00��� 15.33; HN 1.07���1.18; NE 2.00��� 2.50; female: EG 3.50���6.83; IE 1.20���1.49; HG 8.70���15.33; HN 1.06���1.19; NE 1.93���2.23; pubescence: a few small setae at inner edge of posterior of orbit, longitudinal row of long setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, 2���3 pairs of long setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row of short setae between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except minute punctures at bases of setae; vertex with or without microreticulation; postantennal calli smooth, not microsculptured; eyes moderately large and laterally prominent, small-eyed individuals present but infrequent; postantennal calli slightly elongate to transverse, with acute triangular anterior angles and rounded to truncate bases, usually adjacent at base only; frontoclypeal ridge lanceolate, varying from broad and almost flat to narrow and convex, anteriorly terminating in a short keel before clypeal margin; anterior edge of clypeus generally smooth, weakly raised, sides of clypeus microreticulate, slightly rugose. TABLE 3. Head ratios of male Altica species (1 = 10 specimens; 2 = 5 specimens). TABLE 4. Head ratios of female Altica species (1 = 10 specimens; 2 = 5 specimens). Thorax: pronotum evenly convex anteriorly or with pair of shallow depressions behind anterior margin; varying from entirely non-microsculptured to distinctly microreticulate at anterior and basal field and faintly so on disc; non-glandular puncturation variable, from present only as sparse small punctures at basal field, to anterior edge with sparse punctures, basal field with close strigose large punctures (separated by 2���3 diameters) and disc minutely and sparsely punctured (separated by 4���5 diameters at least); hypomeron anteriorly tranversely strigose, without microreticulation; prosternum smooth and shining; elytra shining, without microreticulation, usually strongly and closely but irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 0.5��� 2 x diameters, discal punctures often partly aligned in short rows, sometimes smaller and sparser; elytral laterally smooth behind humeri or weakly keeled to middle; scutellum triangular, microreticulate or shining and smooth; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia with prominent keel for most of length, usually on a convex surface; male first protarsomere distinctly longer than broad, female 1.5���1.7 x longer than broad. Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculptured and pubescent; male: penis 1.65���1.95mm long; in dorsal view almost entirely parallel-sided to the rounded apex, which has a short projecting truncate lobe; almost straight in lateral view, with tip (truncate lobe) kinked, least so in some New Guinea specimens; shallowly transversely ridged on middle of dorsal surface (ridges effaced in two dissected males from New Ireland); venter without transverse or oblique ridges, two short apicoventral depressions present, 0.2���0.25 x penis length, ovate, smooth surfaced and laterally smooth edged, separated by a broad flat ridge; female: tignum 0.85���0.95mm long; tignum with narrow acutely tipped base, narrower than base of apical part, long lateral arms, elongately triangular to threadlike, and broad triangular or spatulate apex; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 1���3 twists. Distribution and biology. Altica aenea is widespread in tropical Australia, but generally near-coastal, from north Western Australia (Derby) to the east coast, then south to Shepparton, Victoria, and as far west as the southern Murray River, South Australia. Outside Australia, A. aenea is found from India and Nepal east through southeast Asia to the west Pacific Islands of Palau, Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. In New Guinea and southeast Asia this species occurs from sea level to 2000 m. Based on label data of the specimens examined, Altica aenea primarily feeds on Ludwigia species throughout its range. A short description of the biology of A. corrusca in north Queensland (Hawkeswood 1988), noting that it occurred widely on Ludwigia, is almost certainly based on A. aenea, but may also include A. caerulea. Published records of A. corrusca from the Pacific are misidentifications of A. aenea and all record it on Ludwigia (Bryant & Gressitt 1957; Samuelson 1973). The record of A. gravida on Ludwigia in Fiji (Veitch & Greenwood 1921), assigned to A. corrusca by Bryant & Gressitt (1957), must also be A. aenea, as only this species of Altica occurs on Fiji (Bryant & Gressitt 1957; BMH; pers. obs., CAMR). However, Vestjens��� (1979) study of the biology of A. ignea was a misidentification of A. gravida (q.v.). The description and illustration of immature stages of A. cyanea from Taiwan (Takizawa 1978; Lee & Cheng 2007) is based on a blue species of Altica feeding on Ludwigia, almost certainly A. aenea. The most frequently recorded host species is Ludwigia peploides, a significant weed in the USA (Harms & Grodowitz 2012) as well as in Asian rice fields. Altica aenea (as A. cyanea) has been proposed as a biological control agent of Ludwigia species in ricefields (Dubey 1981; Nayek & Banerjee 1987; Xiao-Shui 1990). These authors note that larvae are predated by pentatomid bugs. The A. foveicollis proposed as a biocontrol agent of Ludwigia in Bangladesh and Thailand (Alam & Karim 1980; Napompeth 1991) is probably also a misidentification of A. aenea. Rarely, A. aenea may feed on other hosts. Two specimens were collected on Citrus, Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 513-524, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Olivier, A. G. (1808) Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leur caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome sixieme. Desray, Paris, 613 - 1104 pp. + 46 plates.","Heikertinger, F. & Csiki, E. (1939) Chrysomelidae: Halticinae 1. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 25 (166), 1 - 336.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Blackburn, T. (1889) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (2) 3, 1387 - 1506.","Weise, J. (1923) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 31. Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden aus Queensland. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (12), 1 - 150.","Scherer, G. (1982) Erichson-Typen im Zoologischen Museum, Berlin (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae - Alticinae). Deutsch Entomologische Zeitschrift, 29 (4 - 5), 479 - 481. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19820290412","Jacoby, M. (1904) Descriptions of new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Dr Loria in New Guinea.","Gressitt, J. L. (1955) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Insects of Micronesia, 17 (1), 1 - 60.","Olivier, A. G. (1791) Encyclopedie metodique, ou par ordre de matieres: par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome sixieme. Pars 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 704 pp.","Weber, F. (1801) Observationes entomologicae, continentes novorum quae condidit generum characteres, et nuper detectarum specierum descriptiones. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae, xii + 116 pp.","Maulik, S. (1926) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelinae and Halticinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 442 pp.","Erichson, W. F. (1842) Beitrag zur Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die geographische Verbreitung der Insekten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 8 (1), 83 - 287.","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Hawkeswood, T. J. (1988) A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 4, 93 - 112.","Samuelson, G. A. (1973) Alticinae of Oceania (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 30, 1 - 165.","Veitch, R. & Greenwood, W. (1921) The food plants or hosts of some Fijian insects. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 505 - 517.","Takizawa, H. (1978) Notes on Taiwanese chrysomelid larvae, V. Entomological Review, Japan, 31 (1 - 2), 75 - 84.","Lee, C. - F. & Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp.","Harms, N. E. & Grodowitz, M. J. (2012) Herbivorous insects associated with Ludwigia peploides (Onagraceae) in the southern United States. The Southwest Naturalist, 57 (1), 123 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1894 / 0038 - 4909 - 57.1.123","Dubey, A. N. (1981) Biological control of weeds in rice fields. Tropical pest management, 27 (1), 143 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670878109414186","Nayek, T. K. & Banerjee, T. C. (1987) Life history and host specificity of Altica cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biological control agent for water primrose, Ludwigia adscendens. Entomophaga, 32 (4), 407 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02372450","Xiao-Shui, W. (1990) Altica cyanea (Col: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Ludwigia prostrata (Onagraceae) in China. Tropical Pest Management, 36 (4), 366 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 09670879009371513","Alam, A. & Karim, A. N. M. R. (1980) The black beetle: an efficient weed feeder in Bangladesh. International Rice Research Newsletter, 5 (4), 23.","Napompeth, B. (1991) Aquatic weed management by biological methods in Thailand. Biotrop Special Publication, 40, 51 - 61.","Jolivet, P. (1991) Selection trophique chez les Alticinae (Col., Chrysomelidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneene de Lyon, 60 (1), 26 - 40.","Clark, S. M., LeDoux, D. G., Seeno, T. N., Riley, E. G., Gilbert, A. J. & Sullivan, J. M. (2004) Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada. The Coleopterist's Society, Sacramento, 476 pp.","Geoffroy, E. L. (1762) Histoire abregee des insectes qui se trouve aux environs de Paris, dans laquelle ces animaux sont ranges suivant un ordre methodique. Tome premiere. Durand, Paris, xxxviii + 523 pp.","Gruev, B. & Doberl, M. (1997) General distribution of the flea beetles in the Palaearctic subregion (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Scopolia, 37, 1 - 496.","Gruev, B. & Doberl, M. (2005) General distribution of the flea beetles in the Palaearctic subregion. Supplement. Pensoft, Sofia, 239 pp.","Kimoto, S. & Takizawa, H. (1973) The chrysomelid beetles of Nepal, collected by the Hokkaido University scientific expedition to Nepal Himalaya. Part II. Kontyu, 41,170 - 180.","Jacoby, M. (1889) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. - List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27, 147 - 237.","Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299.","Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563.","Perkins, P., Naskrecki, P. & Farrell, B. (2010) MCZ type database @ Harvard Entomology. Available from: http: // insects. oeb. harvard. edu / mcz / index. php (accessed June 2014)","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Naples, M. L. & Kessler, P. J. A. (2005) Weeds of Rain Fed Lowland Rice Fields of Laos & Cambodia. Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 12 September 2005. Available from: http: // www. nationaalherbarium. nl (accessed June 2014)","Weise, J. (1922 b) Chrysomelidae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, A, 88 (10), 154 - 157.","Medvedev, L. N. (2009) Alticinae of Indochina. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 224 pp."]}

Altica birmanensis (Jacoby, 1896) stat. rev. (Figs 3, 10, 24, 35, 36, 50, 51, 65, 66, 78) Haltica birmanensis Jacoby, 1896 (type locality: Burma); Maulik 1926: 422 (junior synonym of A. cyanea). Altica birmanensis: Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 890 (as junior synonym of A. cyanea). Takizawa 1978 (valid species, as A. birmensis); Medvedev 2009: 24 (junior synonym of A. cyanea). Altica birmaensis [misspelling]: Scherer 1969: 129 (as junior synonym of A. cyanea). Altica birmensis [misspelling]: Kimoto 1971: 80. Haltica indica Shukla 1960: 80 (type locality India) syn. nov. Material examined (88, * = specimen dissected). Type: Altica birmanensis (Jacoby) : Lectotype (this designation): ♂/ Birma / Haltica birmanensis Jac. / Type 18718 / Jacoby 2 nd coll./ (MCZ). Non-type material: Indonesia: Bali: ♂*, 4 / Bali, Bedugul, 21.vii. 1977, GGE Scudder (BMH); 1 / Bedugul, 8.28144 S 115.16285 E, 1277m, ex Polygonum chinense, 15.ii. 2012, L Halling (MZB); Java: ♀*, ♀/ Cibodas NP [sic], 1500m, hand picking off foliage, 26.vii. 1990, C Reid (ANIC); ♀*/ Dieng Plateau, above Telago Warna, 2150m, on low shrub, ii. 1991, C Reid (ANIC); 2 ♂ *, 3 ♂, 8 ♀/ Gede-Panggrango NP, trail head to Cibeureum waterfalls, 26.viii. 1989, ROM 893014 DC Darling (ROM); ♂*, ♀/ Gede-Panggrango NP, c 6 k SW Cipanas, on climbing Polygonum, rf, 1450���1600m, 14���16.x. 1991, C Reid, D Subasli (ANIC); ♂*, 2 ♀*, 13 / West Java, Lake Lembang, 1500m, xii. 1953, Dressler (BMH); ♂*/ Malang, vii. 1953 Dressler (BMH); ♂*/ Java, Mt Bromo, at crater, 2000m, 5.v. 1984, E Helm (ANIC); ♂*, 2 ♂, 2 ♀/ Y. Salak, Tjiowal, 14.i. 1966, J Stusak (BMH); Sulawesi: ♂*, 3 / Celebes, 30 k NW Rantepao, Bulu-Bulu, 1800m, beating sheet, 9���15.v. 1966, R Straatman (BMH); 1, ditto, 1600m (BMH); Sumatra: ♂*/ North Sumatra, Brastagi, 12.vi. 1990, R de Keyzer, GA Clarke (AMS); ♂*, 3 / West Sumatra, Bengkulu Prov., nr Curup, Bukit Kaba Mt, 3 �� 29 ���S 102 �� 36 ���E, 1000���1200m, 30.i��� 3.ii. 2000, J Bezdek (Bezdek); West Papua: 1 ♂ */ Neth. Ind.- Amer. New Guinea Exp. Baliem Camp 1600m, 16.xii. 1938, LJ Toxopeus (BMH); Taiwan: ♂*, ♀/ 25 ��05���N 121 �� 33 ���E, Taipei, Shulin, 4.iv. 1987, DCF Rentz, YM Chiang (ANIC); Timor Leste: ♂*, 4 ♂, 6 ♀/ 2.7 k N Aileu, 8 �� 42 ��� 28 ���S 125 �� 33 ��� 46 ���, coffee/ Paraserianthes, 950m, 1.vi. 2012 C Reid, TL 2012 / 101 / 587 Polygonum ? nepalense (AMS); ♂*, 3 ♀/ Kablaki Mtn, Same-Dili Rd, 8 �� 56 ��� 19 ���S 125 �� 37 ��� 22 ���E, rainforest/coffee 1150m, 18.vi. 2011, C Reid site 40 (AMS); ♂*, ♂, ♀/ 1 k SSW Maubisse, R Sara, Same Rd, 8 �� 50 ��� 25 ���S 125 �� 35 ��� 36 ���E, coffee/ Casuarina 1360m, 1.vi. 2012 C Reid, TL 2012 /099/ 585, Polygonum?nepalense (AMS); ♂*, 3 ♂ / Ermera, 1200���1500m, 29.xii. 1963, J Sedlacek (BMH); Vietnam: 2 ♂ *, 2 ♂, ♀/ Vinh-Phu, Tam Dao Hill sta., 3���31.v. 1996, B Hubley, DC Darling, M Hanson ROM 961002 (ROM). Description. A variably sized species, often relatively large: length: male 5.2���7.1mm; female 5.0��� 7.3mm. Colour: dorsum usually bright deep blue, rarely bronze, purplish, dark green or bicoloured with blue pronotum and green elytra; first antennomere variable, black or with red apex, or red base and apex; remainder of antennae black; venter and legs entirely black with duller metallic reflection than dorsum. Head: ratios (Tables 1 & 2): male: EG 2.75���5.14; IE 1.32���1.76; HG 7.73���12.14; HN 1.05���1.13; NE 2.05���2.73; female: EG 2.62���4.22 IE 1.48���1.93; HG 7.15���10.89; HN 1.03���1.09; NE 2.33���2.70; pubescence: few small setae at inner edge of posterior of orbit, longitudinal row of short setae at sides of frontoclypeal ridge, 3���4 pairs of long setae behind clypeal anterior margin; transverse row of long setae between eye and buccal cavity; face impunctate except strong punctures at bases of orbital setae; vertex without microreticulation; postantennal calli smooth, not microreticulate; eyes small and relatively flat; postantennal calli almost quadrate, with acute triangular anterior angles and truncate bases, calli usually adjacent for most of length; frontoclypeal ridge lanceolate, smooth and broad at base, entirely convex, anteriorly terminating in a narrow keel before clypeal margin; anterior edge of clypeus generally smooth, strongly to weakly raised, sides of clypeus microreticulate, obliquely strigose. Thorax: pronotum usually with pair of shallow ovate depressions behind anterior border; shining, entirely non-microscuptured; non-glandular puncturation variable, from present only as small sparse punctures at middle of basal field, to anterior and basal field with sparse (separated by at least 2 diameters) larger punctures at sides, but disc always minutely and sparsely punctured; hypomeron without microreticulation, smooth, except anterior angles finely transversely strigose and sometimes with sparse punctures; prosternum finely transversely grooved, shining, or process duller, slightly rugose; scutellum triangular with curved sides to semi-ovate, microreticulate or apical half shining and smooth; elytra shining, without microreticulation (except extreme apices), strongly and closely but irregularly punctured, interspaces mostly 0.5���1.5 diameters, sometimes with smooth elongate intervals on disc; elytra usually distinctly keeled from behind humeri to half elytral length or less, keel low, broadly rounded in crosssection; femora densely microsculptured and pubescent; outer face mid tibia with prominent keel for most of length, on a convex surface, but apical quarter usually flat; male first protarsomere distinctly longer than broad, female 1.5���1.7 x longer than broad. Abdomen: abdominal ventrites densely microsculptured and with recumbent pubescence; male: penis 1.7���2.15mm long; in dorsal view parallel-sided to the right-angled apex, which has a rounded to narrowly truncate tip; dorsal surfaces slightly curved in lateral view, ventral surface almost straight, with extreme tip recurved; shallowly transversely ridged on middle of dorsal surface; venter without transverse or oblique ridges, two long apicoventral depressions present, 0.25���0.3 x penis length, ovate, smooth surfaced and laterally smooth edged, separated by a broad flat ridge (ridge may be medially depressed at apex); female: tignum 0.94���1.34mm long, basal part narrow with pointed tip, lateral arms narrowly triangular to threadlike, and apex broadly triangular or spatulate; spermathecal collum of variable length and thickness and containing 1���2 twists; vaginal palpi short and almost conical, length: width ratio 1���1.5, with obliquely truncate apex and concave inner margin; palpal apodemes 2��� 4 x length palpi, 0.2���0.5 x width palpi. 32 33 34 44 45 Distribution and biology. Altica birmanensis occurs from India in the west, Vietnam and Taiwan in the north, to Timor and New Guinea in the east. The Indian record is based on Shukla (1960). Scherer (1969) correctly illustrated the penis (under A. caerulea), but listed the host as Ludwigia, which suggests that his account confused A. birmanensis and other species, possibly A. aenea and/or A. caerulea. The New Guinea record is based on a single dissected male collected in 1938 in the Baliem Valley, West New Guinea. This male is typical of A. birmanensis, with black antennae and small eyes. All other Altica specimens examined from New Guinea clearly belong to either A. aenea (many dissected, q.v.) or the more easily distinguished A. caerulea. Altica birmanensis is absent from Australia and islands east of New Guinea. Altica birmanensis has been found feeding on Polygonaceae (Sanchez et al. 2011) of the genera Polygonum (P. chinense) and Persicaria (P. nepalensis ?) in Bali, Java and Timor (pers. obs. CAMR; label data, AMS). Published records of hosts for probably correctly identified Altica birmanensis include Persicaria in eastern Indonesia (Mohamedsaid 2009) and Polygonum in Taiwan (Takizawa 1978; Lee & Cheng 2007). Gressitt & Kimoto (1963) confused A. aenea, A. birmanensis and A. cyanea therefore their host records are not reliable. Altica birmanensis and A. cyanea have been collected together (Dieng, Java). Taxonomic notes. Altica birmanensis was described from Burma and only poorly differentiated from ��� A. cyanea ��� sensu Jacoby (now A. aenea): bright blue with the elytron laterally grooved and the penis ���very nearly identical to that of cyanea ��� (Jacoby 1896: 255). Altica birmanensis was synonymised with A. cyanea sensu auctt. (= A. aenea) by Maulik (1926), an action followed by many other authors (Gressitt & Kimoto 1963; Scherer 1969; Medvedev 2009), although Gressitt & Kimoto (1963: 889) illustrated the penis of A. birmanensis as A. caerulea (!). Kimoto (1971) identified A. birmanensis as the correct name for the species he had previously called A. caerulea. Although this action re-established A. birmanensis it is clear that Kimoto���s species concepts were confused, for example his southeast Asian key separated A. cyanea sensu auctt. (= A. aenea) and A. birmanensis on the presence or absence of a lateral elytral groove, without mentioning the diagnostic genitalic characters (Kimoto 2000: 256) (Table 1). Examination of the male syntype of A. birmanensis in MCZ (Perkins et al. 2010) shows that this is not A. cyanea sensu auctt. (A. aenea) but a species close to the true A. cyanea. Altica birmanensis and A. cyanea are treated as valid species here. However they differ morphologically only slightly, as described in the key, and it could be argued that they represent variation within a single species. The distribution and host plant data (albeit limited) support our treatment of A. birmanensis and A. cyanea as valid species. Altica birmaensis (Scherer 1969) and A. birmensis (Kimoto 1971) are incorrect emendations of the original name, which was based on the place name Birmania (Italian for Burma). Our confirmation of synonymy of the name A. indica is based on the original description and illustrations (Shukla 1960)., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 524-530, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277, {"references":["Jacoby, M. (1896) Descriptions of the new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Mr Andrewes in India. Part II. Crysomelinae [sic], Halticinae and Galerucinae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 250 - 304.","Maulik, S. (1926) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae (Chrysomelinae and Halticinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 442 pp.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Takizawa, H. (1978) Notes on Taiwanese chrysomelid larvae, V. Entomological Review, Japan, 31 (1 - 2), 75 - 84.","Medvedev, L. N. (2009) Alticinae of Indochina. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 224 pp.","Scherer, G. (1969) Die Alticinae des Indischen Subkontinentes (Coleoptera - Chrysomelidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 22, 1 - 251.","Shukla, S. P. (1960) Entomological survey of Himalaya. Part XXX-On some Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from the North-West (Punjab) Himalaya. Agra University Journal of Research (Science), 9, 65 - 88.","Sanchez, A., Schuster, T. M., Burke, J. M. & Kron, K. A. (2011) Taxonomy of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): A new tribal classification. Taxon, 60, 151 - 160.","Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2009) Chrysomelidae of the Lesser Sunda Islands: Wallace's Line and the crossing of worlds. In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds.), Research on Chrysomelidae. Vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, pp. 57 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / ej. 9789004169470.1 - 299.21","Lee, C. - F. & Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan I. Sishou-Hills Insect Observation Network Press, Taipei, 200 pp.","Kimoto, S. (2000) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. VII. Alticinae. Bulletin of the Institute of comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, 26, 103 - 299.","Perkins, P., Naskrecki, P. & Farrell, B. (2010) MCZ type database @ Harvard Entomology. Available from: http: // insects. oeb. harvard. edu / mcz / index. php (accessed June 2014)"]}

Key to Australian, Indomalayan and southwest Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy Note: specimens of Altica aenea, A. birmanensis, A. corrusca and A. cyanea are only reliably separated by careful examination of the genitalia, and some females of A. aenea and A. birmanensis may not be distinguishable at all. Host plants and distribution may provide useful diagnostic information (Table 2). 1. Eyes relatively smaller (Figs 8 ���10, 12��� 13), EG 1.15 (usually> 1.25), HG 7 (usually> 8), IE 16 (17���22.2); prominent longitudinal ridge (sometimes additional ridges in females), usually present on elytra (Figs 4, 7) from humerus to 2 / 3 length of elytron, rarely absent; dorsum usually bronze-green to greenish-blue, rarely purplish or dark blue; penis (Figs 25 ���26, 29) longer, 2.25���2.5mm, strongly transversely or obliquely ridged on dorsum and venter; vaginal palpi (Figs 31, 52���53, 58��� 61) more elongate, length ��� 1.5 x width (first antennomere usually entirely dark; outer face of midtibiae flat; habitat in wetlands)..... 5 2 (1) External face of midtibia at midpoint convex, often with longitudinal keel as well; penis (Figs 23, 24, 28) usually longer, 1.65���2.15mm, straighter in lateral view, shallowly transversely ridged on middle of dorsal surface (except A. aenea in New Ireland); tignum (Figs 32 ���36, 39��� 42) with prominent lateral arms (north & east Australia, New Guinea, south and east Asia, west and central Pacific)............................................................................... 3 - External face of midtibia at midpoint flat with thin median ridge; penis (Fig. 27) usually shorter, 1.5���1.7mm, more curved in lateral view, without transverse ridges on either face; tignum (Figs 30, 39��� 40) with broad base and short or absent lateral arms (length 4.2���6.1mm; antennae black, rarely reddish at apex of first antennomere; male eyes relatively small, male EG 3.0��� 3.3, male HG 7.4���8.6; apex penis not kinked in lateral view; hostplants variable but including non-littoral genera; south-east Australia).............................................................................. corrusca (Erichson) 3 (2) Eyes generally larger and more convex (Figs 8���9), male IE 1.20���1.55, female IE 1.2���1.5, female EG 3.5���6.85, female NE 1.93���2.23 (small-eyed forms present in both sexes but infrequent); at least apical quarter of first antennomere orange to reddish-brown, or rarely dark brown (some NW Victorian specimens); anterior of clypeus generally smoother, edge less strongly raised; apicoventer of penis (Fig. 23) with short pair of depressions (0.2���0.25 x penis length), apex of penis abruptly bent in lateral view (only slightly so in some New Guinea specimens); tignum usually shorter, 0.85���0.95mm (length 4.6���6.4mm; hostplant Ludwigia, in wetlands and the littoral zone; north and east Australia to 37 ��S, southeast Asia and west Pacific).................................................................................................. aenea (Olivier) - Eyes generally smaller (Figs 10, 13), less convex, male IE 1.32���1.85, female 1.4���1.8, female EG 2.9���3.8, female NE 2.33���2.70; first antennomere variable, black or with orange apex; anterior of clypeus generally more rugose or strigose, edge more strongly raised; apicoventer of penis (Figs 24, 28) with longer pair of depressions (0.25���0.3 x length), apex of penis straight or almost so in lateral view; tignum usually longer, 0.94���1.35mm (length 5.0��� 7.3mm; hostplant Polygonum or Melastoma; absent from Australia and Pacific Islands)............................................................ 4 4 (3) Anterior of clypeus more rugose (Fig. 13), anterior edge usually sharply ridged; elytra (Fig. 6) without short keel behind humerus; apicoventral depressions of penis (Fig. 28) separated by a sharp ridge, usually also internally finely ridged; vaginal palpi (Fig. 56���57) short, almost ovate, with rounded to truncate apex and straight or convex inner margin; tignum (Fig. 42) with base expanded, broader than stem of apex, and broad triangular lateral arms; host Melastoma (length 5.0��� 6.1mm; heathland, disturbed ground, Malay Peninsula to Java and Borneo)....................................... cyanea Weber - Anterior of clypeus smoother (Fig. 10), anterior edge flatter; elytra (Fig. 3) usually with short keel behind humerus; apicoventral depressions of penis (Fig. 24) smooth, separated by broad flat ridge (ridge may be medially depressed at apex); vaginal palpi (Figs 50���51) short, almost conical, with obliquely truncate apex and concave inner margin; tignum (Figs 35���36) with thin acute base, narrower than stem of apex, and small triangular or thin lateral arms; host Polygonum (length 5.0��� 7.3mm; wetlands, edge of rainforest, ditches; southeast Asia to Timor and New Guinea)...................... birmanensis (Jacoby) 5 (2) Elytra and prothoracic hypomeron duller, microreticulate (Fig. 7); penis (Fig. 29) slightly expanded from middle to apex, apicoventral grooves smooth-edged, lateral ventral ridges fewer, more oblique, subtending Myriophyllum, in wetlands; Australia, except southwest)....................................................................................... gravida (Blackburn) - Elytra and hypomeron shining, without microsculpture (but often soiled) (Fig. 4); penis (Figs 25���26) parallel-sided or broadest before apex, apicoventral depressions laterally sharp-edged, lateral ventral ridges more numerous, usually less oblique, subtending approximately 90 �� at midline; tignum (Figs 37���38) with base as narrow or narrower than shaft, with or without short lateral spurs; palpal apodeme (Figs 52���53) narrower, Ludwigia, in wetlands; north & east Australia to 29 ��S, southeast Asia to New Guinea)................ caerulea (Olivier), Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2015, Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 503-551 in Zootaxa 3918 (4) on pages 512-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245277

Key to genera of Bruchinae in Australia The Australian literature is seriously out of date, because there have been no keys to genera or species of Bruchinae in Australia for more than 100 years (Lea 1899), except to the small South Australian fauna (Matthews & Reid 2002). During that time generic concepts have radically changed (Borowiec 1987) and several exotic genera have been introduced for biocontrol of weeds (Julien, McFadyen & Cullen 2012). This key is based on all known established genera, exotic or native, which are as follows: Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905, with four introduced species (Raghu, Wiltshire & Dhileepan 2005; Heard 2012); Algarobius Bridwell, 1946, with two introduced species (van Klinken 2012); Bruchidius Schilsky, 1905, a large and polyphyletic taxon (Southgate 1979; Kergoat et al. 2011), with nine native species including five hereby transferred from Bruchus based on examination of types in SAM (Bruchidius diversipes (Lea, 1899) comb. nov., B. maestus (Lea, 1899) comb. nov., B. oodnadattae (Blackburn, 1900) comb. nov., B. persimulans (Blackburn, 1900) comb. nov., B. quornensis (Blackburn, 1900) comb. nov.), and three exotic species (Southgate 1979; Palmer, Lockett & Dileepan 2012); Bruchus Linneus, 1767, with one exotic species (Matthews & Reid 2002); Callosobruchus Pic, 1902, with two exotic and one indigenous species (Anton 2000; Lambrides & Imrie 2000); Caryedon Schoenherr, 1823, with one introduced species (Delobel et al. 2003); Mimosestes Bridwell, 1946, with one introduced species, which may have died out (van Klinken & Heard 2012); Parasulcobruchus Anton, 1999 c, a recently erected genus poorly differentiated from Bruchidius as understood here, with one endemic species (Anton 1999 c); Penthobruchus Kingsolver, 1973, with one introduced species (van Klinken & Heard 2012); Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833, with two species, one introduced (Borowiec 1991; Anton 1999 b). To these we add Caryotrypes Decelle, 1968, based on a single specimen collected on Lizard Island, Queensland, in 1993. Caryotrypes is a south Asian genus of two species, one of which has been bred from Pandanus seeds (Blanchard 1845; Decelle 1968; Anton 1999 a), suggesting a link to the palm-feeding pachymerines of South America. Quarantine interceptions of other genera are excluded from this key, as they are numerous and do not represent established species. These genera include (pers. obs., CAMR): Amblycerus Thunberg, 1815, Caryedes Hummel, 1827, Caryobruchus Bridwell, 1929, Megabruchidius Borowiec, 1984, Pachymerus Thunberg, 1805, Specularius Bridwell, 1938, Stator Bridwell, 1946, Zabrotes Horn, 1885. A failed introduction, of Meibomeus Bridwell, 1946 (Julien 2002), is also excluded from this key. The key is has been constructed from examination of all known species present in Australia. * = introduced (exotic) genus. 1. Ventral surface of hind femur with a well-developed preapical comb (pecten), with> 5 teeth.......................... 2 ��� Hind femur with 0���3 ventral teeth........................................................................ 5 2 (1). Prosternal process short and triangular, not visible between coxae; pro and mesotibiae with 0���1 apical spur; frons with strong median keel; length ventrite 1> 2���5 together............................................................... 3 ��� Prosternal process parallel-sided, visible between coxae; pro and mesotibiae with 2 apical spurs; frons without median keel; length ventrite 1 = 2���4 together (lateral margins pronotum complete; Victorian Alps)................. Buburra gen. nov. 3 (2). Eyes massive, separated by 0.2���0.3 x eye width in dorsal view, with large facets; antennomeres 5���10 serrate, elongate; dorsal pubescence uniform, sculpture not rugose; abdomen uniformly setose; pro and mid tibiae with 1 apical spur............. 4 ��� Eyes smaller, separated by c. 0.5 x eye width, with small facets; antennomeres 5���10 not serrate, transverse; sides pronotum concave; dorsal pubescence variegated, surfaces rugose; abdomen with smooth shining unsculptured areas (specula); pro and mid tibiae without apical spur (tropics)............................................... * Penthobruchus Kingsolver. 4 (3). Pronotum widest at middle, with obtuse hind angles; pronotal lateral margination complete, but anterior third obscured by setae and puncturation; eyes smaller, separated by c. 0.3 eye width (North Queensland).............. Caryotrypes Decelle. ��� Pronotum widest at base, with 90 �� hind angles, contracted to anterior margin; pronotal lateral margination absent from anterior third; eyes larger, separated by c. 0.2 x eye width (tropics).................................... * Caryedon Schoenherr. 5 (1). Hind tibia without apical spurs; apex scutellum bilobed or truncate; lateral margins of pronotum absent in apical half at least..... 6 ��� Hind tibia with 2 conspicuous apical spurs; scutellum triangular; lateral margins pronotum complete; hind femora without ventral teeth (flat, ovate species, mostly black; Queensland)................................. Spermophagus Schoenherr. 6 (5). Lateral pronotal margin smoothly concave to convex; venter of hind femora without teeth or with tooth on internal margin or both margins......................................................................................... 7 ��� Lateral pronotal margin with blunt tubercle (may be obscured by setae); venter of hind femur with large preapical tooth on outer margin (antennomeres 7���10 not serrate; field crop pest).................................... * Bruchus Linnaeus. 7 (6). Venter of hind femur without tooth on outer margin; posterior margin of pronotum truncate or feebly concave............ 8 ��� Venter of hind femora with single tooth on both internal and external margins; posterior margin of pronotum bilobed at junction with scutellum (males with serrate or flabellate antennae; tropics and stored products pest)......... Callosobruchus Pic. 8 (7). Venter of hind femur with 3 distinct preapical teeth, proximal tooth much larger than others........................... 9 ��� Venter of hind femur without teeth or with 1���2 preapical teeth................................................. 10 9 (8). Hind tibia with longer apical spine, approximately as long as apical width of tibia; scutellum elongate, less deeply bilobed; base of elytron with small elevated shining denticles; female pygidium with two elongate glabrous patches (tropics)........................................................................................... * Algarobius Bridwell. ��� Hind tibia with shorter apical spine, approximately half apical width tibia; scutellum quadrate, more deeply bilobed; base of elytron without elevated shining denticles; female pygidium uniformly setose (stored products pest).................................................................................................... * Acanthoscelides Schilsky. 10 (8). Without distinctive high contrast colour pattern, mostly uniformly greyish or brown or slightly variegated (venter of hund femur with or without tooth; male antennae sometimes serrate)................................................ 11 ��� With distinctive colour pattern: head, pronotum, inner part of elytra, venter and legs clothed in dense white setae, outer part of elytra with contrasting black setae (venter of hind femur with small blunt preapical tooth; antennae not serrate; tropics)........................................................................................ * Mimosestes Bridwell. 11 (10). Apicodorsal hind tibial spines longer than apicolateral and apicoventral spines (hind femur with large preapical ventral tooth; antennae not serrate; NSW)......................................................... Parasulcobruchus Anton. ��� Apicodorsal hind tibial spines shorter than apicolateral and apicoventral spines (hind femur with or without preapical ventral tooth; antennae variable; throughout Australia).............................................. Bruchidius Schilsky., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2013, A new genus and species of Bruchinae, with a key to the genera from Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 535-548 in Zootaxa 3599 (6) on pages 544-546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/218707, {"references":["Matthews, E. G. & Reid, C. A. M. (2002) A guide to the beetles of South Australia, part 8. Polyphaga: Chrysomeloidea: Chrysomelidae. South Australian Museum, Adelaide, 64 pp.","Borowiec, L. (1987) The genera of seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 57, 3 - 207.","Julien, M., McFadyen, R. & Cullen, J. (2012) Biological control of weeds in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 648 pp.","Southgate, B. J. (1979) Biology of the Bruchidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 449 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002313","Kergoat, G. J., Le Ru, B. P., Genson, G., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Delobel, A. (2011) Phylogenetics, species boundaries and timing of resource tracking in a highly specialized group of seed beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 59, 746 - 760. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.03.014","Blackburn, T. (1900) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species, 26. Transactions of the royal Society of South Australia, 24, 35 - 68.","Palmer, B., Lockett, C. & Dileepan, K. (2012) Acacia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan - prickly acacia. pp. 18 - 28 in: Julien, M., McFadyen, R. & Cullen, J. (eds) Biological control of weeds in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.","Anton, K. - W. (2000) Five new species of the Callosobruchus chinensis group from the Oriental Region and Australia (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Bruchinae). Genus, 11 (1), 13 - 28.","Lambrides, C. J. & Imrie, B. C. (2000) Susceptibility of mungbean varieties to the bruchid species Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), C. phaseoli (Gyll.), C. chinensis (L.) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51 (1), 85 - 90. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / AR 99051","van Klinken, R. D. & Heard, T. A. (2012) Parkinsonia aculeata L. - parkinsonia. pp. 437 - 447, in: Julien, M., McFadyen, R. & Cullen, J. (eds) Biological control of weeds in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.","Anton, K. - W. (1999 c) Revision of the genus Sulcobruchus Chujo 1937, and description of Parasulcobruchus nov. gen. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae, Bruchinae). Linzer biologische Beitrage, 31 (2), 629 - 650.","Anton, K. - W. (1999 a) Notes on Caryotrypes Decelle, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae). Genus, 10 (1), 59 - 63.","Borowiec, L. (1991) Revision of the genus Spermophagus Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Amblycerinae). Genus (unnumbered supplement), 1 - 198.","Anton, K. - W. (1999 b) Three new species of Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833, from Thailand, with notes on synonymy of S. perpastus (Lea) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Amblycerinae). Genus, 10 (1), 73 - 80.","Decelle, J. (1968) Nouveaux genres et especes de Caryedontini (Col. Bruchidae Pachymerinae) d'Afrique et de Madagascar. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe royale d'entomologie de Belgique, 104, 413 - 426.","Blanchard, C. E. (1845) Communications. Bruchus (Pachymerus) pandani. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 3 (2), IV - V."]}

Buburra jeanae Reid & Beatson, sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype: 3 / VICTORIA, Mt Buffalo NP, top of Dixon���s Falls, c 1455m, 36: 46: 29 S 146: 47: 42 E, Phebalium squamulosum ssp alpinum flws, 15.xi. 2010, C. Reid (AMS); Paratypes (9): 4 (23, 2��) same data as holotype (AMS, MHNP); 13, 1��, same data as holotype except beating Phebalium squamulosum ssp alpinum flowers, 29.xi. 2011, (AMS, ANIC); 13, 2��, ditto except sweeping Acacia alpina with small seedpods (MVM, AMS). Description. As for genus, plus the following details of colour and sculpture: Colour (Figs 2���6) variable irrespective of sex. Darkest form dark-reddish-brown except the following black to blackish-brown: antennomeres 1 ���2, 6��� 11, palpi, dorsum of head, disc and anterior of pronotum, prosternum, mesoventrite, metaventrite, anterior and mid coxae and femora (except bases), apical halves ventrites; and the following clear reddish-brown: venter head capsule, mandibles, hypomeral lobes, hind tibiae, ventrite basal halves; the elytra are variegated blackish- and reddish-brown. Palest form clear reddish-brown except the following black to blackish-brown: frons and base of clypeus, palpi, antennomeres 6���11 and apical half 5; prosternal process; and the following dark reddish-brown: anterior pronotum, elytral humeri and patch around scutellum, band across middle metaventrite, apical halves anterior and mid tibiae, sides pygidium, narrow apices ventrites. Elytra variegated clear and dark reddish-brown. Surface sculpture (Figs 2���6): frons and vertex dull, densely finely punctured and microreticulate, with close adpressed pale setae; with larger punctures and erect setae around inner margin of eye; clypeus microreticulate and finely punctured, with pale adpressed setae; labrum setose but shining; all antennomeres dull, microreticulate and densely setose, but 5���11 more so than 1���4; venter of head dull (punctured, setose and microreticulate) from between temples to mentum, smooth and shining (without sculpture) posterior to this; pronotum dull, densely finely punctured, microreticulate and setose with pale adpressed setae and scattered dark erect setae; prosternum and hypomeron with dense adpressed pale setae; scutellum with dense adpressed pale setae; elytra sculptured as pronotum except shining, without distinct microreticulation, and adpressed setae in small variegated patches of pale cream thicker stae or black thinner setae; pygidium sculptured as elytra, with dense adpressed pale setae, denser along midline; ventrites sculptured as dorsum except slightly smoother and shinier between punctures, dense adpressed pale setae; scattered erect dark setae present on legs; anterior and mid femora densely setose with adpressed pale setae; hind femora with variegated pale and dark adpressed setae, as elytra; anterior and mid tibiae with mixed pale and dark setae, more erect towards apices; hind tibia and tarsi with adpressed pale setae. Distribution and biology. The species has been collected only in November, at a single site in the Victorian Alps, Mount Buffalo National Park. This is an isolated granite mountain range rising to 1723m. Within the park, Buburra jeanae was only collected along the last 200m of walking track above Dixons Falls, in the dominant plateau vegetation classified as ���subalpine woodland and open forest��� (Anonymous 2001), although the site is complex as it includes streamside communities and rocky areas near the top of a steep slope (Fig. 1). Buburra jeanae was not found at other collecting sites in the park in November 2010 and November 2011: the first 1.2km of the Dixons Falls track, roadside 1km NE of The Horn, The Castle, Dingo Dell, The Monolith, Crystal Brook Falls, several stops on the entrance road. Adults of B. jeanae were first collected by beating flowering Phebalium squamulosum ssp alpinum (Rutaceae), where they were probably feeding on pollen, but this plant does not have seedpods suitable for the larva. Bruchines were absent from another species of Rutaceae flowering nearby, Boronia algida. There were two species of woody Fabaceae at the locality: Boissiaea foliosa, which was flowering, and the dwarf shrub Acacia alpina, which had young seedpods. There were no bruchines on Boissiaea (only cryptocephalines), but three adults of Buburra were collected by beating and sweeping the Acacia alpina on the second visit and we suspect that A. alpina is the larval host of this beetle. Acacia alpina is widespread in the Australian Alps, from the western border of the Australian Capital Territory to central Victoria (Costermans 2009; Atlas of Living Australia 2012). Visits were made in November 2011 to nearby mountain peaks in the Victorian Alps, around Hotham Heights (where A. alpina occurs) and Falls Creek (A. alpina absent), but the weather was poor (continuous rain or southerly wind) and no bruchines were collected. Two of the 10 specimens of B. jeanae have partially deformed antennae (each with 2 segments fused on one antenna), and there is also asymmetry in the anastomosed elytral striae, suggesting a genetic problem in this limited and isolated population. Etymology. Named for CAMR���s mother, in memory of a beautiful day on Mount Buffalo celebrating her birthday., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2013, A new genus and species of Bruchinae, with a key to the genera from Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 535-548 in Zootaxa 3599 (6) on pages 541-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/218707, {"references":["Costermans, L. F. (2009) Native trees and shrubs of southeastern Australia. Reed New Holland, Melbourne, 432 pp."]}

Buburra Reid & Beatson, gen. nov. (Figures 2���25) Type species: Buburra jeanae Reid & Beatson, this designation. Diagnosis. Frons without median ridge; eyes small, with moderately deep canthus, approximately ⅓ greatest eye diameter; eye facets small; temples long, �����⅔ eye length, posteriorly rounded; antennomeres not sexually dimorphic, not conspicuously serrate; venter of head without well-defined submental area; pronotum subrectangular, entirely laterally marginate; prosternal process long and narrow, visible and strongly arched between coxae and terminating behind them; mesepimeron broad, evenly narrowing from anterolateral edge to posteromedial edge; apex hind femora with ventral pecten of 6���9 large blunt spines on outer margin; fore and mid tibiae with 2 short apical spurs; hind tibia ventral surface without basal tubercle, apex without spurs; first ventrite as long as 2���4 combined; apical lobes tegmen membranous, bilobed and setose at apex; apex penis acute, rigid (strongly sclerotised), without valves; female without spines in bursa copulatrix. Description. Sexes externally similar. Body (Figs 2���5): small for a pachymerine, total length 3.8���4.5mm (with head flat), length from anterior of pronotum to apex elytra 3.4���3.9mm, elongate-oval; integument mostly reddishbrown, variegated on elytra, generally with covering of adpressed setae, not dense enough to obscure integument, which is mostly densely and finely punctured (conspicuous large scattered punctures absent); two types of setae present, erect and adpressed; adpressed setae variegated on elytra in small pale or dark patches. Head (Figs 2 ���3, 6, 17���18): elongate, not concealed from above, width at eyes much less than twice (c. 1.3 x) width at neck; neck, vertex and frons level, without abrupt elevation between neck and vertex; frons without median ridge but midline partially less punctate and microsculptured, shallowly impressed around inner margin of eyes; clypeus almost quadrate; eyes small but extending to venter of head, interocular distance dorsally> dorsal eye width (c. 1.3 x) and ventrally >> eye width (c. 2.4 x); eyes with deep canthus at antennal insertions, approximately ⅓ greatest eye diameter; eye facets small, basal width of second antennomere equal to approximately two facet diameters; temples long, �����⅔ length eye in lateral view, posteriorly rounded; antennae moderately long, approximately ⅔ body length, inserted laterally, in swellings at junction of clypeus and frons; all antennomeres elongate, 1 ovate with truncate apex, 2���5 relatively narrow with rounded apices, 6���10 expanded with truncate apices but not conspicuously serrate, 11 elongate-acuminate, inner edge 7 bluntly lobed at apex; labrum large, semi-ovate; mandibles flat, with acutely unidentate apices projecting beyond labrum; apical maxillary palpomere elongate-fusiform, 1.6���1.8 x length penultimate; mentum transversely rectangular (width c. 3 x length) with blunt anterolateral lobes; venter of head dull and sculptured from between temples to mentum, without sutures or defined ���submentum���, smooth and shining posterior to this. Thorax (Figs 2 ���5, 7��� 9): pronotal dorsal shape subrectangular, slightly transverse, hind angles blunt, basal ⅔ almost parallel, apical ⅓ contracting to prominent trichobothrium at anterior angles; lateral carina (margination) present from base to apex; surface elevated at middle of anterior, slightly depressed either side of disc; prosternal process long and narrow, strongly arched between coxae, flat and slightly expanded at apex posterior to coxae; coxal cavities closed by junction of thin hypomeral lobe reaching tip of prosternal process; scutellum small, acutely triangular with rounded tip; each elytron elongate, covering or almost covering (male) or exposing (female) pygidium, flat at base, without elevated spines or tubercles; 10 deeply grooved striae present, obscurely punctate, 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 8 th, 9 th straight from elytral base to apex, 4 th and 5 th usually anastomosed and always terminating ⅔ from base, 6 th & 7 th usually anastomosed at apex (6 fused with 4 + 5 on one elytron), 10 th adjacent to epipleural margin; upper margin epipleuron distinct at base, evanescent in apical third; mesoventrite with gradually elevated elongate parallel-sided process between coxae, apex truncate; mesepimeron broad, evenly narrowing from anterolateral edge to posteromedial edge, which is c. �� width anterolateral edge; wing venation relatively complete for Bruchinae, median field of wing with closed elongate basal cell, two apical veins leading off this, short AA 4 and long CuA 2 reaching wing margin, plus two free veins reaching wing margin (probably MP 3 and MP 4); metaventrite discrimen distinct on basal ��; metanepisterna elongate rectangular; procoxae conical but not elevated above prosternal process, mid coxae ovate, hind coxae slightly smaller than hind femora; mid and anterior femora elongate-fusiform without ventral keels; hind femora elongate-ovate, middle ����� �� of venter with irregular median row of 15���22 small spines slightly increasing in size towards apex, and apical quarter with pecten of 6���9 large blunt spines on outer margin, the most basal spine slightly largest; fore and mid tibiae thin, without keels, apices with 2 short spurs each c. 0.5 x apical tibial width; hind tibia strongly curved, ventral surface sharply keeled along entire inner and outer edges and without basal tubercle, trace of short lateral keel at base, apex with ventral short flat triangular projection, length 0.3���0.5 x apical tibial width, without spurs; tarsi 5 -segmented, long and thin, hind tarsi almost as long as hind tibiae; first tarsomere elongate and narrow (male = female), third tarsomere transverse, bilobed, lobes 0.3���0.5 x total length, claws ventrally bluntly lobed. Abdomen (Figs 3, 10, 11): pygidium slightly transverse, shape acutely triangle but with tip rounded off (male = female); first ventrite as long as 2���4 combined; male last ventrite apex shallowly concave at middle; female last ventrite apex evenly convex. Male genitalia (Figs 12 ���14, 19��� 21): apex tergite 8 truncate; sternite 8 minute and Y-shaped; apical lobes tegmen fused, membranous, bilobed and setose at apex, basal strut thin, with low external keel in basal half; penis parallel-sided, not greatly expanded at middle, apex reflexed, acute, rigid (strongly sclerotised), without separately sclerotised ���valves���; endophallus with dense granular microtubercles in two confused rows, from middle to apex of penis. Female genitalia (Figs 15 ���16, 22��� 25): ovipositor relatively short; tergite 8 sclerotised across middle and at apex, slightly longer than broad, with strongly concave inner edge and convex apex; sternite 8 strongly sclerotised except middle and apex, transverse, with elongate-triangular truncate spiculum and apical row of long setae; vaginal palpi weakly sclerotised, almost spherical, papillate with 3 long apical setae, each attached internally to long baculus; paraprocts and proctiger weakly sclerotised, poorly demarcated; spermatheca C-shaped, with invagination at entry of duct. Sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is slight: antennal proportions similar but male antennae slightly larger (Figs 17���18); elytra generally covering more of pygidium in male; apex male ventrite V slightly concave, apex female ventrite V convex (Figs 10���11). Distribution and biology. This genus is known from a single species at a single locality in the Victorian Alps, south-east Australia. The larval host is unknown but possibly Acacia alpina (Fabaceae). See notes under species description for further discussion. Etymology. Buburra is a recorded name for ���mountain��� in the extinct language Waywurru (also known as Pallanganmiddang), endemic to the region of occurrence (Blake & Reid 1999). The gender is to be treated as feminine. Notes. Buburra shows several plesiomorphic features for a bruchine, by comparison with the sister-group Sagrinae (Reid 1995, 2000), including: head not abruptly constricted behind vertex; frons without ridge; antennae not sexually dimorphic; prosternal process strongly arched between coxae and meeting hypomeral lobes behind coxae; smooth pronotum and elytra; scutellum triangular; broad mesepimera; relatively complete medial wing venation; 2 apical spurs on anterior and mid tibiae; tibiae without prominent lateral keels; penis strongly sclerotised at tip, without discrete apical sclerites (���valves���: Nilsson & Johnson 1993, figure 117); endophallus without spines or large sclerites; tegmen without gemmae; ovipositor short, including wellsclerotised female sternite VIII, with short and broad apodeme; bursa copulatrix without spines. The lateral margination of the pronotum cannot be considered plesiomorphic as it shows multiple gains or losses in Chrysomelidae (Reid 1995). Buburra shows few apomorphies within Bruchinae, including: long temples; pectinate hind femur; tegminal strut keeled on external surface. The combination of attributes places Buburra in Pachymerini, a tribe defined by a plesiomorphy and body and appendage ratios and therefore likely to be para- or polyphyletic. There are reviews of the anatomy of all genera of Pachymerini (Nilsson & Johnson 1993; Johnson, Southgate & Delobel 2004). A Cretaceous fossil has also been placed in Pachymerini (Reid 2000; Poinar 2005). Comparing Buburra with other Pachymerini we are unable to find any obvious relationship to other genera; the differences in head capsule, tibiae and male and female genitalia are particularly striking. Buburra seems to be an isolated taxon in the Pachymerini and provides further evidence for the non-monophyly of the tribe., Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2013, A new genus and species of Bruchinae, with a key to the genera from Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 535-548 in Zootaxa 3599 (6) on pages 537-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/218707, {"references":["Blake, B. J. & Reid, J. (1999) Pallanganmiddang: a language of the Upper Murray. Aboriginal History, 23, 15 - 31.","Reid, C. A. M. (1995) A cladistic analysis of subfamilial relationships in the Chrysomelidae sensu lato (Chrysomeloidea), pp. 559 - 631, in Pakaluk, J. & Slipinski, S. A. (eds) Biology, phylogeny and classification of Coleoptera. Papers celebrating the 80 th birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa.","Reid, C. A. M. (2000) Spilopyrinae Chapuis: a new subfamily in the Chrysomelidae and its systematic placement (Coleoptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 14, 837 - 862. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 00042","Nilsson, J. A. & Johnson, C. D. (1993) A taxonomic revision of the palm bruchids (Pachymerinae) and a description of the world genera of Pachymerinae. Memoirs of the American entomological Society, 41, 1 - 104.","Johnson, C. D., Southgate, B. J. & Delobel, A. (2004) A revision of the Caryedontini (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae) of Africa and the Middle East. Memoirs of the American entomological Society, 44, 1 - 120.","Poinar, G. (2005) A cretaceous palm bruchid, Mesopachymerus antiqua, n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerini) and biogeographical implications. Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington, 107 (2), 392 - 397."]}