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Abstract Studies evaluating the roughness, wettability and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins for complete denture bases and teeth are scarce. Objective This study evaluated the surface roughness, wettability and adhesion of multispecies biofilms (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) on 3D-printed resins for complete denture bases and teeth compared to conventional resins (heat-polymerized acrylic resin; artificial pre-fabricated teeth). Methodology Circular specimens (n=39; 6.0 mm Ø × 2.0 mm) of each group were subjected to roughness (n=30), wettability (n=30) and biofilm adhesion (n=9) tests. Three roughness measurements were taken by laser confocal microscopy and a mean value was calculated. Wettability was evaluated by the contact angle of sessile drop method, considering the mean of the three evaluations per specimen. In parallel, microorganism adhesion to resin surfaces was evaluated using a multispecies biofilm model. Microbial load was evaluated by determining the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were subjected to the Wald test in a generalized linear model with multiple comparisons and Bonferroni adjustment, as well as two-way ANOVA (α=5%). Results The roughness of the conventional base resin (0.01±0.04) was lower than that of the conventional tooth (0.14±0.04) (p=0.023) and 3D-printed base (0.18±0.08) (p

IntroductionVariation in stage at diagnosis of childhood cancers (CC) may explain differences in survival rates observed across geographical regions. The BENCHISTA project aims to understand these differences and to encourage the application of the Toronto Staging Guidelines (TG) by Population-Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) to the most common solid paediatric cancers.MethodsPBCRs within and outside Europe were invited to participate and identify all cases of Neuroblastoma, Wilms Tumour, Medulloblastoma, Ewing Sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma and Osteosarcoma diagnosed in a consecutive three-year period (2014-2017) and apply TG at diagnosis. Other non-stage prognostic factors, treatment, progression/recurrence, and cause of death information were collected as optional variables. A minimum of three-year follow-up was required. To standardise TG application by PBCRs, on-line workshops led by six tumour-specific clinical experts were held. To understand the role of data availability and quality, a survey focused on data collection/sharing processes and a quality assurance exercise were generated. To support data harmonization and query resolution a dedicated email and a question-and-answers bank were created.Results67 PBCRs from 28 countries participated and provided a maximally de-personalized, patient-level dataset. For 26 PBCRs, data format and ethical approval obtained by the two sponsoring institutions (UCL and INT) was sufficient for data sharing. 41 participating PBCRs required a Data Transfer Agreement (DTA) to comply with data protection regulations. Due to heterogeneity found in legal aspects, 18 months were spent on finalizing the DTA. The data collection survey was answered by 68 respondents from 63 PBCRs; 44% of them confirmed the ability to re-consult a clinician in cases where stage ascertainment was difficult/uncertain. Of the total participating PBCRs, 75% completed the staging quality assurance exercise, with a median correct answer proportion of 92% [range: 70% (rhabdomyosarcoma) to 100% (Wilms tumour)].ConclusionDifferences in interpretation and processes required to harmonize general data protection regulations across countries were encountered causing delays in data transfer. Despite challenges, the BENCHISTA Project has established a large collaboration between PBCRs and clinicians to collect detailed and standardised TG at a population-level enhancing the understanding of the reasons for variation in overall survival rates for CC, stimulate research and improve national/regional child health plans.

Oral infections occur due to contact between biofilm rich in Candida albicans formed on the inner surface of complete dentures and the mucosa. This study investigated historical advances in the prevention and treatment of oral mucosal infection and identified gaps in the literature. Bibliographic research was conducted, looking at PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, where 935 articles were found. After removing duplicates and excluding articles by reading the title and abstract, 131 articles were selected for full reading and 104 articles were included. Another 38 articles were added from the gray literature. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The historical period described ranges from 1969 to 2023, in which, during the 21st century, in vitro and in vivo studies became more common and, from 2010 to 2023, the number of randomized controlled trials increased. Among the various approaches tested are the incorporation of antimicrobial products into prosthetic materials, the improvement of oral and denture hygiene protocols, the development of synthetic and natural products for the chemical control of microorganisms, and intervention with local or systemic antimicrobial agents. Studies report good results with brushing combined with sodium hypochlorite, and new disinfectant solutions and products incorporated into prosthetic materials are promising.

To assess the effect of hygiene protocols and time on the physical–mechanical properties and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans on 3D-printed denture resins (SmartPrint and Yller) with extrinsic pigmentation compared to conventional resin (CR). The protocols were evaluated: brushing (B), brushing and immersion in water (W), 0.25% sodium hypochlorite (SH), and 0.15% triclosan (T), simulating 0, 1, 3, and 5 years. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measurements, ANOVA (Three-way) and Tukey’s post-test, generalized linear model with Bonferroni adjustment, and ANOVA (Two-way) and Tukey’s post-test (α = 0.05). The protocols influenced color (p = 0.036) and Knoop hardness (p < 0.001). Surface roughness was influenced by protocols/resin (p < 0.001) and time/resin (p = 0.001), and flexural strength by time/protocols (p = 0.014). C. albicans showed interactions with all factors (p = 0.033). Staphylococcus aureus was affected by protocols (p < 0.001). Streptococcus mutans exhibited no count for SH and T (p < 0.001). Yller resin showed more color changes. The 3D-printed resins displayed lower microhardness, increased roughness, and decreased flexural strength compared to CR with all protocols in a simulated period of 5 years. The indication of printed resins should be restricted to less than 3 years.

PURPOSEInternational comparisons of patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and survival can shed light on areas for health care system improvement. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms Tumor 2001 trial/study registered patients through national clinical study groups in Western Europe and Brazil. This retrospective post hoc analysis of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms Tumor 2001 database aims to make visible and suggest reasons for any variations in outcomes.METHODSAll patients with unilateral Wilms tumor (WT), age > 6 months, treated with preoperative chemotherapy as per protocol, and registered between 2001 and 2011 were eligible. Countries were grouped to give comparable case numbers and geographical representation. Cox univariable and multivariable (MVA) statistics were applied, with the German collaborative group (Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie—Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) as reference for hazard ratios for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).RESULTSA total of 3,176 eligible patients were registered from 24 countries assigned into six groups. Age and histologic risk group distribution were similar across all groupings. The distribution of WT stage varied by country grouping, with 14.9% (range, 11.1%-18.2%) metastatic at diagnosis. Median follow-up was 78.9 months. For localized WT, 5-year EFS varied from 80% (Brazilian group) to 91% (French group; P < .0001), retaining significance only for Brazil in MVA (P = .001). Five-year OS varied from 89% (Brazilian group) to 98% (French group; P < .0001). In MVA, only superior OS in France was significant (P = .001). Five-year EFS/OS for stage IV did not vary significantly. High-risk histology and tumor volume at surgery were significantly associated with increased risk of death in MVA for metastatic disease.CONCLUSIONInternational benchmarking of survival rates from WT within a large trial/study database has demonstrated statistically significant differences. Clinical interpretation should take account of variation in tumor stage but also treatment factors.

Objective: To identify delays in the health care system experienced by children and adolescents and young adults (AYA; aged 0–29 years) with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma using information from the Brazilian hospital‐based cancer registries. Methods: Patient data were extracted from 161 Brazilian hospital‐based cancer registries between 2007 and 2011. Hospital, diagnosis, and treatment delays were analyzed in patients without a previous histopathological diagnosis. Referral, hospital, and health care delays were calculated for patients with a previous histopathological diagnosis. The time interval was measured in days. Results: There was no difference between genders in overall delays. All delays increased at older ages. Patients without a previous histopathological diagnosis had the longest hospital delay when compared to patients with a previous histopathological diagnosis before first contact with the cancer center. Patients with Ewing sarcoma had longer referral and health care delays than those with osteosarcoma who had a previous histopathological diagnosis before first contact with the cancer center. The North and Northeast regions had the longest diagnosis delay, while the Northeast and Southeast regions had the longest treatment delay. Conclusion: Health care delay among patients with a previous diagnosis was longer, and was probably associated with the time taken for to referral to cancer centers. Patients without a previous histopathological diagnosis had longer hospital delays, which could be associated with possible difficulties regarding demand and high‐cost procedures. Despite limitations, this study helps provide initial knowledge about the healthcare pathway delays for patients with bone cancer inside several Brazilian hospitals. Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar atrasos no sistema de saúde em crianças e adolescentes e adultos jovens (AAJ; até 29 anos) com osteossarcoma e sarcoma de Ewing com informações dos registros de câncer de base hospitalar do Brasil. Métodos: Os dados dos pacientes foram extraídos de 161 registros de câncer de base hospitalar brasileiros entre 2007 e 2011. Os atrasos no hospital, no diagnóstico e no tratamento foram analisados em pacientes sem um diagnóstico histopatológico anterior. Os atrasos no encaminhamento, no hospital e no sistema de saúde foram calculados para pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico anterior. O intervalo de tempo foi medido em dias. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os sexos nos atrasos em geral. Todos os atrasos aumentaram na faixa etária mais velha. Os pacientes sem um diagnóstico histopatológico anterior apresentaram o atraso hospitalar mais longo em comparação com os pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico anterior antes do primeiro contato com o centro de câncer. Os pacientes com sarcoma de Ewing apresentaram atrasos no encaminhamento e no sistema de saúde mais longos do que os com osteossarcoma, que apresentaram diagnóstico histopatológico anterior antes do primeiro contato com o centro oncológico. As regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram o atraso mais longo no diagnóstico, ao passo que as regiões Nordeste e Sul apresentaram o atraso mais longo no tratamento. Conclusão: O atraso no sistema de saúde entre os pacientes com diagnóstico anterior foi maior e provavelmente associado ao tempo de encaminhamento para os centros oncológicos. Os pacientes sem um diagnóstico histopatológico anterior apresentaram atrasos mais longos no hospital, o que pode ser associado a possíveis dificuldades com relação à demanda e aos procedimentos de alto custo. Apesar das limitações, nosso estudo ajuda a fornecer um conhecimento inicial sobre os atrasos no sistema de saúde para tratamento de pacientes com câncer em vários hospitais brasileiros. Keywords: Brazil, Diagnosis delay, Treatment delay, Health care system, Bone tumors, Palavras‐chave: Brasil, Atraso no diagnóstico, Atraso no tratamento, Sistema de saúde, Tumores ósseos

BACKGROUND:The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer has been described worldwide. Overdiagnosis, improved imaging, and increased environmental risk factors have contributed to the rising incidence. The objective of this study was to analyze the population incidence rate and trends during the period of 2000-2013 in children, adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in Brazil. METHODS:Data were extracted from 11 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) encompassing the five geographic regions of Brazil. Incidence rates per million in children (0-14) and AYAs (15-39) according to world population were analyzed according to sex, age, and type of carcinoma. Incidence trends were evaluated using joinpoint regression. RESULTS:During 2000 to 2013, we identified 11,081 children and AYAs (0-39 years) with thyroid carcinoma in 11 PBCRs, with an age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) of 42 cases per million. Females had a higher AAIR of 66 cases per million versus 14 cases per million in males. Age-specific incidence rate (ASR) increased with age. Geographic variation was also observed; the Midwest and Southeast regions had the highest ASR in all age groups. The lowest ASR in all age groups was seen in the North region. Papillary subtype was the most common. Overall, the incidence rates in children and AYAs significantly increased from 0.2 in 2000 to 2.8 in 2013 and from 47.1 to 115.3, respectively, with an annual average percent change of 18.8 [8.1; 30.6] for children and 7.9 [CI 5.6; 10.3] for AYAs. CONCLUSIONS:Rates of thyroid cancer, particularly the papillary subtype, are steadily increasing in children and AYAs, especially among females. There are variations among geographic areas. This increased incidence is unlikely to be explained by screening, as children less than 14 years of age do not typically undergo medical surveillance. Environmental risk factors must be investigated.

Pediatric cancer NMR-metabonomics might be a powerful tool to discover modified biochemical pathways in tumor development, improve cancer diagnosis, and, consequently, treatment. Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common kidney tumor in young children whose genetic and epigenetic abnormalities lead to cell metabolism alterations, but, so far, investigation of metabolic pathways in WT is scarce. We aimed to explore the high-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) metabonomics of WT and normal kidney (NK) samples. For this study, 14 WT and 7 NK tissue samples were obtained from the same patients and analyzed. One-dimensional and two-dimensional HR-MAS NMR spectra were processed, and the one-dimensional NMR data were analyzed using chemometrics. Chemometrics enabled us to elucidate the most significant differences between the tumor and normal tissues and to discover intrinsic metabolite alterations in WT. The metabolic differences in WT tissues were revealed by a validated PLS-DA applied on HR-MAS T2-edited 1H-NMR and were assigned to 16 metabolites, such as lipids, glucose, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), among others. The WT compared to NK samples showed 13 metabolites with increased concentrations and 3 metabolites with decreased concentrations. The relative BCAA concentrations were decreased in the WT while lipids, lactate, and glutamine/glutamate showed increased levels. Sixteen tissue metabolites distinguish the analyzed WT samples and point to altered glycolysis, glutaminolysis, TCA cycle, and lipid and BCAA metabolism in WT. Significant variation in the concentrations of metabolites, such as glutamine/glutamate, lipids, lactate, and BCAAs, was observed in WT and opened up a perspective for their further study and clinical validation.

Objective: Approximately 6% of all cancers arise in adolescents and young adults. Currently, the ward type best placed to treat this patient group remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate exactly where adolescents and young adults with cancer are treated in Brazil. Methods: Data were extracted from 271 Brazilian hospital‐based cancer registries (2007–2011), including all five national regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, South, and Southeast). Variables included gender, age, ethnicity, National Code of Health Establishment, hospital unit state, and region. Tumors were classified according to the World Health Organization classification for adolescents and young adults with cancer. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were computed by unconditional logistic regression. Results: Most patients were managed on medical oncology wards, followed by pediatric oncology and then by non‐specialist wards. Of patients aged 15–19 years, 49% were managed on pediatric wards; most of the older patients (96%; aged 20–24) were managed on adult wards. Patients were more likely to be seen in medical oncology wards as their age increased (OR = 2.03 [1.98–2.09]), or if they were based in the South (OR = 1.50 [1.29–1.73]). Conversely, bone tumors were less likely to be treated (decreased OR) on medical oncology wards, regardless of age, gender, and region. Conclusion: An elevated risk of treatment on medical oncology wards was observed for older patients and those treated in the South. Bone tumors were generally treated in pediatric oncology wards, while skin cancers were treated in medical oncology wards, regardless of age, gender, and region. Resumo: Objetivo: Aproximadamente 6% de todos os cânceres surgem em adolescentes e adultos jovens. Atualmente, o melhor tipo de enfermaria para tratar esse grupo de pacientes continua sendo controverso. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar exatamente onde os adolescentes e adultos jovens com câncer são tratados no Brasil. Métodos: Foram coletados dados de 271 registros de câncer de base hospitalar (2007‐2011), inclusive de todas as cinco regiões nacionais (Norte, Nordeste, Centro‐Oeste, Sul e Sudeste). As variáveis incluíram sexo, idade, etnia, o Código Nacional de Estabelecimento de Saúde e o estado e a região da unidade hospitalar. Os tumores foram classificados de acordo com a classificação da Organização Mundial de Saúde para adolescentes e adultos jovens com câncer. As razões de chance com intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculadas por regressão logística incondicional. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi tratada em enfermaria de oncologia médica, seguido da enfermaria de oncologia pediátrica e, então, a enfermaria sem especialidade. 49% dos pacientes entre 15‐19 anos foram tratados em enfermarias pediátricas; os pacientes mais velhos (96%, entre 20‐24) foram tratados em enfermarias de adultos. Os pacientes apresentaram maior propensão a serem vistos em enfermarias de oncologia conforme mais velhos (RC = 2,03 [1,98‐2,09]) ou caso morassem na região Sul (RC = 1,50 [1,29‐1,73]). Por outro lado, os tumores ósseos mostraram menor propensão a tratamento (redução da RC) em enfermarias de oncologia, independentemente da idade, sexo e região. Conclusão: Foi visto um risco elevado de tratamento, em enfermarias de oncologia, de pacientes mais velhos e os tratados na Região Sul. Os tumores ósseos foram, em geral, tratados em enfermarias de oncologia pediátrica, ao passo que os cânceres de pele foram tratados em enfermarias de oncologia médica, independentemente de idade, sexo e região. Keywords: Adolescents and young adults, Cancer, Site of care, Palavras‐chave: Adolescentes e adultos jovens, Câncer, Local de atendimento

Abstract Background Wilms tumor (WT) is a curable pediatric renal malignancy, but there is a need for new molecular biomarkers to improve relapse risk-directed therapy. Somatic alterations occur at relatively low frequencies whereas epigenetic changes at 11p15 are the most common aberration. We analyzed long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) methylation levels in the blastemal component of WT and normal kidney samples to explore their prognostic significance. Results WT samples presented a hypomethylated pattern at all five CpG sites compared to matched normal kidney samples; therefore, the averaged methylation levels of the five CpG sites were used for further analyses. WT presented a hypomethylation profile (median 65.0%, 47.4–73.2%) compared to normal kidney samples (median 71.8%, 51.5–77.5%; p

Objective: The population‐based cancer registries (PBCR) and the Information System on Live Births in Brazil (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos [SINASC]) have information that enables the test for risk factors associated with leukemia at an early age. The aim of this study was to identify maternal and birth characteristics associated with early‐age acute leukemia (EAL) in Brazil. Methods: A case‐cohort study was performed using secondary dataset information of PBCR and SINASC. The risk association variables were grouped into (i) characteristics of the child at birth and (ii) characteristics of maternal exposure during pregnancy. The case–control ratio was 1:4. Linkage was performed using R software; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression models. Results: EAL was associated with maternal occupational exposure to chemicals (agricultural, chemical, and petrochemical industry; adjOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16–4.10) and with birth defects (adjOR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.19–11.00). Conclusions: The results of this study, with the identification of EAL risk factors in population‐based case‐cohort study, strengthen the knowledge and improve databases, contributing to investigations on risk factors associated with childhood leukemia worldwide.

OBJECTIVES: Bone cancers occur frequently in children, adolescents, and young adults aging 15 to 29 years. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the most frequent subtypes in this population. The aim of this study was to describe incidence and mortality trends of bone cancers among Brazilian children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Incidence information was obtained from 23 population-based cancer registries. Mortality data were extracted from the Atlas of Cancer Mortality from 1979 to 2013. Specific and adjusted rates per million were analyzed according to gender, morphology and age at diagnosis. Median rates were used as a measure of central tendency. Joinpoint regression was applied to analyze trends. RESULTS: Median incidence rates were 5.74 and 11.25 cases per million in children and young adults respectively. Osteosarcoma in the 15-19 years aged group had the highest incidence rates. Stable incidence rates were observed among five registries in 0-14 year's age group. Four registries had a decreased incidence trend among adolescents and young adults. Median mortality rates were 1.22 and 5.07 deaths per million in children and young adults respectively. Increased mortality was observed on the North and Northeast regions. Decreased mortality trends were seen in the South (children) and Southeast (adolescents and young adults). CONCLUSION: Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma are the most incident bone cancers in all Brazilian regions. Bone cancers showed incidence and mortality patterns variation within the geographic regions and across age groups, although not significant. Despite limitations, it is crucial to monitor cancer epidemiology trends across geographic Brazilian regions.

Abstract Cafe-au-lait maculae (CALM) are frequently observed in humans, and usually are present as a solitary spot. Multiple CALMs are present in a smaller fraction of the population and are usually associated with other congenital anomalies as part of many syndromes. Most of these syndromes carry an increased risk of cancer development. Previous studies have indicated that minor congenital anomalies may be more prevalent in children with cancer. We investigated the prevalence of CALMs in two samples of Brazilian patients with childhood solid tumors, totaling 307 individuals. Additionally, 176 school children without diagnosis of cancer, or of a cancer predisposing syndrome, were investigated for the presence of CALMs. The prevalence of solitary CALM was similar in both study groups (18% and 19%) and also in the group of children without cancer. Multiple CALMs were more frequently observed in one of the study groups (Z = 2.1). However, when both groups were analyzed together, the significance disappeared (Z = 1.5). The additional morphological abnormalities in children with multiple CALMs were analyzed and compared to the findings observed in the literature. The nosologic entities associated with CALMs are reviewed.

To identify underlying mechanisms involved with metastasis formation in Wilms tumors (WTs), we performed comprehensive DNA methylation and gene expression analyses of matched normal kidney (NK), WT blastemal component, and metastatic tissues (MT) from patients treated under SIOP 2001 protocol. A linear Bayesian framework model identified 497 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) between groups that discriminated NK from WT, but MT samples were divided in two groups. Accordingly, methylation variance grouped NK and three MT samples tightly together and all WT with four MT samples that showed high variability. WT were hypomethylated compared to NK, and MT had a hypermethylated pattern compared to both groups. The methylation patterns were in agreement with methylases and demethylases expression. Methylation data pointed to the existence of two groups of metastases. While hierarchical clustering analysis based on the expression of all 2569 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) discriminated WT and MT from all NK samples, the hierarchical clustering based on the expression of 44 genes with a differentially methylated region (DMR) located in their promoter region revealed two groups: one containing all NKs and three MTs and one containing all WT and four MTs. Methylation changes might be controlling expression of genes associated with WT progression. The 44 genes are candidates to be further explored as a signature for metastasis formation in WT.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood cancer mortality has substantially declined worldwide as a result of significant advances in global cancer care. Because limited information is available in Brazil, we analyzed trends in childhood cancer mortality in five Brazilian regions over 29 years. METHODS: Data from children 0-14 years old were extracted from the Health Mortality Information System for 1979 through 2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates, crude mortality rates, and age-specific mortality rates by geographic region of Brazil and for the entire country were analyzed for all cancers and leukemia. Mortality trends were evaluated for all childhood cancers and leukemia using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality declined significantly for the entire period (1979-2008) for children with leukemia. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined in the South and Southeast, remained stable in the Middle West, and increased in the North and Northeast. Although the mortality rates did not unilaterally decrease in all regions, the age-adjusted mortality rates were relatively similar among the five Brazilian regions from 2006-2008. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood cancer mortality declined 1.2 to 1.6% per year in the South and Southeast regions.

BACKGROUND:Several maternal and birth characteristics have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of many childhood cancers. Our goal was to evaluate the risk of childhood embryonal solid tumors in relation to pre- and perinatal characteristics. METHODS:A case-cohort study was performed using two population-based datasets, which were linked through R software. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS) or non-CNS-embryonal (retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, renal tumors, germ cell tumors, hepatoblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma). Children aged

A histiocitose de células de Langerhans pode apresentar-se de diversas formas clínicas. Neste trabalho, os autores relatam caso de menino de três anos de idade com queixa de otite média crônca e tumoração na região da mastóide direita. O exame anatomopatológico revelou histiocitose. O paciente apresentava dermatite importante no couro cabeludo e alterações distróficas com onicólise, pústulas e deformidades ungueais nos dedos das mãos e pés. As lesões responderam à terapia antineoplásica. O aparecimento de lesões distróficas ungueais na histiocitose de células de Langerhans é raro em crianças. Esse caso clínico sugere que o tratamento com terapia antineoplásica pode ser eficaz.Langerhans cell histiocytosis may appear in a variety of ways. The authors present the case report of a 3-year-old white boy with a main complaint about chronic media otitis and a tumor lesion in right mastoid bone. Pathology revealed histiocytosis. The patient had severe dermatitis on the scalp and dystrophic changes with onycholysis, pustules, and nail plate deformity underneath all fingernails and toenails. These lesions responded to antineoplastic therapy. Development of nail dystrophics in Langerhans cell histiocytosis is unusual in children. This case suggests that treatment with antineoplastic therapy might be effective.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar os principais sinais e sintomas do retinoblastoma e determinar o tempo médio entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, com revisão dos prontuários das crianças diagnosticadas com retinoblastoma entre janeiro de 1991 e junho de 2000 no Departamento de Pediatria do Hospital do Câncer de São Paulo. Análise estatística: teste t de Student, análise e variância, teste de Tukey-HSD (honest significant differences), teste de Levene, análise de regressão linear, curva ROC, regressão logística e análise de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Foram revisados 327 prontuários, sendo 171 pacientes do sexo masculino. A idade média foi de 25 meses. Doença localizada foi verificada em 269 pacientes. Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram leucocoria (79%), estrabismo (10,7%) e tumoração (3,4%). O tempo médio de queixa foi de 5,8 meses. Pacientes maiores de 2 anos de idade apresentaram maior tempo de queixa em relação aos lactentes (7,2 meses versus 4,7 meses; p = 0,001). Pacientes com estrabismo tiveram maior tempo de queixa (8,8 meses) em comparação com pacientes com tumoração (2,3 meses) ou leucocoria (5,6 meses) (p = 0,014). Pacientes com doença metastática apresentaram maior tempo de queixa (10,6 meses; p < 0,001). O tempo de queixa foi influenciado por doença avançada (OR = 3,25/IC = 1,61:6,55), metastática (OR = 3,52/IC = 1,21:10,21) e estrabismo (OR = 2,84/IC = 1,36:5,92). A sobrevida global em 5 anos foi maior entre os pacientes com doença localizada (94,6%; p < 0,001) e entre os pacientes com tempo de queixa menor que 6 meses (91%) em comparação com os pacientes com tempo de queixa maior que 6 meses (78%) (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os sinais e sintomas mais freqüentes de retinoblastoma foram leucocoria, estrabismo e tumoração. O tempo médio de queixa foi de 5,8 meses. Estrabismo e doença avançada foram associados a maior tempo de queixa. Pacientes com doença avançada e com tempo de queixa maior que 6 meses tiveram pior prognóstico.OBJECTIVES: To identify the main symptoms of retinoblastoma and to determine the mean time between symptom onset and diagnosis (lag time). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analysis of the patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma between January 1991 and June 2000, at the Pediatric Department of the Hospital do Câncer, São Paulo, Brazil. Statistical analyses performed were: Student's t test, ANOVA, Tukey-HSD test (honest significant differences), Levene's test, multiple regression, ROC curve, logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier, and log rank. RESULTS: 327 medical records (171 males) were reviewed. The mean age was 25 months. Localized disease was identified in 269 patients. The most frequent symptoms were leukocoria (79%), strabismus (10.7%) and tumor mass (3.4%). Mean lag time was 5.8 months. Patients older than 2 years old had longer lag time in comparison to infants (7.2 vs 4.7 months; p = 0.001). Lag time was longer among patients with strabismus (8.8 months) in comparison to patients with tumor mass (2.3 months) and leukocoria (5.6 months); p = 0.014. Patients with metastatic disease had longer lag time (10.6 months; p < 0.001). Lag time was influenced by advanced disease (OR = 3.25/CI = 1.61:6.55), metastatic disease (OR=3.52/ CI = 1.21:10.21) and strabismus (OR = 2.84/IC = 1.36:5.92). Five-year overall survival rates were higher among patients with localized disease (94.6% ) and among patients with lag time less than 6 months (91%), in comparison to patients with longer lag time (78%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Most frequent symptoms of retinoblastoma were leukocoria, strabismus and tumor mass. Mean lag time was 5.8 months. Strabismus and advanced disease were associated to longer lag time. Patients with advanced disease and lag time longer than 6 months had worse prognosis.

Proposta: A proposta desse estudo é a análise retrospectiva dos pacientes com diagnóstico de tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo (PNET), admitidos no Departamento de Pediatria do Hospital do Câncer no periodo de 1989 a 1996. Pacienttes e métodos: Todos os 13 pacientes portadores de PNET foram analisados retrospectivamente utilizando uma ficha para obtenção dos dados epidemiológicos clínicos, terapêuticos e seguimento de cada paciente. Resultados: A cirurgia foi a primeira abordagem terapêutica em 2 pacientes. Quimioterapia foi administrada em 12 pacientes e radioterapia em 2. Dos 13 pacientes 5 estão vivos em seguimento médio de 48 meses após o término do tratamento. Conclusão: A análise dos 13 pacientes com PNET e revisão da literatura demonstram a agressividade desse tumor. Devido a raridade dessa patologia, estudos multiinstitucionais, podem ter papel importante para análise de fatores prognósticos e consequente abordagem terapêutica.

Foi testada a atividade miraxonal da água de condicionamento (SCW) e da hemolinfa de Biomphalaria glabrata e de B. tenagophila frente a miracídios de Schistosoma mansoni das linhagens BH e SJ. Foram pesquisados e isolados alguns componentes de SCW. Com os componentes isolados de SCW e com a hemolinfa foram preparados blocos de ágar. Esses blocos, assim preparados, foram colocados frente a miracídios de S. mansoni para avaliação da atividade miraxonal. Foram detectadas diferenças entre a ação miraxonal da hemolinfa e das substâncias isoladas de SCW. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os efeitos miraxonais das duas espécies de moluscos pesquisados frente a miracídios das linhagens BH e SJ.Several substances isolated from SCW (snail conditioned water and from snail hemolymph were tested for a possible chemiotaxic effect on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. Two strains of miracidia were considered (SJ and BH). Agar plates prepared with one of the substances were exposed to sixty miracidia for five minutes. The number of contacts and contacts with return were counted. Ten replications were made. Eight types (and four sub types) of agar plates were prepared: normal water (control), SCW (Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila), hemolymph (B. glabrata and B. tenagophila) and amonia, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Log-linear models were fitted to the data to study the proportions of attraction to each substance and to compare them. Any possible differences in proportions of attraction between the two S. mansoni strains were tested.

Abstract Objective: The population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and the Information System on Live Births in Brazil (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos [SINASC]) have information that enables the test for risk factors associated with leukemia at an early age. The aim of this study was to identify maternal and birth characteristics associated with early-age acute leukemia (EAL) in Brazil. Methods: A case-cohort study was performed using secondary dataset information of PBCR and SINASC. The risk association variables were grouped into (i) characteristics of the child at birth and (ii) characteristics of maternal exposure during pregnancy. The case-control ratio was 1:4. Linkage was performed using R software; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression models. Results: EAL was associated with maternal occupational exposure to chemicals (agricultural, chemical, and petrochemical industry; adjOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16-4.10) and with birth defects (adjOR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.19-11.00). Conclusions: The results of this study, with the identification of EAL risk factors in population-based case-cohort study, strengthen the knowledge and improve databases, contributing to investigations on risk factors associated with childhood leukemia worldwide.

Wilms' tumor is one of the most common solid tumors in children and is an interesting model for understanding the pathogenesis of embryonal tumors. Cytokeratins are intracellular fibrous proteins present in tissue of epithelial origin. The immunoexpression of the pan-cytokeratin AE1AE3 was studied in paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 24 Wilms' tumors (12 with nephrogenic rests) and also tissue samples from 15 corresponding normal kidneys, to evaluate epithelial differentiation in the genesis of Wilms' tumor. We observed that the intensity of the expression of AE1AE3 in the epithelial component of Wilms' tumors directly correlated with the degree of maturity of the epithelial structures correspondent to the collecting ducts.