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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused ethical challenges and dilemmas in care decisions colliding with nurses’ ethical values. This study sought to understand the perceptions and ethical conflicts faced by nurses working on the frontline during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the main coping strategies. A qualitative phenomenological study was carried out following Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. The theoretical sample included 14 nurses from inpatient and intensive care units during the first and second waves of the pandemic. An interview script was used to guide the interviews. Data were analyzed following Giorgi’s phenomenological method using Atlas-Ti software. Two themes were identified: (1) ethical conflicts on a personal and professional level; and (2) coping strategies (active and autonomous learning, peer support and teamwork, catharsis, focusing on care, accepting the pandemic as just another work situation, forgetting the bad situations, valuing the positive reinforcement, and humanizing the situation). The strong professional commitment, teamwork, humanization of care, and continuous education have helped nurses to deal with ethical conflicts. It is necessary to address ethical conflicts and provide psychological and emotional support for nurses who have experienced personal and professional ethical conflicts during COVID-19.

Individualising the provided care is mandatory in nursing and is essential in clinical practice. Therefore, there is a need to develop accurate instruments to evaluate the quality of care. Moreover, there is no validated instrument to assess nurses' views of individualised care in Spanish-speaking countries.To assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Individualised Care Scale-Nurse.A cross-sectional study including 108 nursing professionals (40.84 ± 9.51 years old, 86.1% female) was used to validate the Spanish Individualised Care Scale-Nurse version. A forward-back translation method with an expert panel and a cross-sectional study was used for transcultural adaptation and psychometric validation purposes. Psychometric properties of feasibility, reliability and validity were assessed. Construct validity was examined through a confirmatory factor analysis and fit indices of the overall model were computed. Internal consistency was explored through McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha coefficients among other correlation measures.The back-translation concluded both Spanish and English Individualised Care Scale-Nurse versions to be equivalent. The original structure of the Individualised Care Scale-Nurse was verified in the Spanish version through the confirmatory factor analysis (factor loadings0.3; acceptable fit indices: SRMR ≈ 0.08, CFI ≈ 0.9, RMSEA ≈ 0.09 after posteriori modifications). McDonald's omega exceeded 0.7 for both subscales and complete scales revealing an adequate internal consistency.The Spanish version of the Individualised Care Scale-Nurse has exhibited good properties of homogeneity and construct validity for its use in practice and research in health care systems.

Fundamentals: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can reduce gambling behavior and other symptoms of pathological gambling. Aim: To synthesize and analyze the evidence on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions to improve the quality of life of people with pathological gambling. Methodology: Systematic review with a narrative synthesis of clinical trials published in English and Spanish in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library Plus, PsycoInfo, and ProQuest of articles until January 2020 that will analyze this phenomenon. The PRISMA Declaration was followed and the quality of the articles was analyzed with the Jadad scale. Results: 1233 articles were found, including nine in the review. Two studies confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions for improving the quality of life in people with pathological gambling. In addition, these interventions improved depression, anxiety, the amount of money played, and reduced alcohol consumption and the gambling diagnosis score, which had an impact on improving the quality of life. Cognitive behavioral interventions were more effective when it was supported by a manual or when were combined with Mindfulness or Player Anonymous sessions. Having better long-term results in these cases. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral-based interventions can improve the quality of life of people with pathological gambling and other psychological variables without being its immediate effect. Future research should analyze whether they are more efficacy online or in person, individually, or in groups, and the number of sessions required for their effects to last over time. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

BACKGROUND The use of electronic devices to promote physical activity (PA) offers a unique opportunity to engage parents and children in healthy lifestyles. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this qualitative systematic review is to increase the understanding of parents’ perceptions about electronic device-based PA interventions with children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic search in electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, OpenGrey, and Deep Blue) was conducted from the period of 2010 to May 2022 for qualitative studies about healthy children and adolescents, aged 2-17 years old, about their parents’ perceptions of PA interventions performed on electronic devices, according to the Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Series and the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ). The JBI Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-QARI) was used for methodological validity. RESULTS Eighteen studies, 410 parents, were included. Parents’ perceptions were grouped into five categories: usefulness, advantages, acceptability, general perceptions, and important features. Parents perceived electronic devices as useful for increasing PA and the learning of skills, to increase motivation, and family or peer bonding. Concerns such as physical and psychological damage, addiction, conflicts, difficulties in compliance were found. CONCLUSIONS Overall, parents perceived that PA electronic devices could be an effective way to promote PA and preferred physically active games over passive ones. Important features were the ease of use, appropriate feedback, promotion of socialization, and motivating strategies such as rewards, challenges, and appealing appearance. CLINICALTRIAL Prospero Registration: CRD42021292340.

Breastfeeding is a complex process influenced by different personal and social factors which will determine both the initiation and the resilience for its maintenance. The aim is to identify the beliefs and expectations of mothers concerning breastfeeding to determine the perception of their self-efficacy and the influence on the management of their babies’ feeding. A qualitative study through semi-structured interviews was carried out. The sample size was defined by the saturation criteria. Twenty-two women participated, eleven were from an urban environment and eleven were from a rural environment. Mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding, their expectations of that process, their experience, and their strategies for overcoming problems associated with initiating, establishing, and continuing breastfeeding were influenced by the role of nurses and midwives in supporting their perception of self-efficacy. Likewise, maternity policies are important for the continuance of exclusive breastfeeding. This study shows the complexity of the initiation and establishment of breastfeeding and the existence of several social factors surrounding these moments. Furthermore, it demonstrates the importance and reference of nurses and midwives and the role of State maternity policies.

BackgroundIn most trials and systematic reviews that evaluate exercise-based interventions in reducing depressive symptoms, it is difficult to separate treatment from prevention.AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of exercise-based interventions in reducing depressive symptoms in people without clinical depression.MethodWe searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, WOS, SPORTDiscus, CENTRAL, OpenGrey and other sources up to 25 May 2020. We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared exclusively exercise-based interventions with control groups, enrolling participants without clinical depression, as measured using validated instruments, and whose outcome was reduction of depressive symptoms and/or incidence of new cases of people with depression. Pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effect models (registration at PROSPERO: CRD42017055726).ResultsA total of 14 RCTs (18 comparisons) evaluated 1737 adults without clinical depression from eight countries and four continents. The pooled SMD was −0.34 (95% CI −0.51 to −0.17; P < 0.001) and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of this result. We found no statistical evidence of publication bias and heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 54%; 95% CI 22–73%). Only two RCTs had an overall low risk of bias and three had long-term follow-up. Multivariate meta-regression found that a larger sample size, country (Asia) and selective prevention (i.e. people exposed to risk factors for depression) were associated with lower effectiveness, although only sample size remained significant when adjustment for multiple tests was considered. According to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool, the quality of evidence was low.ConclusionsExercise-based interventions have a small effect on the reduction of depressive symptoms in people without clinical depression. It could be an alternative to or complement psychological programmes, although further higher-quality trials with larger samples and long-term follow-up are needed.

Background Clinical guidelines are integral to a general practitioner’s decision to refer a paediatric patient to emergency care. The influence of non-clinical factors must also be considered. This review explores the non-clinical factors that may influence general practitioners (GPs) when deciding whether or not to refer a paediatric patient to the Emergency Department (ED). Methods A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published from August 1980 to July 2019 was conducted to explore the non-clinical factors that influence GPs’ decision-making in referring paediatric patients to the emergency department. The results were synthesised using a narrative approach. Results Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Non-clinical factors relating to patients, GPs and health systems influence GPs decision to refer children to the ED. GPs reported parents/ caregivers influence, including their perception of severity of child’s illness, parent’s request for onward referral and GPs’ appraisal of parents’ ability to cope. Socio-economic status, GPs’ aversion to risk and system level factors such as access to diagnostics and specialist services also influenced referral decisions. Conclusions A myriad of non-clinical factors influence GP referrals of children to the ED. Further research on the impact of non-clinical factors on clinical decision-making can help to elucidate patterns and trends of paediatric healthcare and identify areas for intervention to utilise resources efficiently and improve healthcare delivery.

The relationship between maternal gingival health status and low birth weight or preterm delivery is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between maternal oral knowledge and the level of oral health during pregnancy with the risk of obstetric complications and breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted after an oral health educational intervention in a consecutive sample of 97 pregnant women. Data collection consisted of a validated questionnaire, oral examination, the Caries Index (CAOD) and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (IHOS). The participants had a mean age of 32.5 ± 5.19 years and a predominantly university education (57.1%). The level of knowledge regarding oral health was fair (12.5 ± 3.56 correct answers). Older pregnant women (33.0 ± 4.80 years) practiced breastfeeding and had a higher number of correct answers to the questionnaire. Adequate IHOS was associated with higher birth-weight newborns (3333 ± 0.3), whereas poor oral hygiene control was associated with lower birth-weight newborns (2960 ± 0.1) (p < 0.05). A lower level of academic education was associated with worse oral hygiene (p < 0.05). In addition, the greater the number of children, the higher the CAOD. Finally, among non-smoking women, the weight of infants was 437 mg higher. Maternal oral hygiene and the week of delivery were associated with newborn weight (p < 0.05) in a multiple linear regression model. Smoking was also related to low birth weight (p < 0.05). Educational interventions in pregnancy are necessary to decrease the incidence of obstetric adverse effects and improve the oral health of mothers and their children.

This study is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, and the European Regional Development Fund << Una manera de hacer Europa >> (grant FIS references: PI15/00401; PI15/01021; PI15/01035) and the Andalusian Council of Health (grant reference: AP-00952016); as well as by the Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network `redIAPP' (RD12/0005 and RD16/0007)., The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity in the primary prevention of anxiety. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. RCTs were searched in seven electronic databases. We included RCTs that assessed either the incidence of anxiety or the reduction of anxiety symptoms which excluded participants with baseline anxiety. Measurements were required to have been made using validated instruments. Objective or subjective (with validated questionnaires) verification of the performance of physical activity was required. Three reviewers carried out the search, selection, data extraction, and risk assessment of Cochrane Collaboration's tool simultaneously and independently, reaching an agreement in their discrepancies by consensus. In addition, a meta-analysis of fixed-effects model was carried out. Three RCTs met inclusion criteria, comprising 350 patients from 3 different countries. A meta-analysis was performed using five comparisons extracted from the selected studies, and the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) was -0.18 (95% CI: -0.44; 0.07), p = 0.158. The heterogeneity was irrelevant, I-2 = 17.7% (p = 0.30). There is no evidence that anxiety can be prevented through physical activity, although the quality of evidence was very low., Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Government Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund "Una manera de hacer Europa" PI15/00401 PI15/01021 PI15/01035, Andalusian Council of Health AP-00952016, Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network 'redIAPP' RD12/0005 RD16/0007

To understand the perceptions of National Health System nurses who have been working on the frontline of the psychological impact of caring for people with COVID-19 during the first and second waves. Methods A qualitative study, the design and analysis of which was based on phenomenology. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was administered to a sample of nurses who worked on the frontline in public hospitals in Extremadura and Madrid, Spain. The interviews, which followed a script including various topics, were conducted between May and November 2020 so as to include the experiences of the first and second waves of the pandemic. Sample collection continued until data saturation. The data were analysed following the phenomenological method of Giorgi with the help of the Atlas-Ti software. Results Two main themes emerged from the data analysis that explained the nurses' perceptions: (i) the main psychological repercussions of being frontline carers (anxiety, fear, stress, impotence, frustration, and an increase in obsessions and obsessive behaviours) and (ii) psychological coping strategies (collapse in the face of the situation, dissociative amnesia, leaning on colleagues and working as a team, resigning oneself, perceiving the situation as a war, and being aware of psychological repercussions). Discussion Caring as the first line causes great psychological repercussions for nurses. It is necessary to implement psychological and emotional support programmes to address the post-traumatic stress that nurses can suffer. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Purpose To explore the behavior of parents, with and without health training, seeking care from emergency services due to their child's fever. Design and setting A qualitative study based on Grounded Theory using a triangulated sample (theoretical sampling and snowball sampling) of parents of children 0 to 12 years old who received care for fever in the emergency primary care services of two Spanish municipalities. Methods Data saturation was achieved after eight focus groups segmented by gender, place of residence, and education (57 participants). Data analysis followed the constant comparative method and coding process. Findings The parents attended the emergency department when fever was high or persistent and to determine the cause. The reasons for avoiding the emergency department differed; whereas the health professional parents avoided consulting other colleagues as they felt questioned, for parents who were not healthcare professionals, there was a fear of acquiring an infection. Conclusions Parents' search for healthcare differs according to their background and education. Clinical relevance These results provide key information for the design of care plans to improve health care and patient satisfaction.

This study was a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. The aim was to explore parents' and primary caregivers' knowledge and conceptualizations of fever in children aged between 0 and 12 years. A systematic literature search of the Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, BIREME, CUIDEN, ProQuest, and PsycINFO databases was undertaken for qualitative studies published in English or Spanish up to December 2018. Ten studies were included in the thematic synthesis. Parents' perceptions of their children's fever were classified according to three criteria: fever as a pathology, care for the febrile child, and the search for understandable and reliable information on this topic. Fever was perceived as being harmful to children's health and as a pathology that requires health care. Further studies are necessary to gather key information for improving health action plans and satisfaction with the care received. This information might help us to understand the management of fever and the related fears experienced by caregivers. These perceptions can be influenced by parents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on fever and their previous experiences.

Being overweight is associated with pregnancy-related disorders such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and excessive maternal weight gain (MWG). Exercise and metformin reduce the risk of these disorders. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aims to compare the effect of metformin and different types of exercise (aerobic, resistance and combined) on the risk of GDM, HDP, and MWG among overweight/obese pregnant women. Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to June 2021. Meta-analyses and NMAs were performed. Sixteen randomized controlled trials were included. In the NMA, aerobic exercise showed an effect on GDM (RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.97), and metformin a reduction in MWG (MWG = −2.93 kg, 95% CI = −4.98, −0.87). No intervention showed any effect on the reduction of HDP. Our study suggests that aerobic exercise may have the greatest effect in reducing the risk of GDM, and perhaps, the MWG. Strategies should be developed to increase adherence to this type of intervention among overweight women without contraindications. Although metformin could reduce MWG, medicalization of pregnancy in healthy women is not justified with the present results. More research is needed on the effect of the intensity and frequency of exercise sessions and the length of interventions.

Background: The fat but fit paradigm originally argues that the detrimental influence of obesity on cardiovascular risk and mortality could be counterbalanced by normal to high cardiorespiratory fi...

Given that physical activity (PA) plays an important role in early childhood, understanding the factors that affect the practice of PA at an early age could help develop effective strategies for overcoming barriers and increasing activity levels in this age group. A qualitative study was conducted based on grounded theory aimed at exploring the perceptions of mothers and fathers from Cuenca and Ciudad Real (Castilla La Mancha, Spain) regarding barriers and facilitators of physical activity of their children during the adiposity rebound period. Data were collected using focus groups involving 46 parents of children in the 3rd grade of pre-school and 1st grade of elementary school. During the analysis, the socio-ecological model and grounded theory were used. The barriers encountered were the preferences of children for sedentary activities (individual factors), academic tasks as a main priority of parents, the influence of older siblings and the unfavorable school environment (microsystem), the lack of family conciliation (mesosystem), and barriers related to the built environment or lack of facilities for physical activity (exosystem). Facilitators were the preferences for active games (individual factors), parental models including the co-participation of parents in activities, the influence of friends, living in large homes, the support provided by teachers and the school (microsystem), living in rural areas, having sufficient facilities, favorable weather conditions (exosystem), and the existence of free or subsidized activities (macro system). Programs aimed at promoting PA in early childhood should include strategies that address contextual factors and not only focus on individual factors related to the child.

Caring for people with COVID-19 on the front line has psychological impacts for healthcare professionals. Despite the important psychological impacts of the pandemic on nurses, the qualitative evidence on this topic has not been synthesized. Our objective: To analyze and synthesize qualitative studies that investigate the perceptions of nurses about the psychological impacts of treating hospitalized people with COVID-19 on the front line. A systematic review of qualitative studies published in English or Spanish up to March 2021 was carried out in the following databases: The Cochrane Library, Medline (Pubmed), PsycINFO, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and CINHAL. The PRISMA statement and the Cochrane recommendations for qualitative evidence synthesis were followed. Results: The main psychological impacts of caring for people with COVID-19 perceived by nurses working on the front line were fear, anxiety, stress, social isolation, depressive symptoms, uncertainty, and frustration. The fear of infecting family members or being infected was the main repercussion perceived by the nurses. Other negative impacts that this review added and that nurses suffer as the COVID-19 pandemic progress were anger, obsessive thoughts, compulsivity, introversion, apprehension, impotence, alteration of space-time perception, somatization, and feeling of betrayal. Resilience was a coping tool used by nurses. Conclusions: Front line care for people with COVID-19 causes fear, anxiety, stress, social isolation, depressive symptoms, uncertainty, frustration, anger, obsessive thoughts, compulsivity, introversion, apprehension, impotence, alteration of space-time perception, somatization, and feeling of betrayal in nurses. It is necessary to provide front line nurses with the necessary support to reduce the psychological impact derived from caring for people with COVID-19, improve training programs for future pandemics, and analyze the long-term impacts. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Objetivo: Comprender a qué modelos teóricos se ajusta la práctica actual de la prevención primaria ypromoción de la salud en atención primaria de salud en diferentes centros de salud de siete comunidadesautónomas de España, según los/las profesionales de distintas disciplinas de este ámbito asistencial. Método: Investigación cualitativa descriptiva en la que participaron 145 profesionales de 14 centros desalud de siete comunidades autónomas de España. El muestreo fue teórico. Se realizaron 14 grupos dediscusión. El análisis de datos se realizó siguiendo procedimientos del análisis de contenido temático y de acuerdo con siete modelos teóricos de promoción de la salud a nivel micro, meso y macro. Resultados: Las prácticas de los profesionales de los centros participantes en relación con las actividadesde prevención primaria y promoción de la salud se adhieren principalmente a modelos intrapersonales, centrándose en ayudar a que las personas se empoderen aumentando la conciencia de riesgo y de los beneficios del cambio en los comportamientos, y guiándolas en la implementación de un comportamientosaludable. Algunos/as profesionales realizan actividades que encajan en modelos interpersonales, implicando a la familia y al propio profesional en las estrategias. Solo en algunos casos las prácticas actualesencajan en modelos comunitarios de promoción de la salud. Conclusiones: Las prácticas de prevención primaria y promoción de la salud de los profesionales de atención primaria siguen principalmente modelos intrapersonales, en algunos casos modelos interpersonalesy más puntualmente modelos comunitarios. Es necesario potenciar la participación de la ciudadanía y laorientación comunitaria de los servicios de atención primaria de salud. Objective: To understand which theoretical models apply to current primary care practice of primary prevention and health promotion in a sample of primary health centres of seven autonomous regions in Spain according to the various professionals involved. Method: Descriptive qualitative research with the participation of 145 professionals from 14 primary health centres of seven autonomous regions in Spain. Theoretical sampling was used and 14 discussion groups were carried out. Data analysis followed thematic contents analysis procedures and was based on seven health promotion theoretical models at micro-, meso- and macro-level. Results: Current practice of primary prevention and health promotion activities mainly follow intrapersonal models, which focus on assisting the empowerment of patients by means of raising awareness of risk and benefits of behavioural change and on guiding the adoption of the new healthy behaviour. To a lesser degree, the activities of some professionals adhere to interpersonal models, which involve also the family and the health professional. In only a few instances community models of health promotion were used. Conclusions: Primary prevention and health promotion practice of primary healthcare professionals follow mainly intrapersonal models, few cases use interpersonal models and community models are only occasionally employed. Advance of public participation and community orientation in primary healthcare services is needed.

The aim of this meta-ethnographic study was to analyze parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to physical activity in children. Facilitators were the benefits of physical activity, modeling, participation, children’s preferences, and factors supporting active transport. Barriers were quantifying the physical activity, parents’ lack of time, the cost of activities, bad weather, traffic, long distances, and the lack of facilities and safety. The level of physical activity does not depend exclusively on individual factors related to the child; rather, barriers and facilitators are influenced by the social and school context and the physical and built environment. It is important that school nurses understand these contextual factors, so that they can take these into consideration when designing their intervention programs.

There is no clear evidence on the maximum level of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCOSystematic review, with narrative synthesis of the results, of primary studies published in English or Spanish was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, Proquest, Scopus, Cochrane, ÍnDICEs CSIC and CUIDEN of studies that analyse the usefulness of monitoring of the level of ETCO1,011 studies were found, eight of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The studies reported an association between the abrupt increase in ETCOETCONo existe evidencia robusta sobre el nivel máximo de dióxido de carbono al final de la espiración (ETCORevisión sistemática, con síntesis narrativa de los resultados, de artículos primarios publicados en inglés o castellano en Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, Proquest, Scopus, Cochrane, ÍnDICEs CSIC y CUIDEN que analizaran la utilidad de la monitorización de los niveles de ETCO1.011 fueron encontrados, cumpliendo ocho los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios reportaron una asociación entre el aumento abrupto de ETCOLos valores de ETCO

El objetivo de este libro es visibilizar y analizar experiencias de buenas prácticas en la aplicación de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje en la docencia colaborativa universitaria que ayuden a otros docentes a planificar, gestionar y evaluar las actividades docentes en estos entornos con cierto éxito. Las Tecnologías de Información y Co-municación (TIC) están integradas en nuestra rutina cotidiana cambiando nuestra cotidianeidad y el proceso de aprendizaje. Así, las TIC, han ayudado a la transición del paradigma del docente como transmisor de conocimientos, a un modelo en el que el alumnado es el protagonista de su proceso de aprendi-zaje. En este proceso, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje, como Campus Virtual, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Blogs, Wikis…, han sido de gran ayuda, siendo además un gran recurso para el aprendizaje colaborativo.

Introduccion: Las mujeres afrontan la maternidad como un reto al que deben adaptarse para conseguir el mejor estado de salud posible para ellas y sus hijos en un ambiente sanitario altamente medicalizado y dentro de una sociedad que establece un ideal de maternidad que condiciona sus experiencias sin tener en cuenta sus expectativas. Objetivos: conocer las expectativas que tienen las mujeres a cerca de la maternidad y la lactancia y la importancia de una aproximacion cualitativa que permita conocer su realidad y mejorar la atencion sociosanitaria que reciben. Metodos: Se realizara una aproximacion fenomenologica con entrevistas semiestructuradas para la recopilacion de datos analizados por triangulacion a traves de un analisis tematico con el software Atlas.Ti 8.3. Discusion: Parece necesario considerar la investigacion cualitativa como la forma adecuada de aproximacion para conocer aquellos aspectos que las mujeres consideren mas importantes respecto a su maternidad. Conclusiones: La investigacion cualitativa nos aporta el conocimiento cientifico adecuado que pueda dar soporte a las necesidades sociosanitarias de las mujeres durante su maternidad, situando a las mismas en el centro del proceso, para devolverle el protagonismo de una experiencia tan personal.

Introducción: Las mujeres afrontan la maternidad como un reto al que deben adaptarse para conseguir el mejor estado de salud posible para ellas y sus hijos en un ambiente sanitario altamente medicalizado y dentro de una sociedad que establece un ideal de maternidad que condiciona sus experiencias sin tener en cuenta sus expectativas. Objetivos: conocer las expectativas que tienen las mujeres a cerca de la maternidad y la lactancia y la importancia de una aproximación cualitativa que permita conocer su realidad y mejorar la atención sociosanitaria que reciben. Métodos: Se realizará una aproximación fenomenológica con entrevistas semiestructuradas para la recopilación de datos analizados por triangulación a través de un análisis temático con el software Atlas.Ti 8.3. Discusión: Parece necesario considerar la investigación cualitativa como la forma adecuada de aproximación para conocer aquellos aspectos que las mujeres consideren más importantes respecto a su maternidad. Conclusiones: La investigación cualitativa nos aporta el conocimiento científico adecuado que pueda dar soporte a las necesidades sociosanitarias de las mujeres durante su maternidad, situando a las mismas en el centro del proceso, para devolverle el protagonismo de una experiencia tan personal.

Despite the benefits of engaging in physical activity during their leisure time, children do not meet the recommendations on physical activity. Following the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, the aim of this study was to determine the barriers and facilitators that influence physical activity participation in children&rsquo, s leisure time. Data collection was conducted through focus groups and individual drawings in a sample of 98 eight- to eleven-year-olds from six schools in Cuenca (Spain). Following the socio-ecological model, individual characteristics (age and sex), as well as the microsystem (parents and friends), mesosystem (timing and out-of-school schedule) and exosystem (safety and weather) influence physical activity participation. The relationships between these levels of the socio-ecological model reveal that opportunities for leisure physical activity are determined by children&rsquo, s schedules. This schedule is negotiated by the family and is influenced by parents&rsquo, worries and necessities. This is the main barrier to physical activity participation due to the creation of more restrictive, sedentary schedules, especially for girls. Our results show the elements required to develop successful strategies to increase physical activity opportunities, namely, focusing on giving children the opportunity to choose activities, raising parents&rsquo, awareness of the importance of physical activity and improving the perceived safety of parks, taking into consideration the gender perspective.

AIM To analyse and integrate the existing literature on nurses' perceptions regarding factors associated with the provision of individualized care in hospital contexts. BACKGROUND Individualized care considers the personal characteristics of patients and promotes their participation in decision-making. The application of individualized care is not standardized among professionals. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Indice Medico Espanol, CUIDEN, ProQuest, PsycoINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library, for studies published in English or Spanish analysing nurses' perceptions on factors associated with the provision of individualized care. RESULTS A total of 6,330 articles were retrieved, of which 13 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The provision of individualized care was influenced by the nurses' personal characteristics (academic training, being a specialist, age, professional experience, personal motivation, empathy and culture) and by organisational factors (staff ratio, routinization and standardization of care, autonomous professional practice, leadership and positive work environment). CONCLUSIONS Nurses' perceptions on the provision of individualized care are influenced by their personal characteristics and organisational factors. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Nurse managers may optimize personalization of care by encouraging positive work environments; ensuring adequate staffing; avoiding routinization or standardization of care; and promoting training, leadership and autonomy of nursing professionals.

Resumen Objetivo Explorar las barreras para solicitar asistencia sociosanitaria percibidas por personas transexuales y por profesionales que intervienen en la asistencia. Metodo Se realizo un metaestudio tipo revision sistematica cualitativa de articulos publicados en ingles o en castellano en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CUIDEN, ProQuest, PsycINFO y CINHAL, que indagaran en las barreras de las personas transexuales para solicitar atencion sociosanitaria percibidas por personas transexuales y profesionales sociales y sanitarios. Resultados Tras la busqueda en las bases de datos analizadas se encontraron 2.261 articulos, de los cuales 7 cumplieron los criterios de inclusion. Los profesionales destacan su incertidumbre a la hora de atender a personas transexuales, asi como la falta de formacion. Las personas transexuales destacan la falta de informacion que les genera sentimientos de impotencia. Ademas, la percepcion de transfobia, la fragmentacion de los servicios, las barreras administrativas y la falta de sensibilidad cultural y conocimientos de los profesionales son consideradas barreras para la atencion. Discusion Los resultados encontrados aportan una informacion clave para el diseno de planes y programas dirigidos a mejorar la calidad de la asistencia en este colectivo.

Background: I suggest this individualized care is a fundamental principle closely linked to nursing ethics and has important benefits for the patients, however, nurses do not always take into consideration the principles of individualized care. Moreover, there is no validated instrument to assess patients’ views of individualized care in Spanish-speaking countries. Objectives: To assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient. Design: A cross-sectional study design was conducted. A questionnaire survey, including the Individualized Care Scale-patient, was used for data collection. Psychometric properties of reliability and validity were assessed. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. Participants and research context: Survey data were collected from a sample of 118 inpatients at a public hospital in Spain. Ethical considerations: Informed consent from participants and ethical approval was obtained from a regional Clinical Research Ethics Committee. Findings: Ordinal Cronbach’s alphas were 0.966 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale A and 0.969 for Individualized Care Scale-patient subscale B. The polychoric correlation between each item and the subscale ranged between 0.653–0.874 and 0.604–0.916, respectively. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution. Personal life situation explained relatively large amounts of the variance. Goodness of fit index showed a good fit for the model. Discussion: This study confirms three factors underlining the individualized care concept, but some differences were found in the load of the factors, such as the relevance of “personal life situation” subscale, that need further research. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the Individualized Care Scale-patient is reliable, valid, user-friendly, and suitable to be used in Spanish-speaking countries showing satisfactory properties. This instrument may help managers better understand and develop areas in which patients perceive lower individualized care received and the factors influencing it. Such key information will help ensure the right of the patient to be respected as an individual.

In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the relationship between resilience, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mental health-related quality of life, and examined whether resilience acts as a mediator between the latter two. The study included 770 university students, aged 18–30 years, from Cuenca, Spain. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), biochemical parameters, resilience, and mental health-related quality of life measurements were analyzed. The results showed that mental health-related quality-of-life values were significantly higher in students who had good cardiorespiratory fitness and a high level of resilience. Moreover, resilience acted as a partial mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health-related quality of life at 33.79%. Therefore, in young adults, resilience mediates the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health-related quality of life. These findings should be taken into account by nurses and other public health professionals, because in addition to the development of physical activity interventions to improve mental health-related quality of life, it is necessary to implement measures that increase resilience to achieve mental wellness.

Introduction The inclusion of acupuncture into conventional healthcare is being internationally considered in response to increasing chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to understand health professionals' perceptions of the collaboration between Traditional Chinese Medicine-based acupuncture and Western medicine in Spain. Methods A total of 27 in-depth interviews were conducted with Spanish health professionals who were trained in and practiced acupuncture. Grounded Theory Dimensional Analysis guided this research in order to obtain a theoretical explanation of the perceptions of participants. Results Four main categories emerged from the analysis: styles of practice, benefits of the collaboration between acupuncture and conventional medicine, key factors for this cooperation and barriers to the practice of acupuncture into conventional healthcare settings. Discussion A combination of both approaches may result in the amplification of health professionals' knowledge and the improvement of the healthcare. Acupuncture contributions to conventional medicine were valued because of its therapeutic properties and its proposals for personal development (lifestyle recommendations, Qi gong, meditation, breathing exercises, prayer, and creative activities). Barriers to acupuncture and Western medicine collaboration were related to the dominance of the biomedicine paradigm. Conclusion Acupuncture was revealed as a new avenue of cooperation between professionals and a way to transcend the traditional division between disciplines.

There is some controversy about the use of physical restraints in institutionalised elderly people. The aim of this review is to analyse studies that evaluated the effectiveness of training interventions targeting interdisciplinary teams aimed at preventing, reducing or eliminating the use of physical restraints in nursing homes. A systematic search was performed in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science to find clinical trials, published in English or in Spanish, that examined training sessions for interdisciplinary teams aimed at preventing, minimising or eliminating the use of physical restrains in institutionalised people over 65 years. Ten papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The findings show conflicting results on the effectiveness of training sessions. Furthermore, they lack sufficient empirical evidence to be able to assert that training sessions brought about a reduction in the use of physical restraints. More studies are needed that analyse the effectiveness of these interventions to prevent or eliminate the use of physical restraints in these institutions.

espanolRESUMEN Objetivos: Sintetizar y analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones multicomponente encaminadas a la promocion de la actividad fisica en personas mayores de 65 anos residentes en la comunidad. Metodologia: Revision sistematica de ensayos clinicos aleatorizados. Se realizo una busqueda sistematica de articulos publicados en ingles y castellano en Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CUIDEN y CINAHL, desde 2007 a 2017, que indagaran sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones multicomponente para promover la actividad fisica. La seleccion de estudios elegibles se realizo por duplicado y de forma independiente segun los criterios establecidos, consensuando posteriormente los resultados. Se encontraron 1320 estudios, de los cuales 6 cumplian los criterios de inclusion. Se siguio la declaracion PRISMA. La calidad de los articulos fue evaluada con la escala de JADAD y el riesgo de sesgo con el instrumento de la Colaboracion Cochrane. Resultados: Aunque la mayoria de las intervenciones que utilizaron tecnologias o su combinacion con sesiones educativas mejoraron la actividad fisica, el funcionamiento fisico y las conductas de salud, ciertos estudios no confirman que las intervenciones promovieran la actividad fisica. Conclusiones: Existe cierta controversia sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones multicomponente. A pesar de lo anterior, incorporar tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion y su combinacion con las sesiones educativas mejora la actividad fisica en personas mayores y las tasas de adherencia a las intervenciones. Futuros estudios deben indagar en los factores asociados al exito de las intervenciones. EnglishABSTRACT Aims: To synthesize and analyse the available evidence on the efficacy of multicomponent interventions aimed at promoting physical activity in elderly people over 65 years living in the community. Methodology: Systematic review of Randomized Clinical Trials. A systematic search of articles published in English and Spanish was carried out in Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Superior Council of Scientific Investigations, CUIDEN and CINAHL, from 2007 to 2017 that analyzed the efficacy of multicomponent interventions to promote physical activity. Screening of eligible studies was conducted in duplicate and independently according established criteria, discussed the results. 1320 studies were found, six of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. PRISMA declaration was followed. Study quality was assessed with JADAD scale and the risk of bias with Cochrane Collaboration instrument. Results: While most of interventions that used some technology or combining technology with educational sessions reported improvements in physical activity, physical functioning and health behaviour, certain studies did not confirm that the interventions promoting physical activity. Conclusions: There is some controversy about the efficacy of multicomponent interventions. Notwithstanding the above, interventions that use information and communication technologies and its combination with educational sessions improve physical activity in older people and the rates of adherence to the intervention. Further research is needed to understand factors of interventions success.

Aim To explore the barriers and facilitators perceived by home caregivers regarding their involvement in the home care of people with pressure injuries. Background Although home caregivers are key in the process of caring for people with pressure injuries, little is known about their perceptions regarding their involvement in the same. Methods A qualitative study based on grounded theory involving a theoretical sample of 15 home caregivers of people with pressure injuries within the health district of Puertollano, Spain. Results This study identified three barriers (feminization of care, necessary life adaptations as a home caregiver, and the organization of health services) and three facilitators (the perceived family duty for caring, willingness to provide care, and satisfaction with the care received on behalf of primary care services) associated with caregiver involvement in the home care of pressure injuries. Conclusions The care of a person with pressure injuries is perceived as a duty and requires important adaptations affecting the home caregiver’s personal, social and work life. The emotional closeness and trust that develops between a patient and the primary care staff equals an involvement which, in turn, also has positive results for both the home caregiver and the patient.

Fever is responsible for 30% of pediatric consultations at primary care services. The aim of this study was to explore the parental approach to fever in children aged between 0 and 12 years old by both health professional and non-health professional parents. A qualitative study based on grounded theory was performed. Focus groups were conducted, segmented by sex, place of residence, and healthcare training, using a triangulated sample (theoretical and snowball sampling) of parents of children aged between 0 and 12 years who were treated for fever at primary care emergency services. The constant comparative method and a process of coding was used for the analysis. The study findings reveal that the health training of parents, their former experience, family pressures, the age of the child, and the parents&rsquo, work outside the home, all influenced how they approached fever management. These findings could be incorporated into clinical practice to improve care and compliance with fever treatment.

Actualmente utilizamos herramientas basadas en web que nos facilitan muchas actividades cotidianas pero, a pesar de esta tendencia social, todavia mostramos cierta resistencia a emplearlas con la misma naturalidad en entornos docentes. Este libro pretende contribuir a este proceso de normalizacion mostrando el potencial educativo de herramientas web, sobre todo «blogs y wikis», en la creacion de entornos virtuales donde se potencie el binomio ensenanza-aprendizaje. Realizaremos por tanto una reflexion en base a experiencias previas que ayudaran al lector a obtener los conocimientos necesarios para trasladar parte de su docencia en el aula a entornos virtuales, proporcionando ademas ejemplos practicos que se estan realizando en la actualidad y ejercicios de autoevaluacion que ayuden al lector a clarificar conceptos. .

Many parents experience &ldquo, fever phobia&rdquo, based on misconceptions regarding the repercussions of fever in their children. The aim of this paper was to explore the conceptualizations of parents who are health professionals and parents without health qualifications on childhood fever. This qualitative study was based on grounded theory using a triangulated sample (theoretical sampling and snowball sampling) of parents of children aged 0 to 12 years old who received care for fever in the Emergency Primary Care Services two in Spanish municipalities. Data collection was based on focus groups segmented by gender, place of residence and education. Data analysis followed the constant comparative method and involved a coding process. Results show that independently of the parents&rsquo, place of residence or education, their perceptions of fever were somewhat ambivalent, beneficial at times, but also harmful. Parents acknowledged feelings of concern, fear, being overwhelmed, freezing up and relief once the fever was controlled. Health professional parents considered they had an extra responsibility for caring. Finally, parents without health education demanded more information from professionals. These results provide key information for the design of interventions directed at the management of fever in children.

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are a way to assess priority-setting in health care provision. This approach allows for the evaluation of individuals’ preferences as a means of adding criteria to traditional quality-adjusted life year analysis. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify attributes for designing a DCE in order to then develop and validate a framework that supports decision-making on health technologies. Our systematic literature review replicated the methods and search terms used by de Bekker-Grob et al. 2012 and Clark et al. 2014. The Medline database was searched for articles dated between 2008 and 2015. The search was limited to studies in English that reflected general preferences and were choice-based, published as full-text articles and related to health technologies. This study included 72 papers, 52% of which focused on DCEs on drug treatments. The average number of attributes used in all included DCE studies was 5.74 (SD 1.98). The most frequently used attributes in these DCEs were improvements in health (78%), side effects (57%) and cost of treatment (53%). Other, less frequently used attributes included waiting time for treatment or duration of treatment (25%), severity of disease (7%) and value for money (4%). The attributes identified might inform future DCE surveys designed to study societal preferences regarding health technologies in order to better inform decisions in health technology assessment. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Active ageing is associated with physical, social and mental wellbeing, as well as the participation and integration of older people in society. Currently, demographic changes represent a major challenge while reinforcing the need to improve our current understanding of active ageing and promote appropriate interventions suitable for older people. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the Healthy Ageing Supported by Internet and Community training programme for acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for adopting a healthy lifestyle in community-dwelling adults over 65 years of age. This study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 and was based on a convenience sample of individuals who responded to questionnaires. The study participants comprised all those who were included in the training programme (n = 71, 47 mentors and 24 participants in peer groups). The statistical analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of the programme regarding feasibility and expected results (p < 0.05 for most items, individually, as well as for the total scores of each test dimension). The programme was based on peer group training and the use of information and communication technologies and proved to be effective for acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for adopting a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, increased health scores were obtained in the physical, mental and social domains. It could also be beneficial for other groups of older people in order to support their integration into society, enhance their social skills and decrease any feelings of loneliness and rejection.

Objective. Analyze and integrate studies that inquire on the benefits of nursing educational interventions to manage post-surgical pain.Methods. A systematic search was conducted in the databases of Scopus, Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and CINAHL of systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and quasiexperimental studies published in English and Spanish until 2018 that analyzed the effectiveness of educational interventions in managing post-surgical pain in adult patients.Results. Twelve studies complied inclusion criteria, of which nine reported less pain in the group receiving the educational intervention. These interventions also helped to diminish the level of anxiety and improved functionality to perform activities of daily life. The level of quality of the studies was medium.Conclusion. Although the review showed that nursing educational interventions could influence on the relief of post-surgical pain, more rigorous studies are necessary, with bigger sample sizes and higher methodological quality, which help to establish the real effectiveness in managing post-surgical patients with pain.Descriptors: effectiveness; nursing research; pain, postoperative; pain management; patient education as topic; review.How to cite this article: Reaza-Alarcón A, RodríguezMartín B. Effectiveness of nursing educational interventions in managing post-surgical pain. Systematic review. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2019; 37(2):e10.ReferencesNational Institute of Health. Pain. Hope through research [Internet]. NIH; 2018 [cited 10 May 2018]. Available fron: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Pain-Hope-Through-Research Subramanian P, Ramasamy S, Ng KH, Chinna K, Rosli R. 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Dissection and prosection practices using human cadavers are a key component of macroscopic anatomy education in different Health Sciences university degrees. However, first-hand interaction with cadavers can be distressing for students, generating anxiety on a number of levels. This study aims to shed light on the reactions, fears and different states of anxiety experienced by nursing students in to a single anatomy room experience over a five-hour period, and examined reactions pre and post same. A descriptive study of these students was designed in order to understand their feelings and emotions, based on the distribution of anonymous "ad hoc" questionnaires before and after the practices. Also, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires were administered in order to assess their anxiety levels: Trait Anxiety (TA), which measures basal anxiety levels, and State Anxiety (SA), which measures individual emotional responses during a specific event (in this case, the prosection practice). The results of this study indicate that basal anxiety levels, measured as TA, remained stable and unchanged during the practice (p 0.05). SA or emotional anxiety levels, on the other hand, dropped from 21.3 to 17.8 points (p 0.05). Before the start of the practical exercise, 17.6% of the students admitted experiencing some kind of anxiety. Afterwards, however, 90.2% of the students said they would recommend these practices. They considered that prosection practices very useful for their education and recommended that they be retained for future courses. However, our study also showed the relevance of using coping mechanisms before the first contact with the dissecting room, especially for those students who did not feel emotionally prepared for it beforehand.