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Background: Rheumatic joint pain is a common extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because the high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) of the Western diet might promote rheumatic disorders, we sought to compare the effects of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil and n-6-rich soy oil on IBD-related joint pain. Methods: Nineteen patients with IBD-related joint pain were included in the study; 9 had Crohn disease and 10 had ulcerative colitis. Ten millilitres seal oil (n = 10) or soy oil (n = 9) was self-administered through a nasoduodenal feeding tube 3 times daily for 10 days. Results: Compared with soy oil treatment, seal oil significantly reduced the duration of morning stiffness (P = 0.024), number of tender joints (P = 0.035), intensity of pain (P = 0.025) and the doctor’s scoring of rheumatic disease activity (P = 0.025) at the end of the 10-day treatment period. Analysis of the effects as area under the curve (area between the curve and baseline, zero) for the entire period from start of treatment until 6 months’ post-treatment suggested a long-lasting beneficial effect of seal oil administration on joint pain, whereas soy oil tended (not significantly) to aggravate the condition. Consistently, the serum ratios of n-6 to n-3 FAs (P 0.01) and arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (P 0.01) were reduced after treatment with seal oil. Conclusion: The results suggest distinctive, differential prolonged effects on IBD-related joint pain of short-term duodenal administration of n-3-rich seal oil (significant improvement) and n-6-rich soy oil (tendency to exacerbation).

Seventy newly diagnosed Caucasian male patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) were included in the study. All patients were less than 80 years of age, with no cachexia or auto-immune disease, and they were not taking immuno-active medications. Monocytes from these patients were cultured in vitro and supplemented with autologous serum under ex vivo conditions or cultured with serum-free medium. Comparison was made to monocytes from 59 patients with benign HN diseases. Similar physical activity levels prior to testing as well as a minimum stress load were ensured in both groups. Increased monocyte supernatant levels were determined under ex vivo conditions of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, but not of interleukin-12 (IL-12) with endotoxin stimulated monocytes of HNSCC patients compared to control conditions. Increased monokine levels were not present with mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with a T-cell general stimulatory agent or with purified monocytes not specifically stimulated. With endotoxin-stimulated monocytes under in vitro conditions, an increased supernatant was shown for TNF-alpha, but not IL-6. With serum from the different patients cultured with monocytes employed from a healthy control, no difference between the groups was shown in the IL-6 and TNF-alpha response to endotoxin stimulation. The differences in IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, but not IL-6 levels were differentiated statistically from the smoking and alcohol histories of the patients. These findings suggest that the function of monocytes in general, and thus possibly all mononuclear phagocyte system cells in HNSCC patients, are altered.

We have previously shown an increased T lymphocyte and monocyte responsiveness in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) compared with PBMC from control patients. This study reports T lymphocyte function of PBMC of 81 patients with HNSCC dependent on disease stage and prognosis. Males with HNSCC under 80 years of age without cachexia, with no auto-immune disease or previous cancer and on no immuno-active medication were included at the time of diagnosis of disease. The follow-up was for at least 18 months. When cells from patients with early vs late stage disease according to the T, N or T + N stage of HNSCC were compared, decreased in vitro mitogen-stimulated and spontaneous T cell proliferation was seen with increasing tumour stage. When patients were studied according to disease-specific survival, a decreased T lymphocyte mitogen-stimulated proliferation was observed to be associated with a poorer prognosis. No changes in prognosis were noticed related to decreased gamma-IFN, IL-2 or IL-4 level of the supernatants of the T lymphocyte-stimulated PBMC in vitro cultures. With stratification for disease stage, we determined that PBMC in vitro T lymphocyte-stimulated proliferation predicted outcome for the HNSCC patients. The results were similar for both laryngeal and oral cavity/pharyngeal cancers. The present investigation provides evidence to support the idea that the relationship between HNSCC and the immune system of the host may provide clinically useful information about prognosis.

The aim of the present study was to obtain information about the distribution of various adhesion molecules within and on the surface of HeLa cells, platelets and endothelial cells in an in vitro model mimicking the early phase of metastasis. Suspensions of HeLa cells and human platelets, added to a medium of cultured human umbilical-vein endothelial cells, were stimulated by the addition of thrombin. Hirudin was added before thrombin in some experiments, and in other experiments the endothelium was pretreated with 0.5 mM acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The distribution of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), P-selectin, von Willebrand factor (vWf), fibrinogen (FG) and thrombospondin (TSP) was investigated on fixed material from the three experimental settings by using an immunogold electron-microscopic technique on frozen thin sections. Cells that had not been exposed to thrombin or any other type of stimulation were used as controls. PECAM was the only adhesion molecule detected on HeLa cells. It outlined the membrane on tumour cells that were not adherent to platelets in both basic and hirudin experiments. However, tumour cells in close proximity to activated platelets were unlabelled. In contrast, PECAM was detected on both platelets and endothelium in all experimental settings and in controls. P-selectin was only demonstrable on platelets in basic experiments. vWf was found both in endothelium and in platelets in controls and in all experimental settings. FG and TSP were found on platelets only, in a manner similar to that seen with vWf. Thus, among the adhesive factors examined in our experimental model, PECAM is the only one demonstrated on HeLa cells. This suggests that PECAM on tumour cells may play a role as adhesion molecule in the early stage of metastasis. P-selectin, vWf, FG and TSP were also consistently expressed. Therefore, these factors may contribute to the adhesive reactions involved in early metastasis.

Platelets and coagulation are involved in the pathogenesis of blood-borne metastases. The aim of this study is to obtain more information about the mechanisms involved in the initial adhesion of tumor cells to endothelial cells. In short term experiments with tumor cells, suspended in the medium of cultured endothelial cells, we tested whether addition of both platelets and thrombin cause more tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells, than when either platelets or thrombin are acting alone. HeLa cells or HT29 cells, prelabeled with radioactive 51Cr, human platelets, and thrombin were added to human endothelial cell cultures. Following 15 min of shaking at 37 degrees C, the percentage of tumor cell adhesion was calculated. The percentages of adhering tumor cells with the presence of both platelets and thrombin were greatly increased compared to controls. Addition of hirudin 2 min before thrombin lowered the adhesion percentage of tumor cells. Hirudin added immediately before and 2 min after thrombin gave only minor effects. When the endothelium was treated with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol, the adhesion of tumor cells was lowered with catalase and superoxide dismutase. The cause of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction is probably complex. Our results show that activated platelets enhance the tumor cell adhesion, and that generation of active oxygen species may be important in the initial phase of the interaction.

The aim of the study was to obtain more information about the mechanisms involved in the initial adhesion of tumour cells to endothelial cells during metastasis. In a previous paper, we found that addition of both platelets and thrombin increased the adhesion of tumour cells to cultured endothelial cells within 15 min, compared to when either one or both of the ingredients were absent. In the present study, HeLa cells, prelabelled with radioactive 5l Cr, human platelets, and thrombin, were added to the medium in dishes of endothelial cells. The dishes were then shaken for 15 min at 37°C. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showed HeLa cells adhering to the endothelium either together with platelets or without them. In other experiments, the endothelium was pretreated for 30 min with either of the following : 0. 5 mM or 0.1 1 mM acetylsalicylic acid (ASA); 0.5 rnM or 0.1 mM Na-salicylate (NaS). Pretreatment of the endothelium with 0.5 mM ASA significantly increased the percentage of adherent tumour cells, while 0.1 mM ASA and the two concentrations of NaS caused only minor changes. In addition, the ASA-treatment caused more HeLa cells to adhere without platelets while NaS-treatment caused more HeLa cells to adhere together with platelets. Release of 51 Cr from HeLa cells during the experimental period was also measured; the addition of thrombin and platelets did not change the 51 Cr release significantly. In separate experiments, HeLa cells and platelets were mixed without the presence of endothelial cells. Transmission electron micrographs showed that in the absence of thrombin, mixed HeLa cells and platelets did not react with each other; when thrombin was added they formed co-aggregates. In conclusion, we show that in our experimental model HeLa cells adhere to the endothelium in two ways, both with and without platelets. The production of prostacyclin in the endothelial cells has an inhibitory effect on tumour cell adhesion. Without thrombin, the HeLa cells are not capable of activating platelets.

Background This study was performed in order to determine whether monocyte in vitro function is associated with presence, stage and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) disease. Methods Prospective study describing outcome, after at least five years observation, of patients treated for HNSCC disease in relation to their monocyte function. Sixty-five patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC and eighteen control patients were studied. Monocyte responsiveness was assessed by measuring levels of monocyte in vitro interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemotactic peptide (MCP)-1 secretion after 24 hours of endotoxin stimulation in cultures supplied either with 20% autologous serum (AS) or serum free medium (SFM). Survival, and if relevant, cause of death, was determined at least 5 years following primary diagnosis. Results All patients, as a group, had higher in vitro monocyte responsiveness in terms of IL-6 (AS) (t = 2.03; p < 0.05) and MCP-1 (SFM) (t = 2.49; p < 0.05) compared to controls. Increased in vitro monocyte IL-6 endotoxin responsiveness under the SFM condition was associated with decreased survival rate (Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.27; Confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–4.88; p < 0.05). The predictive value of monocyte responsiveness, as measured by IL-6, was also retained when adjusted for age, gender and disease stage of patients (HR = 2.67; CI = 1.03–6.92; p < 0.05). With respect to MCP-1, low endotoxin-stimulated responsiveness (AS), analysed by Kaplan-Meier method, predicted decreased survival (χ = 4.0; p < 0.05). Conclusion In HNSCC patients, changed monocyte in vitro response to endotoxin, as measured by increased IL-6 (SFM) and decreased MCP-1 (AS) responsiveness, are negative prognostic factors.

Acute radiation proctitis was evaluated before, during and after radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer. The main aims of the study were to examine changes related to the increasing radiation dose, and identify surrogate markers of gastrointestinal (GI) reaction to radiation. Twenty consecutive prostate cancer patients scheduled for 7 weeks of conformal RT were prospectively included in a longitudinal study assessing symptoms, inflammation in rectal mucosa biopsies, and blood and stool samples at four time points (before RT and 2, 6 and 11 weeks after start of RT). Blood samples were examined for acute phase response-related markers, fatty acids (FAs), vitamin E and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)). Lactoferrin, calprotectin and S100A12 were measured in stool samples and FAs in biopsies from rectal mucosa. The increase in histopathological inflammation reached a maximum 2 weeks after start of RT. Symptoms of GI toxicity increased with higher radiation dose and had not returned to pre-treatment level 4 weeks after RT. Lactoferrin concentrations in stool increased significantly at week 6. Significant decreases of vitamin E, leukocyte count, hemoglobin and some groups of FAs were discovered, while a few FAs increased significantly during the study period. Time courses vary between the selected indicators of acute radiation proctitis. The biopsy grading of inflammatory changes were most intense 2 weeks into the treatment period while symptoms continued to increase until week 6. Lactoferrin in stool samples could be a non-invasive marker of GI inflammation during RT. A transient decrease in vitamin E and some FAs during RT warrants further studies.

The results indicate that a high level of peripheral blood (PB) T-lymphocyte activation in vivo predicts impaired prognosis with and without adjustment for TNM stage in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).To determine if PB T-lymphocyte activation in vivo is associated with the presence of, stage of and prognosis of HNSCC.Sixty-two patients with newly diagnosed HNSCC and 15 control patients were studied. PB T-lymphocyte activation was assessed by measuring by flow cytometry the percentage of PB T lymphocytes (CD3 + ) showing the early activation-related cell surface epitopes CD69+ or CD71+ (transferrin receptor) or the late activation epitopes CD25+ (IL-2 receptor) or HLA-DR+.There was no significant difference in expression of T-lymphocyte activation markers between HNSCC patients and control patients, or any difference dependent on TNMG stage. In HNSCC patients a high percentage of CD71+ T lymphocytes predicted worse prognosis with a relative risk (RR) of 2.38 (confidence interval (CI): 1.04-5.47). A high mean value of the early (CD69 + /CD71 + ) (RR 2.37; CI: 1.06-5.29) or late (CD25 + /HLA-DR + ) (RR 3.31; CI: 1.39-7.88) activation markers also predicted worse prognosis. Following adjustment for TNM stage, high mean value of the early activation epitopes CD71+ (RR 2.89; CI: 1.22-6.85), the mean value of CD69 + /CD71+ (RR 2.58; CI: 1.12-5.91) and CD25 + /HLA-DR+ (RR 2.75; CI: 1.14-6.62) predicted worse prognosis.

In the Norwegian governmental guidelines for food and nutrition, an increased intake of fish and other seafood is particularly recommended. Fish is a good source of many important nutrients, such as proteins, very long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B12, selenium and iodine. The beneficial effect on health by including fish has been documented in several studies. Increasing interest in the health gains obtained by regular fish intake has put emphasis on the need for documentation of both nutrients and contaminants in fish and seafood, with a balanced risk assessment. In this paper, some of the positive health effects of fish in the diet are elucidated.

Morphological and biochemical effects were induced at the subcellular level in the skeletal muscle, heart and liver of male rats as a result of feeding with EPA, DHA, and 3-thia fatty acids. The 3-thia fatty acid, tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) and EPA induced mitochondrial growth in type I muscle fibers in both the diaphragm and soleus muscle, and the size distribution of mitochondrial areas followed a similar pattern. Only the 3-thia fatty acid induced mitochondrial growth in type II muscle fibers. The mean area occupied by the mitochondria and the size distribution of mitochondrial areas in both fiber types were highly similar in DHA-treated and control animals. Only the 3-thia fatty acid increased the gene-expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-II in the diaphragm. In the heart, however, the gene expression decreased. In hepatocytes an increase in the mean size of mitochondria was observed after EPA treatment, concomitant with an increase in mitochondrial CPT-II gene expression. Administration of 2-methyl-substituted EPA (methyl-EPA) induced a higher rate of growth of mitochondria than EPA. At the peroxisomal level in the hepatocytes a 3-thia fatty acid, EPA, and DHA increased the areal fraction concomitant with the induction of gene expression of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO). In the diaphragm, mRNA levels of FAO were not affected by EPA or DHA treatment, whereas gene expression was significantly increased after 3-thia fatty acid treatment. In the heart, both 3-thia fatty acid, EPA and DHA tended to decrease the levels of FAO mRNA. The areal fraction of fat droplets in all three tissue types was significantly lower in the groups treated with 3-thia fatty acid. In the group treated with EPA a lower areal fraction of fat droplets was observed, while the DHA group was similar to the control. This indicates that EPA and DHA have different effects on mitochondrial biogenesis.