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2. Comparative resilience of Somali grain and livestock market systems

Author

Joanna Springer, Tracy Slaybaugh-Mitchell, Guhad Adan, and Alison Bean de Hernandez

Subjects
Geography, Planning and Development, Development
Abstract

Livestock and grain market systems in Somalia’s South West State, while vital to food security and household income, are affected by recurrent shocks, including insecurity, climate shocks, pests and livestock disease, desert locusts, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The fact that markets continue to function indicates a substantial degree of resilience. Findings from a mixed-method assessment across eight domains of system resilience indicate that the grain market system is more resilient than the livestock market system in three key domains: business strategy, diversity, and connectivity. Results show that grain businesses recover more quickly and are more likely to take action to achieve recovery than livestock businesses. When confronted by thin markets, practitioners have tended to respond by strengthening existing market actors, with the goal of filling critical gaps in the market. However, our findings provide new types of information to address systemic issues and strengthen market system resilience.

Published
2022
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3. Projecting the Impact of Socioeconomic and Policy Factors on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture

Author

Jared Creason, Bruce A. McCarl, Alison Bean de Hernandez, Justin Baker, Shaun Ragnauth, Kemen Austin, Sara Ohrel, Christopher M. Wade, Gregory S. Latta, Yongxia Cai, and Jason P. H. Jones

Subjects
Ecology, Agriculture, business.industry, Greenhouse gas, Geography, Planning and Development, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Forestry, Carbon sequestration, business, Socioeconomic status
Abstract

Projecting the Impact of Socioeconomic and Policy Factors on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture

Published
2022
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4. Effective options for addressing air quality- related environmental public health burdens in Saudi Arabia

Author

Jared Woollacott, Wael Alsufyani, Robert H. Beach, Laura T. R. Morrison, Alison Bean de Hernández, Severin Rakic, Mashael AlOmran, Reem F. Alsukait, Christopher H. Herbst, and Salem AlBalawi

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

Air pollution poses major disease burdens globally and accounts for approximately 10% of deaths annually through its contribution to a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, and other diseases. The burden of disease is particularly acute in Saudi Arabia, where a mix of anthropogenic and natural sources of air pollution threatens public health. Addressing these burdens requires careful study of the costs and effectiveness of available technologies and policies for reducing emissions (mitigation) and avoiding exposure (adaptation). To help evaluate these options, we conduct a semi-systematic literature review of over 3,000 articles published since 2010 that were identified by searches of literature focused on pollution mitigation and pollution adaptation. We identify a wide variety of effective mitigation and adaptation technologies and find that cost-effectiveness information for policy design is highly variable in the case of mitigation, both within and across pollution source categories; or scarce, in the case of adaptation. While pollution control costs are well studied, policy costs differ; these may vary more by location because of factors such as technology operating conditions and behavioral responses to adaptation initiatives, limiting the generalizability of cost-effectiveness information. Moreover, potential cost advantages of multipollutant control policies are likely to depend on the existing mix of pollution sources and controls. While the policy literature generally favors more flexible compliance mechanisms that increase the cost of polluting to reflect its costs to society, important policy design factors include policy co-benefits, distributional concerns, and inter-regional harmonization. In addition to these key themes, we find that further study is needed both to improve the availability of cost information for adaptation interventions and to localize technology and policy cost estimates to the Saudi context.

Published
2022

8. Baile an Chaisil B

Author

Baile An Chaisil, B., Búrca, Mícheál De, Búrca, Máirín Bean De, Lenihan, John, Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean An, Ceallaigh, Pádhraig Ó, Aindrías, Breandhán Mac, Cheallaigh, Pádhraigh Ó, Andrew, Brendan Mac, Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac, Búrca, Seán De, Conmara, Noel Mac, Búrcaigh, Máirín Bean De, Conamara, Noel Mac, Mocháin, Séamús Ó, Conamara, Nodlaig Mac, Conchubhar, Séan Ó, Éil, Tomás Mach H, Líonnáin, Pádhraich Ó, Conamara, Nodlaigh Mac, Corcoráin, Séosamh Ó, Suibhne, Pádhraigh Mach, Andrew, Breandan Mc, Timlín, Seán Ó, Mocháin, Séamus Ó, Cheallaigh, Pádraigh Ó, Bhurcaigh, Máirín Bean An, Pryal, Thomas, Lenihan, Dan, Corcoráin, Pádhraig Ó, Maughan, Jack, Pryal, Peter, Nulty, Tommy Mc, Timlin, John, Búrca, Hanraoí De, Kelly, Paddy, Corcoran, Joe, Praodháil, Tomás Ó, Andrew, Brendan Mc, Connor, John, Búrca, Finián De, Ceallaigh, Pádraigh Ó, Léanacháin, Séan Ó, Suibhne, Pádhraig Mac, Paraodháil, Tomás Ó, Suibhne, Pádhraigh Mac, and Conamara, Nodhlaigh Mac

Subjects
Folk poetry, Candlemaking, local legends, Schools, Foxes, Death, Severe storms, Riddles, Animals, Occupations, Marriage, Weather, Folklore, Treasure troves
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Baile an Chaisil B. (school) (Ballycastle, Co. Mayo), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Mícheál de Búrca., Seanchas Stairiúil / Búrca, Máirín Bean de -- Gearrán Bán / Lenihan, John -- Dún Briste / Lenihan, John -- Muintir Uí Thuathail / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Na Bairréadaigh agus na Lionóidigh / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Naomh Pádraig i bhFaoi-Choill / Ceallaigh, Pádhraig Ó -- Scéal / Aindrías, Breandhán Mac -- Píobaire Rua / Cheallaigh, Pádhraigh Ó -- Doonfeeney Bishop / Andrew, Brendan Mac -- Íde Cheallaigh / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Eoghan Ó Duibhín / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Amhrán - An Míol Mór a Tháinig Isteach i mBéal Trághadh / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Is Trua gan mise i Sasana / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Bás / Búrca, Seán de -- Sé Fáth Mo Bhuartha / Conmara, Noel Mac -- Cailín a Bhí Meallta / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Nóra Cheoin / Búrca, Máirín Bean de -- Cuaichín Ghleann Néifinn / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Foghill (Faoi-Choill) / Búrcaigh, Máirín Bean de -- File a Bhí i Lorg na gCon (Baile an Chaisil) / Búrca, Mícheál de -- Peadar na mBréag / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Scéal - Ciste Óir / Conamara, Noel Mac -- Scéal - Bean as Lorg na gCon / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Fear as Lorg na gCon / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Scéal - Gasúr Ó Thaidhg / Conamara, Nodlaig Mac -- Mártan Torcall / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Myers nó Mayers / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Corr Liathadh (taobh theas de Chros Mhaoil Fhíonna) / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Ag Dul go Béal Átha an Fheadha / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Siobhán Uí Dhuibhín -- Tadhg Mach Uibhir / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Naomh Pádraig ag Dún Briste / Conchubhar, Séan Ó -- Novel Voyage / Éil, Tomás Mach h -- Airde -- Dáithí Bán Ó Gallacubhair / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Airde / Cheallaigh, Pádhraigh Ó -- Caisleán Bhaile an Ghleanna / Líonnáin, Pádhraich Ó -- Gearrán Bán / Líonnáin, Pádhraich Ó -- Bean Shoiligh / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Gearrán, an Láir agus an Searrach / Bhúrcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Tomhasanna / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Tomhasanna / Conamara, Nodlaigh Mac -- Tomhaiseanna / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Tomhaiseanna / Corcoráin, Séosamh Ó -- Tomhaiseanna / Cheallaigh, Pádhraigh Ó -- Tomhaiseanna / Corcoráin, Séosamh Ó -- Tomhaiseanna / Suibhne, Pádhraigh Mach -- Tomhaiseanna / Lenihan, John -- Tomhaiseanna / Andrew, Breandan Mc -- I dTaobh na hAimsire - Cosúlacht Fearthanna / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- I dTaobh na hAimsire / Timlín, Seán Ó -- I dTaobh na hAimsire / Mocháin, Séamus Ó -- I dTaobh na hAimsire / Cheallaigh, Pádraigh Ó -- Signs of Rains -- Ainmneacha Áite / Bhurcaigh, Máirín Bean an -- Seanscoileanna / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Seanscoileanna / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Old Schools / Pryal, Thomas -- Seanscoileanna / Lenihan, John -- Hedge-School / Lenihan, Dan -- Seanscoileanna / Corcoráin, Pádhraig Ó -- Old Schools / Maughan, Jack -- Old Schools / Pryal, Peter -- Seancheirdeanna - An Chaoi a nDéantaí Coinnle sa tSeanaimsir / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Old Trades / Lenihan, John -- Seancheirdeanna / Suibhne, Pádhraigh Mach -- Seancheirdeanna / Búrca, Seán de -- Trades / Nulty, Tommy Mc -- Ciste Óir / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Hidden Treasure / Timlin, John -- Ciste Óir / Búrca, Seán de -- Ór i bhFolach i nDún Phádraig / Corcoráin, Pádhraig Ó -- Ciste Óir / Búrca, Hanraoí de -- Old Time Marriages / Lenihan, John -- Pósaithe / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Marriages Long Ago / Pryal, Thomas -- Pósadh / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Old Time Marriages / Lenihan, Dan -- Marriages of Long Ago / Kelly, Paddy -- Géarleanúint / Conamara, Nodlaig Mac -- Reverend Father O'Toole / Corcoran, Joe -- Scéal Géarleanúna / Praodháil, Tomás Ó -- Penal Laws / Lenihan, John -- Aimsir Ghéarleanúna / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Priests in the Penal Law / Andrew, Brendan Mc -- Aimsir Ghéarleanúna / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Persecution of the Priests / Connor, John -- Sagart Mac Suibhne / Búrca, Finián de -- Aimsir Ghéarleanúna / Ceallaigh, Pádraigh Ó -- Doineann / Giolla Mhártain, Éamon Mac -- Doineann / Léanacháin, Séan Ó -- Storm / Pryal, Thomas -- Doineann / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Doineann / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Great Storm of 1839 / Andrew, Brendan Mc -- Belderrig Disaster of 1740 / Andrew, Brendan Mc -- Storm / Lenihan, Dan -- Stoirm / Búrca, Finián de -- Tragedy / Timlin, John -- The Druidical Circle / Pryal, Thomas -- Áitainmneacha / Conamara, Nodlaigh Mac -- Áitainmneacha / Pryal, Thomas -- Áitainmneacha / Búrca, Finián de -- Áitainmneacha / Búrca, Finián de -- Áitainmneacha / Suibhne, Pádhraig Mac -- Place Names / Lenihan, John -- Áitainmneacha / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Why the Place Got Its Name / Andrew, Brendan Mc -- Place Names / Timlin, John -- Áitainmneacha / Búrca, Seán de -- Áitainmneacha / Búrca, Seán de -- Áitainmneacha / Conamara, Nodlaigh Mac -- Áitainmneacha / Paraodháil, Tomás Ó -- Áitainmneacha / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Wild Animals / Pryal, Thomas -- Ainmhithe Allta / Búrca, Seán de -- Rabbit / Lenihan, Dan -- Giorria / Suibhne, Pádhraigh Mac -- Broc / Conamara, Nodlaigh Mac -- Easóg / Conamara, Nodhlaigh Mac -- Sionnach / Mocháin, Séamús Ó -- Wild Animals / Andrew, Brendan Mc, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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9. Druim Beag

Author

Druim Beag, Faoite, Sinéad Bean De, Auley, Rita Mc, Causland, Janie Mc, Hepburn, George, Alexander, Pearl, Long, Isobel, Clay, Sidney Mc, Bell, May, Galbraith, Arthur, Alexander, Maud, Hepburn, Margaret, Galbraith, John, Alexander, Maude, White, Jean, and Bell, Sandy

Subjects
Halloween, local legends, Toys, Commerce, Traditional medicine, Bread, Wrens, Animal culture, Shoes, Birds, Drumbeg, Riddles, Food, Recreation, Potatoes, Weather, Geographical myths, Folklore
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Druim Beag (school) (Drumbeg, Co. Donegal), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Sinéad Bean de Faoite., Games We Play - Good Morning / Auley, Rita Mc -- Games We Play - Whithes / Auley, Rita Mc -- Games We Play - Tishy Toshy / Causland, Janie Mc -- Games We Play - Dog and Cat / Hepburn, George -- Games We Play / Alexander, Pearl -- Games We Play - Flowers / Long, Isobel -- Games We Play - How to Play Skittles / Hepburn, George -- Old Rodger is Dead / Auley, Rita Mc -- Here We Come Gathering Nuts in May / Causland, Janie Mc -- Names of Fields / Clay, Sidney Mc -- Names of Fields / Bell, May -- Names of Fields / Alexander, Pearl -- Names of Fields / Long, Isobel -- Names of Fields / Auley, Rita Mc -- Games We Play - Hounds and Hares / Galbraith, Arthur -- Tig / Hepburn, George -- Rhymes / Alexander, Pearl -- Games We Play - Hopscotch / Alexander, Pearl -- Games We Play - Hens and Chickens / Galbraith, Arthur -- Games We Play - Dukey Dukey John / Hepburn, George -- Cures / Alexander, Pearl -- Cures -- Cures / Galbraith, Arthur -- Cures / Alexander, Maud -- Animals on the Farm / Alexander, Pearl -- Setting of Eggs / Alexander, Pearl -- My Home District / Causland, Janie Mc -- My Home District / Alexander, Pearl -- My Home District / Long, Isobel -- My Home District / Auley, Rita Mc -- My Home District / Hepburn, George -- Riddles / Long, Isobel -- Riddles / Alexander, Pearl -- Riddles / Hepburn, Margaret -- Weather-Lore / Auley, Rita Mc -- Care of Farm Animals / Hepburn, George -- Care of Sheep -- Care of the Potatoes / Causland, Janie Mc -- Care of the Feet / Long, Isobel -- Bread / Galbraith, Arthur -- Bread / Long, Isobel -- Bread / Galbraith, John -- Spinning Jenny / Galbraith, Arthur -- How to Make a Daisy Chain / Alexander, Pearl -- How to Make a Rag Doll / Long, Isobel -- Toys / Clay, Sidney Mc -- Homemade Toys / Hepburn, George -- How to Make a Catapult / Alexander, Pearl -- How to Make a Whistle / Galbraith, John -- Gentle Bushes / Galbraith, John -- Gentle Bushes / Galbraith, Arthur -- Food in Olden Times / Long, Isobel -- Food in Olden Times / Alexander, Pearl -- Food in Olden Times / Alexander, Maude -- Food in Olden Times -- Sowens / White, Jean -- Beestings / White, Jean -- Oatcake / White, Jean -- Buying and Selling - Houses and Land -- Halloween / Hepburn, George -- Old Halloween Customs / Hepburn, George -- Halloween - Games / Alexander, Pearl -- Local Fairs / Hepburn, George -- Fairs / Bell, Sandy -- Birds - The Robin / Alexander, Pearl -- Birds - The Thrush / Hepburn, George -- Birds - The Blackbird / Bell, Sandy -- Birds - The Wren -- Birds - The Grouse / Hepburn, George -- Birds - The Curlew / Hepburn, George -- Birds - The Wagtail / Bell, Sandy -- Birds - The Cuckoo / Alexander, Pearl -- Birds - The Crane / Alexander, Pearl -- Birds - The Starling / Galbraith, Arthur -- Birds - The Jackdaw / Galbraith, John -- Birds - The Crow / Hepburn, George -- Birds - The Pigeon / Bell, Sandy, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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10. Ceathrú Mhic Ruaidhrí

Author

Ceathrú Mhic Ruaidhrí and Crochtun, Bean De

Subjects
Irish Travellers (Nomadic people), Historic sites, Folk poetry, Schools, Frost, Leprechauns, Ceathrú Mhic Ruairí, Traditional medicine, Carrowcrory, Manners and customs, Roads, Birds, Riddles, Land use, Butter, Occupations, Weather, Folklore, Treasure troves, Jokes, Prayers
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Ceathrú Mhic Ruaidhrí (school) (Carrowcrory, Co. Sligo), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Bean de Crochtun., Ancient Wedding Customs -- Riddles -- Local Cures -- Hidden Treasure -- Funny Story -- Old School -- Leipreachán -- Prayers -- Prayers -- Prayers -- Prayers -- Festival Customs -- Weather-Lore -- Churning -- Bird-Lore -- Local Cures -- Old Crafts -- Old Words Used in My Parish -- Lore of Certain Days -- Holy Wells -- Local Ruins -- Landlord -- Local Song - Keash, Corran -- Herbs -- Local Heroes -- Severe Weather - Snow-Storm, 1874 -- Local Patron Saint -- Travelling Folk -- Returned Exile -- Story -- Local Roads, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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11. Redcross

Author

Redcross, Buitléir, Bean De, Nolan, Mary, Butler, Seamus, and Nolan, Sarah

Subjects
Folklore
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Redcross (school) (Redcross, Co. Wicklow), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Bean de Buitléir., Hidden Treasure / Nolan, Mary -- Riddles / Butler, Seamus -- Weather-Lore -- Local Place Names / Nolan, Sarah, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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12. Enniscrone (G.)

Author

Enniscrone (C.), Búrca, Bean De, Mullany, Annie, Connor, Emily O, Hallinan, Beatrice, Vann, Mary Mc, Carroll, Resa, Tuffy, Mae, Cann, Lena Mc, Carroll, Mary, Hannon, Josephine, Hallinan, Kathleen, Queenan, Nancy, Cassidy, Mary Patricia, Hannan, May, Vann, Patsy Mc, Burke, M. A., Tuffy, Sadie, Cassidy, Patricia, Grimes, Martina, Loftus, Bridie, Byron, Beatrice, Guinness, Denise Mc, and Cawley, Imeldia

Subjects
Historic sites, Folk poetry, local legends, Headache, Traditional medicine, Toothache, Supernatural beings, Dwellings, Manners and customs, Inis Crabhann, Roads, Shipwrecks, Riddles, Land use, Charms, Recreation, Signs and symbols, Cemeteries, Inishcrone, Marriage, Proverbs, Ireland, Geographical myths, Weather, Folklore
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Enniscrone (G.) (school) (Inishcrone, Co. Sligo), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Bean de Búrca., Scéal - Lord Thorney's Son -- Incident - Local Shipwreck (1886) -- Local Place Names / Mullany, Annie -- Story - Our Mermaid of Enniscrone / Connor, Emily O -- Ghost of Knockagower / Hallinan, Beatrice -- Local Marriages / Vann, Mary Mc -- Riddles -- Local Ruins - The Old Abbey -- Old Abbey (Enniscrone) / Carroll, Resa -- Old Abbey - Kilglass / Tuffy, Mae -- Local Ruins / Cann, Lena Mc -- Abbey of Enniscrone / Connor, Emily O -- Old Castle of Enniscrone / Connor, Emily O -- Cabra Ghost / Carroll, Mary -- Kilglass Abbey - A Legend / Hannon, Josephine -- Old Sayings / Carroll, Resa -- Ghost Story / Cann, Lena Mc -- Dream / Hallinan, Kathleen -- Landlords / Connor, Emily O -- Ghost Story / Connor, Emily O -- Emblems and Objects of Value / Queenan, Nancy -- Emblems and Objects of Value / Vann, Mary Mc -- Enniscrone Landlords / Queenan, Nancy -- Local Shipwreck / Queenan, Nancy -- Cures / Cassidy, Mary Patricia -- Local Marriages / Cassidy, Mary Patricia -- Old Houses / Mullany, Annie -- Coast-Guard Station / Hannan, May -- Coast-Guard Station / Vann, Patsy Mc -- Station / Mullany, Annie -- Emblems and Objects of Value / Carroll, Resa -- Charm / Mullany, Annie -- Charm for a Headache / Hallinan, Kathleen -- Inscriptions / Burke, M. A. -- There is a grave in our "Little Fields" in Lacken Co. Sligo. / Tuffy, Sadie -- Children's Graveyard / Cassidy, Patricia -- Children's Graveyard / Grimes, Martina -- Toothache / Loftus, Bridie -- To Go Astray / Loftus, Bridie -- Local Stanzas - The Sandy Demesne of Enniscrone / Loftus, Bridie -- Local Stanzas - Poem on Scurmore / Byron, Beatrice -- Local Stanzas - The Cricket that Sang at the Hob / Vann, Mary Mc -- Holy Wells / Guinness, Denise Mc -- Going Astray / Mullany, Annie -- Local Stanzas - West of Fanny O' Deas -- Local Stanzas - Lines on the Lacken Fishermen who were Lost in 1927 / Tuffy, Sadie -- On The Famine / Cassidy, Patricia -- Going Astray / Cawley, Imeldia -- Rhyme / Tuffy, Sadie -- Muc Duff / Tuffy, Sadie -- Ward's Flood / Tuffy, Sadie -- Taking of Ballina in 1922 -- Old Roads / Burke, M. A. -- Mac Firbis, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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13. Calary, Bray

Author

Calary, Bray, Faoite, Bean De, Sutton, Alice, Fleming, Maggie, and Molloy, Betty

Subjects
Ceallúrach Íochtarach, Calary Lower, Folklore
Abstract

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Calary, Bray (school) (Calary Lower, Co. Wicklow), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Bean de Faoite., Weather-Lore / Sutton, Alice -- Severe Weather / Sutton, Alice -- Local Heroes / Sutton, Alice -- Hidden Treasure / Sutton, Alice -- Local Marriage Customs / Sutton, Alice -- Lore of Certain Days / Sutton, Alice -- Bird-Lore / Sutton, Alice -- Potato Crop / Sutton, Alice -- Care of Farm Animals / Fleming, Maggie -- Churning / Sutton, Alice -- Travelling Folk / Sutton, Alice -- Local Forge / Sutton, Alice -- Clothes Made Locally / Sutton, Alice -- Local Song / Sutton, Alice -- Local Fairs / Sutton, Alice -- Care of the Feet / Sutton, Alice -- My Home District / Sutton, Alice -- Buying and Selling / Sutton, Alice -- Old Houses / Sutton, Alice -- Our Holy Wells / Sutton, Alice -- Local Landlord / Sutton, Alice -- Old Graveyards / Sutton, Alice -- Food in Olden Times / Sutton, Alice -- Herbs / Sutton, Alice -- Herbs / Fleming, Maggie -- Local Roads / Sutton, Alice -- Local Roads / Molloy, Betty -- Bread / Sutton, Alice -- Bread / Fleming, Maggie -- Local Ruins / Sutton, Alice -- Homemade Toys / Sutton, Alice -- Games I Play / Sutton, Alice -- Riddles / Molloy, Betty -- Local Monuments / Fleming, Maggie -- Festival Customs - Halloween / Sutton, Alice -- Leipreachán or Mermaid / Sutton, Alice -- Hurling and Football Matches / Sutton, Alice -- Local Poets / Molloy, Betty -- Local Poets / Fleming, Maggie -- Local Poets / Sutton, Alice -- Old Crafts / Molloy, Betty -- Old Crafts / Sutton, Alice -- Fairy Forts / Sutton, Alice -- Famine Times / Sutton, Alice -- Fairy Forts / Molloy, Betty -- Funny Story / Sutton, Alice, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

Published
1937
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14. Writing with ring currents: selectively hydrogenated polycyclic aromatics as finite models of graphene and graphane.

Author

Fowler PW, Gibson CM, and Bean DE

Abstract

Alternating partial hydrogenation of the interior region of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon gives a finite model system representing systems on the pathway from graphene to the graphane modification of the graphene sheet. Calculations at the DFT and coupled Hartree-Fock levels confirm that sp 2 cycles of bare carbon centres isolated by selective hydrogenation retain the essentially planar geometry and electron delocalization of the annulene that they mimic. Delocalization is diagnosed by the presence of ring currents, as detected by ipsocentric calculation and visualization of the current density induced in the π system by a perpendicular external magnetic field. These induced 'ring' currents have essentially the same sense, strength and orbital origin as in the free hydrocarbon. Subjected to the important experimental proviso of the need for atomic-scale control of hydrogenation, this finding predicts the possibility of writing single, multiple and concentric diatropic and/or paratropic ring currents on the graphene/graphane sheet. The implication is that pathways for free flow of ballistic current can be modelled in the same way.

Published
2014
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15. Base-catalyzed dehydration of 3-substituted benzene cis-1,2-dihydrodiols: stabilization of a cyclohexadienide anion intermediate by negative aromatic hyperconjugation.

Author

Kudavalli JS, Rao SN, Bean DE, Sharma ND, Boyd DR, Fowler PW, Gronert S, Kamerlin SC, Keeffe JR, and More O'Ferrall RA

Subjects
Catalysis, Kinetics, Phenols chemistry, Water chemistry, Anions chemistry, Benzene chemistry, Cyclohexenes chemistry
Abstract

Evidence that a 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexadienide anion is stabilized by aromatic "negative hyperconjugation" is described. It complements an earlier inference of "positive" hyperconjugative aromaticity for the cyclohexadienyl cation. The anion is a reactive intermediate in the dehydration of benzene cis-1,2-dihydrodiol to phenol. Rate constants for 3-substituted benzene cis-dihydrodiols are correlated by σ(-) values with ρ = 3.2. Solvent isotope effects for the reactions are k(H(2)O)/k(D(2)O) = 1.2-1.8. These measurements are consistent with reaction via a carbanion intermediate or a concerted reaction with a "carbanion-like" transition state. These and other experimental results confirm that the reaction proceeds by a stepwise mechanism, with a change in rate-determining step from proton transfer to the loss of hydroxide ion from the intermediate. Hydrogen isotope exchange accompanying dehydration of the parent benzene cis-1,2-dihydrodiol was not found, and thus, the proton transfer step is subject to internal return. A rate constant of ~10(11) s(-1), corresponding to rotational relaxation of the aqueous solvent, is assigned to loss of hydroxide ion from the intermediate. The rate constant for internal return therefore falls in the range 10(11)-10(12) s(-1). From these limiting values and the measured rate constant for hydroxide-catalyzed dehydration, a pK(a) of 30.8 ± 0.5 was determined for formation of the anion. Although loss of hydroxide ion is hugely exothermic, a concerted reaction is not enforced by the instability of the intermediate. Stabilization by negative hyperconjugation is proposed for 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexadienide and similar anions, and this proposal is supported by additional experimental evidence and by computational results, including evidence for a diatropic ("aromatic") ring current in 3,3-difluorocyclohexadienyl anion.

Published
2012
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16. Ring currents in boron and carbon buckyballs, B80 and C60.

Author

Bean DE, Muya JT, Fowler PW, Nguyen MT, and Ceulemans A

Abstract

The ipsocentric method at the coupled Hartree-Fock level is used for the calculation of magnetically induced ring currents in the boron buckyball B(80), for both I(h) and distorted T(h) geometries. A close similarity between the current patterns in boron and carbon buckyballs is noted, but with a higher current density in B(80). Paratropic currents on the pentagons are predominant in the boron buckyball, and the central NICS value is positive. These observations support the conclusion that B(80) should be considered (weakly) anti-aromatic. The largest orbital contributions to the ring currents in both molecules are identified and related to specific excitations in the frontier orbital region.

Published
2011
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17. Hyperaromatic stabilization of arenium ions: cyclohexa- and cycloheptadienyl cations-experimental and calculated stabilities and ring currents.

Author

Lawlor DA, Bean DE, Fowler PW, Keeffe JR, Kudavalli JS, O'Ferrall RA, and Rao SN

Abstract

Measurements of pK(R) show that the cycloheptadienyl cation is less stable than the cyclohexadienyl (benzenium) cation by 18 kcal mol(-1). This difference is ascribed here to "hyperaromaticity" of the latter. For the cycloheptadienyl cation a value of K(R) = [ROH][H(+)]/[R(+)] is assigned by combining a rate constant for reaction of the cation with water based on the azide clock with a rate constant for the acid-catalyzed formation of the cation accompanying equilibration of cycloheptadienol with its trifluoroethyl ether in TFE-water mixtures. Comparison of pK(R) = -16.1 with pK(R) = -2.6 for the cyclohexadienyl cation yields the difference in stabilities of the two ions. Interpretation of this difference in terms of hyperconjugative aromaticity is supported by the effect of benzannelation in reducing pK(R) for the benzenium ion: from -2.6 down to -3.5 for the 1H-naphthalenium and -6.0 for the 9H-anthracenium ions, respectively. MP2/6-311+G** and G3MP2 calculations of hydride ion affinities of benzenium ions show an order of stabilities for substituents at the methylene group consistent with their hyperconjugative abilities, i.e., (H(3)Si)(2) > cyclopropyl > H(2) > Me(2)> (HO)(2) > F(2). Calculations of ring currents show a similar ordering. No conventional ring current is seen for the cycloheptadienyl cation, whereas currents in the F(2)-substituted benzenium ion are consistent with antiaromaticity. Arenium ions where the methylene group is substituted with a single OH group show characteristic energy differences between conformations, with C-H or C-OH bonds respectively occupying or constrained to axial positions favorable to hyperconjugation. The differences were found to be 8.8, 6.3, 2.4, and 0.4 kcal mol(-1) for benzenium, naphthalenium, phenanthrenium, and cyclohexenyl cations, respectively., (© 2011 American Chemical Society)

Published
2011
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18. Effect on ring current of the Kekulé vibration in aromatic and antiaromatic rings.

Author

Bean DE and Fowler PW

Abstract

Derivative current-density maps are used to follow the changes in ring-current (and hence, on the magnetic criterion, the changes in aromaticity) with the Kekulé vibrations of the prototypical aromatic, antiaromatic, and nonaromatic systems of benzene, cyclooctatetraene (COT), and borazine. Maps are computed at the ipsocentric CHF/6-31G**//RHF/6-31G** level. The first-derivative map for benzene shows a growing-in of localized bond currents, and the second-derivative map shows a pure, paratropic "antiring-current", leading to the conclusion that vibrational motion along the Kekulé mode will reduce the net aromaticity of benzene, on average. For planar-constrained D(4h) COT, the Kekulé mode (positive for reduction of bond-length alternation) increases paratropicity at both first and second order, indicating an average increase in antiaromaticity with zero-point motion along this mode. On the ring-current criterion, breathing expansions of benzene and D(4h) COT reduce aromaticity and increase antiaromaticity, respectively.

Published
2011
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19. Investigating the threshold of aromaticity and antiaromaticity by variation of nuclear charge.

Author

Fowler PW, Bean DE, and Seed M

Subjects
Benzene chemistry, Boron Compounds chemistry
Abstract

Aromatic benzene and nonaromatic borazine can be modeled as the end-points of a continuous process evolving through intermediate systems with fractional nuclear charges. Current-density maps show a smooth, linear progression in which the global diatropic π ring current weakens as localized diatropic lone-pair currents grow with the increase in charge difference. In contrast, the progression from antiaromatic (planarized) cyclooctatetraene to nonaromatic borazocine shows an initially persistent paratropic ring current with a sharper transition to the localized diatropic system. The different behaviors of aromatic and antiaromatic systems stem from the different orbital origins of diatropic and paratropic ring current, and both can be rationalized in terms of arguments based on π distortivity and electronegativity.

Published
2010
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20. Patterns of ring current in coronene isomers.

Author

Balaban AT, Bean DE, and Fowler PW

Abstract

The ipsocentric pseudo-p model is used to predict maps of induced current density for isomeric variations of coronene in which the central hexagonal ring is surrounded by 5, 6, and 7-membered rings. All isomers in the set are predicted to support strong diatropic perimeter ring currents, thereby conforming to the magnetic criterion of aromaticity.

Published
2010

21. Double aromaticity and ring currents in all-carbon rings.

Author

Fowler PW, Mizoguchi N, Bean DE, and Havenith RW

Subjects
Electrons, Magnetics, Physical Phenomena, Carbon chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry
Abstract

Double aromaticity of neutral, planar rings of carbon atoms is demonstrated through visualisation of the induced ring currents, mapped at the ipsocentric B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level for species C(6) to C(30), with onset of delocalised current in the in-plane pi system at C(10)/C(11). Both in-plane and conventional out-of-plane pi systems have diatropic/paratropic current in accordance with the Hückel rule, with 4 m+2 occupation of the out-of-plane pi system taking precedence, as predicted by simple nesting of Frost-Musulin diagrams. The current-density maps show characteristic double-doughnut and double-track topographies for out-of-plane and in-plane ring currents, respectively, both governed by a common framework of angular momentum rules.

Published
2009
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22. Stacked-ring aromaticity: an orbital model.

Author

Bean DE and Fowler PW

Abstract

Visualization of induced current density using the ipsocentric CHF/CTOCD-DZ/6-31G** approach gives a direct demonstration of the literature proposal of reversal of [4n]annulene antiaromaticity on stacking cyclooctatetraene (COT) rings into a superphane. Through-space interactions lead to a closed-shell in which paratropicity of planar COT units is quenched, and layered diatropic currents arise from magnetic response of two pairs of frontier orbitals. A general orbital model rationalizes the differences in current between stacked aromatic and antiaromatic rings.

Published
2008
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