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There is a pressing need to equip youth-serving community organizations to respond to the unique needs of trauma-exposed children. Early prevention measures can be an effective means of redirecting children to self-regulatory healing, while facilitating their transition toward strength-based thriving. Sport can offer a powerful opportunity to reach these children; however there remains little information on how to effectively develop, deliver, evaluate, and sustain trauma-sensitive sport programs in a community context. The purpose of this paper is to outline a case study of integrating sport-based trauma-sensitive practices with BGC Canada's national Bounce Back League program. An interdisciplinary partnership of academic, community, and practice experts used a community-based participatory action research approach, paired with a knowledge translational approach, to guide the process of program development. Mixed methods (e.g., surveys, logbooks, interviews, focus groups, online communications) were used to generate ongoing insights of staff's training experiences, successes and challenges of program implementation, and potential impact of program on club members. Several stages of program development are described, including: (a) collaboratively planning the program; (b) piloting the program to three clubs; (c) adapting the program using pilot insights; (d) expanding the adapted program to ten clubs; and (e) creating opportunities to maintain, sustain, and scale-out practices throughout grant duration and beyond. Lessons learned regarding the leadership team's experiences in terms of developing, adapting, and integrating trauma-sensitive practices in this community context are shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Early cracks form at basal twist grain boundaries (BTGB) in different Ti-Al-V-based alloys. • Microstructural statistics were extracted at cracked BTGB. • Slip transfer enables crack initiation along short BTGB segments. • Automatic detection of potential crack initiation sites (PCIS) was achieved using EBSD maps. • The probability of containing one PCIS or more in a given region was statistically assessed. (0001) twist grain boundaries (BTGB) have been identified as critical microstructure configurations regarding fatigue crack initiation in titanium alloys. In the presently reported study, Ti-Al-V based alloys with different microstructures were tested in the low-cycle fatigue regime. Early cracking occurred at BTGB for all investigated alloys and microstructures. Microstructural statistics collected at crack initiation sites revealed a weak sensitivity to moderate differences in α and β stabilizers content and microstructural features. Criteria for the identification of crack initiation sites were then defined using this dataset. An automatic processing routine was applied on large-scale electron back-scattered diffraction maps to analyze the spatial distribution of BTGB susceptible to cracking. The low associated density implies that large microstructural regions, i.e., typically > 1 mm2, must be considered to include microstructural configurations prone to crack nucleation. It is likely to play a critical role in the high lifetime variability of Ti alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa, as is mostly the norm globally, national legislation and guidelines specify that potable water distribution networks maintain the capacity to provide specified quantities of water for firefighting. This paper addresses the question: is the South African standard and guideline pertaining to fire-flow provision appropriate for firefighting and do these ensure the most efficient balance between providing sufficient fire protection and promoting sustainable water use? In answering this question, this study: (i) reviewed national and international design standards and guidelines; and (ii) captured and analysed 10 years of billable fire incident reports representing 3 859 fire events within the City of Johannesburg. Highlights from the study include: inconsistencies in categories when comparing the SANS 10090 and The Red Book fire tables and violations (in The Red Book) of stipulated Minimum Fire Flows; over the 10 year period, 75% of fire incidents within the City of Johannesburg were extinguished using less than 6.6 kL of water – less than the capacity (6.9 kL) of the City’s conventional pumping tanker during the period; 99.9% of fire incidents within the City were quenched using an average fire flow rate of less than 1 200 L/min, which is the minimum hydrant flow rate for the lowest fire risk category in SANS 10090; and peak fire occurrence did not correspond with typical peak residential water use. Recommendations are proffered in respect of the above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additively manufactured 316L stainless steels display significantly higher yield strength than their as-cast or wrought counterparts. This is associated with the micro-scale cellular structure and complex grain and sub-grain structure, resulting from high cooling rates occurring during the additive manufacturing process. The consequences of these peculiar microstructural features on plastic localization early in the plastic regime at the sub-grain scale are investigated. The plastic localization involved during monotonic deformation of conventional and additive manufactured 316L stainless steels is investigated using high-resolution digital image correlation. Significant heterogeneous slip localization is observed in the additively manufactured 316L stainless steels compared to the wrought 316L stainless steels. The cellular structure and low-angle grain boundaries are observed to control the incipient plasticity. In addition, slip localization characteristics indicate that the additional strengthening in the AM material is mainly related to the cellular structure acting as a dislocation forest-type obstacle. • Slip localization amplitude in AM 316L SS is higher on average than in wrought 316L. • Heterogeneity of sub-grain structures controls slip deformation in the AM Material. • Strengthening in the AM SS is due to the cell structure acting as a dislocation forest. • Schmid Factor is a poor indicator of incipient plasticity in the AM Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revealed between-lake genetic structuring between Coregonus lavaretus collected from the only two native populations of this species in Scotland, U.K. (Lochs Eck and Lomond) evidenced by the existence of private alleles (12 in Lomond and four in Eck) and significant genetic differentiation ( FST = 0·056) across 10 microsatellite markers. Juvenile C. lavaretus originating from eggs collected from the two lakes and reared in a common-garden experiment showed clear phenotypic differences in trophic morphology ( i.e. head and body shape) between these populations indicating that these characteristics were, at least partly, inherited. Microsatellite analysis of adults collected from different geographic regions within Loch Lomond revealed detectable and statistically significant but relatively weak genetic structuring ( FST = 0·001-0·024) and evidence of private alleles related to the basin structure of the lake. Within-lake genetic divergence patterns suggest three possibilities for this observed pattern: (1) differential selection pressures causing divergence into separate gene pools, (2) a collapse of two formerly divergent gene pools and (3) a stable state maintained by balancing selection forces resulting from spatial variation in selection and lake heterogeneity. Small estimates of effective population sizes for the populations in both lakes suggest that the capacity of both populations to adapt to future environmental change may be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent improvements in spatial resolution and measurement sensitivity for high-resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) now provide an avenue for the quantitative measurement of deformation events and capturing the physical nature of deformation mechanisms. However, HR-DIC measurements require significant time due to scanning electron image acquisition; such a limitation prevents the widespread use of HR-DIC for material characterization. Objective: Apply a novel SEM acquisition technology to enhance HR-DIC measurements for high throughput applications. Methods: Multi-beam SEM technology is employed to image an entire gauge length at once at high resolution and at nearly a hundredfold acceleration of typical HR-DIC image acquisition, even when automated stage movement and image acquisition are employed. These images were fed into a discontinuity-tolerant HR-DIC software to determine slip localization induced by non-metallic inclusions and grain structure. Results: Slip localization was able to be analyzed to an unprecedented level, with over 210,000 slip bands able to be investigated, with the most intense slip localizing near and parallel to twin boundaries and in the vicinity of non-metallic inclusion clusters. Additionally, secondary slip activation and grain boundary shearing by intense dislocation pileups are observed to reduce slip amplitude near and parallel to twin boundaries. Conclusions: By performing HR-DIC in conjunction with a multi-beam SEM, high-throughput measurements of large field-of-view, high-resolution images were able to be performed in a timely manner. These measurements provided an immense number of slip events for statistical analysis to be performed on to relate to microstructural features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported here are several deviations ( n = 15; 1·96%) from typical morphology in a large sample ( n = 767) of European brook lamprey Lampetra planeri from a single population in the Loch Lomond catchment; this includes one specimen bearing a true anal fin. A brief review of petromyzontid teratology is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to compare the reliability of various methods of estimating normal rock fracture compliance from elastic wave measurements. We compare ultrasonic through-transmission laboratory measurements for a smooth fracture in a Westerly granite specimen with numerical simulations and analytical solutions. The focus is on deriving compliance from time delays. The influence of specimen and source transducer width was constrained using numerical wave simulations. We find that measured ultrasonic phase delays are better suited to estimate the fracture compliance than group delays. Using the frequency domain instead of the time domain increases the accuracy of the fracture compliance estimates. We further show that for cases where precise phase delay measurements are unavailable, employing first break times in conjunction with numerical simulations can be considered as an alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test various methods of quantifying the compliance of single and multiple rock fractures from synthetic ultrasonic data. The data are generated with a 2D discrete particle scheme which has previously been shown to treat fractures in agreement with linear-slip theory. Studying single fractures, we find that delays derived from peak amplitudes do not correspond to group delays, as might be expected. This is due to waveform distortion caused by the frequency-dependent transmission across the fracture. Instead the delays correspond to an expression for phase delays, which we derive from linear-slip theory. Phase delays are a unique function of compliance, whereas group delays are non-uniquely related to compliance. We believe that this property of group delays has hindered the wider application of deriving fracture compliances from traveltimes. We further show that transmission coefficients derived from waveform spectra yield more accurate fracture compliances than those obtained from ratios of signal peak amplitudes. We also investigate the compliance of a set of parallel fractures. Fracture compliance can only be determined from transmission coefficients if the fracture spacing is so large that the first arriving pulse is not contaminated by reverberations. In the case of contamination the direct measurement of group or phase delays is not practical. However, we demonstrate that in such cases of strong waveform distortion the coda wave interferometry method is very effective for determining relative fracture compliance. First break delays in the fracture set data are related to those observed in single fracture simulations. This means that fracture set compliance can be estimated from first break data if used together with numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesised the views of 34 participants in a workshop to consider the status and future conservation and management of the Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus L.). These are expressed as a series of resolutions deriving from a conference on Arctic charr conservation held in Perth, Scotland in June 2004. Agreed resolutions from the conference were as follows. (i) The unique diversity of Arctic charr should be recognised for the contribution it makes to biodiversity of northern aquatic communities. (ii) The recognition by the public, nongovernmental organisations and national governments of the importance of Arctic charr in northern ecosystems is an important step to the management and protection that should be pursued. (iii) The taxonomic status of highly variable charr populations requires to be reviewed. (iv) There should be a separate system, complementary to the taxonomic one, which systematically catalogues the biological diversity of S. alpinus. (v) The Arctic charr provides a unique natural resource to study the process of evolution and this requires the highest level of protection from anthropogenic effects. (vi) The status of conservation policy for Arctic charr needs to be urgently reviewed to take account of its unique position in the fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A striking change in the political party systems of many established democracies in recent years has been the rise to electoral and political prominence of right-wing populist parties. Moving beyond the usual anti-statism and racism attitudinal explanatory foci, this article posits that popular support for these parties is associated with the job insecurity that populist party leaders have attributed to deepening international economic integration, or economic globalization. The conceptualization of job insecurity is discussed and its expected relationship to the mercantilism of right-wing populist parties clarified. The hypothesis is tested in the specific context of support for Pauline Hanson’s One Nation Party in the 1998 election to the Australian federal House of Representatives. The article concludes with a consideration of the wider implications of its findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Train-induced vibrations act as potential powerful high-frequency source for imaging subsurface with higher resolution than typical ambient noise interferometry. In this study, we present results of seismic interferometry applied on three days of railroad traffic data recorded by an array of seismographs along a railway in Dublin, Ireland. Our virtual shot gathers show significant surface and body wave energy that could be used for seismic interferometry. Reflection sections obtained with our interferometry approaches applied on selected time windows of train-induced vibrations is consistent with nearby borehole data and an active seismic profile. The consistency of the results given by these approaches confirms that train-generated vibrations represent a valuable source of signal for high-resolution subsurface imaging. Furthermore, our results show spurious arrivals that are due to the train geometry and also the cross-correlation approach that needs consideration for body wave interferometry studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mild degassing and effusion that characterizes open‐vent volcanoes can be interrupted by episodes of sustained explosive activity known as paroxysms. Here, we present observations from a seismic array deployment during the 2021 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy. During the observation period, degassing dominated surface activity at the central and northeast summit craters; lava flows, Strombolian explosions, and fire fountaining, accompanied by ash plumes, characterized eruption in the southeast sector of Mt. Etna. Seismic array locations showed changes associated with shifts in the style and location of activity across multiple craters at Mt. Etna. We observed changes in array locations between the north‐northeast and southeast directions that consistently anticipated the onset of paroxysmal activity in the southeast sector. Our results demonstrate the potential of seismic arrays to resolve vent‐specific activity and shed light on precursory patterns leading up to paroxysmal activity. Plain Language Summary: In this study we present analyses of seismic data collected at Mt. Etna, Italy, during a period of paroxysmal eruptive activity in the summer of 2021. Throughout the period under investigation, activity at the volcano was characterized by shifts in both style and location across the multiple summit craters. Analyses of seismic data recorded by a cluster of tightly spaced seismometers, or seismic array, allowed to track the location of seismic tremor throughout the study period. We show, with unprecedented resolution, that migration of the tremor source systematically anticipated the onset of the most intense phases of eruption. Our results are consistent with previously proposed models of a branched conduit system within the shallow plumbing at Mt. Etna; different branches of the conduit system feed activity from different vents within the multiple summit craters, each with a distinctive style of eruption. The results of our study demonstrate that seismic arrays can shed light on precursory patterns leading up to paroxysmal activity at Mt. Etna, and other similar volcanoes worldwide. We surmise that seismic arrays are a powerful monitoring tool with clear potential to improve volcano early warning practices and protocols. Key Points: Seismic arrays track degassing and explosive activity at multi‐vent volcanoesSystematic shifts in seismic tremor locations anticipate the onset of paroxysmal activity at Mt. EtnaShifts in tremor locations and style of surface activity at Mt. Etna are consistent with previous models of a branched conduit system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency seismic surface waves sample the top few tens of meters to the top few kilometres of the subsurface. They can be used to determine 3-D distributions of shear-wave velocities and to map the depths of discontinuities (interfaces) within the crust. Passive seismic imaging, using ambient noise as the source of signal, can thus be an effective tool of exploration for mineral, geothermal and other resources, provided that sufficient high-frequency signal is available in the ambient noise wavefield and that accurate, high-frequency measurements can be performed on this signal. Ambient noise imaging using the ocean-generated noise at 5–30 s periods is now a standard method, but less signal is available at frequencies high enough for deposit-scale imaging (0.2–30 Hz), and few studies have reported successful measurements in broad frequency bands. Here, we develop a workflow for the measurement of high-frequency, surface wave phase velocities in very broad frequency ranges. Our workflow comprises (1) a new noise cross-correlation procedure that accounts for the non-stationary properties of the high-frequency noise sources, removes bandpass filtering, replaces temporal normalization with short time window stacking, and drops the explicit spectral normalization by adopting cross-coherence; (2) a new phase-velocity measurement method that extends the bandwidth of reliable measurements by exploiting the (resolved) 2π ambiguity of phase-velocity measurements and (3) interstation-distance-dependent quality control that uses the similarity of subgroups of dispersion curves to reject outliers and identify the frequency ranges with accurate measurements. The workflow is highly automated and applicable to large arrays. Applying our method to data from a large-N array that operated for one month near Marathon, Ontario, Canada, we use rectangular subarrays with 150-m station spacing and, typically, 1 hr of data and obtain Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity measurements in a 0.5–30 Hz frequency range, spanning over 5.9 octaves, twice the typical frequency range of 1.5–3 octaves in previous studies. Phase-velocity maps and the subregion-average 1-D velocity models they constrain show a high-velocity anomaly consistent with the known, west-dipping gabbro intrusions beneath the area. The new structural information can improve our understanding of the geometry of the gabbro intrusions, hosting the Cu-PGE Marathon deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamprey-induced scarring of the nationally rare Coregonus lavaretus, a known host of a freshwater-resident population of European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, was found to have declined precipitously since the establishment of several non-native fishes in Loch Lomond. Evidence presented in this study points to the possibility that L. fluviatilis in this lake may have altered its trophic ecology in response to the negative impact that non-native species, in particular ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, have had on their favoured host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outline is given of the scale and nature of special wildlife designations in the UK river network, the general approach of the UK conservation agencies to their evaluation and management, and the specific way in which impacts of river flows are handled. The need for a holistic ecological and biodiversity view of water resource impacts on river systems is stressed, within which the specific needs of individual species, such as Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., can be framed. An approach founded on the provision of a natural flow regime within a natural physical channel not only provides the most suitable conditions for characteristic riverine wildlife to flourish but also provides the best local defence against global climate change. Arguments are made for a future focus on the generic evidence base for flow targets and its strengthening through strategic and demonstrably fit-for-purpose research. The practical constraints to an approach based on protection of the natural flow regime are discussed. Ultimately, transparent separation and consideration of what river ecosystems really need, and what can realistically be provided, is the key to shared ownership of the water resource dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) is a volcanic island dominated by the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, with a summit height of 3718 m. After renewed signs of activity starting in 2004, an active seismic experiment was performed in 2007 to derive a tomographic model and identify seismic anomalies possibly associated with the magmatic system. To complement the tomography, a double beam-forming analysis is applied on two orthogonal 2-D profiles crossing the island to look for evidence of the existence of a magma chamber. Numerical tests allow us to investigate the best measure of coherency between traces, and show that the correlation and nth root semblance methods give better results than the classical semblance. They also demonstrate that the technique is reliable for locating scattering structures at depth, even when the velocity model is imperfect. Applying this technique to the Tenerife data set, two main anomalies can be identified: one at approximately 7-9 km b.s.l. depth in the northern part of the island, and one shallower (1-4 km b.s.l.) beneath the main summit. These structures could be linked to the magmatic system, in good agreement with previous studies. The shallowest one may be the phonolitic storage area feeding the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, while the deepest structure may be related to the basaltic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key for three putative species apparently found in three geographic areas, i.e. Coregonus clupeoides (in Scotland), Coregonus stigmaticus (in England), and Coregonus pennantii (in Wales) given in a recent review was tested quantitatively using 544 individuals from nine populations. The classification success of the key was very low (27%). It was concluded that there is currently no robust evidence for the recognition of the three putative species. Furthermore, the use of phenotypic characters alone to distinguish putative species in postglacial fish species such as those of the genus Coregonus that show homoplasy in many of these traits is questioned. In the absence of further evidence, it was concluded that a single highly variable species best describes the pattern of phenotypic variation in these U.K. populations. On this basis it is argued that taxonomic subdivision of U.K. European coregonids is inappropriate and that Coregonus lavaretus should prevail as the species name applicable to all populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in stable-isotope values, morphology and ecology in whitefish Coregonus lavaretus were investigated between the three basins of Loch Lomond. The results are discussed with reference to a genetic investigation to elucidate any substructuring or spawning site fidelity. Foraging fidelity between basins of Loch Lomond was indicated by δC and δN values of C. lavaretus muscle tissue. There was, however, no evidence of the existence of sympatric morphs in the C. lavaretus population. A previous report of two C. lavaretus'species' in Loch Lomond probably reflects natural variation between individuals within a single mixed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the scattering effects of pronounced volcano topography on the seismic wavefield is an important component in locating and interpreting volcano seismic sources. In this study, we perform seismic wave simulations to quantify the scattering generated by a 3-D digital elevation map and 1-D velocity model of Arenal volcano, Costa Rica. Full waveform synthetic seismograms were generated using a 3-D elastic lattice method including complex topography. Several different simulations were performed where the source location, source type and topographic models were varied. Synthetic seismograms were calculated for 35 seismic arrays each one comprising nine stations. At each array, the slowness vector of wave propagation is estimated from the time delays between the sensors obtained using the cross-spectral method. Results show that the backazimuth estimated for some arrays, in particular those close to the source, deviate from the true source position suggesting strong topographic effects in these regions. The maximum of the probability density function, obtained by crossing the backazimuths of the remaining arrays, coincides exactly with the true source location. We also compare our synthetic seismograms with array results from a physical field study. The true and calculated location misfit depends largely on the topography, but also on the number of antennas, the distance from the source and the spatial resolution of the antennas. The results show that this kind of study could be undertaken prior to the installation of seismic arrays to select the sites that minimize the topographic effects leading to improved source locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon stable-isotope analysis showed that individual brown trout Salmo trutta in Loch Lomond adopted strategies intermediate to that of freshwater residency or anadromy, suggesting either repeated movement between freshwater and marine environments, or estuarine residency. Carbon stable-isotope (δ13C) values from Loch Lomond brown trout muscle tissue ranged from those indicative of assimilation of purely freshwater-derived carbon to those reflecting significant utilization of marine-derived carbon. A single isotope, two-source mixing model indicated that, on average, marine C made a 33% contribution to the muscle tissue C of Loch Lomond brown trout. Nitrogen stable isotope, δ15N, but not δ13C was correlated with fork length suggesting that larger fish were feeding at a higher trophic level but that marine feeding was not indicated by larger body size. These results are discussed with reference to migration patterns in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 230 anadromous Salmo trutta (brown trout) were sampled in five sheltered coastal fjords (or sea lochs) on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K., in 2016 at varying distances from active Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farms. Statistical models were developed to investigate potential correlations between salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis burdens on S. trutta hosts and their proximity to S. salar farm cages. Significant correlations were found between lice burdens and fish fork length and proximity to the nearest S. salar farm. The probability of the presence of L. salmonis on fish hosts increased with fish host size and with distance from the nearest S. salar farm, but total lice burdens were highest in fish sampled near S. salar farms and decreased with distance. The proportion of different life‐cycle stages of L. salmonis were also dependent on S. salar farm proximity, with higher juvenile lice numbers recorded at sites near S. salar farm cages. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between S. trutta and L. salmonis infections on wild fish and emphasize the requirement of further research to quantify these effects to better inform conservation and management strategies, particularly in areas of active S. salar farm facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the usefulness of passing euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts through an Archimedean screw turbine to test for external damage, as compared with live, actively swimming smolts. Scale loss was the only observed effect. Severe scale loss was 5·9 times more prevalent in euthanized turbine‐passed fish (45%) than the live fish (7·6%). Additionally, distinctive patterns of scale loss, consistent with grinding between the turbine helices and housing trough, were observed in 35% of euthanized turbine‐passed smolts. This distinctive pattern of scale loss was not seen in live turbine‐passed smolts, nor in control groups (live and euthanized smolts released downstream of the turbine), which suggests that the altered behaviour of dead fish in turbine flows generates biased injury outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a numerical investigation of the effect that static stress perturbations due to fluid injection have on a nearby active fault where the fluid does not come in physical contact with the fault. Our modelling employs a lattice Boltzmann pore diffusion model coupled with a quasi-dynamic earthquake rupture model. As diffusivities and frictional parameters can be defined independently at individual nodes/cells this allows us to replicate complex 3-D geological media in our simulations. We demonstrate the effect an injection can have on an active nearby fault. Compared with our control catalogue (identical to the original simulation but without the injection), the injection not only altered the timing of the next earthquake sequence, it also changed its size, producing a Mw 6.7 event, the largest observed earthquake on the fault. This large event pushes the fault into a subcritical state from which it took roughly 200 yr of continuous tectonic loading for the fault to return to a critical state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A passive seismic experiment was conducted in April/May 2010 in the Albertine Graben region in Uganda to record low-frequency seismic signals and explore the possibility of their exploitation in this area as a direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI). Recordings were made at locations directly overlying both hydrocarbon and water-bearing strata within the sedimentary basin as well as reference sites external to the basin, directly on the basement. Contrary to findings published in some literature to date, we found that spatial variations in the analysed wavefield parameters correlate with the underlying geology rather than the presence or absence of hydrocarbons. Inversion of the surface-wave (fundamental mode) dispersion curve as well as the observed horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of both surface and body waves provide evidence that the observed spectral variations can be explained solely by a simple layered/gradient velocity model, without the presence of any kind of anomaly that could be attributed exclusively to a hydrocarbon reservoir. Consequently, it is recommended that knowledge of the geological and velocity structure is sought when analysing passive low-frequency seismic data sets. This is a fundamental prerequisite in order to guard against misinterpretation of the spatial variation of seismic derived attributes as DHIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific sneak male mating tactics between paired lamprey species are described for the first time. Although alternative mating tactics among petromyzontids have been described previously, including intraspecific sneak males, the presence of sneak male tactics between parasitic and non-parasitic forms suggests that high levels of gene flow between putative lamprey species could remain high, despite large body size discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first application of a time reverse location method in a volcanic setting, for a family of long-period (LP) events recorded on Mt Etna. Results are compared with locations determined using a full moment tensor grid search inversion and cross-correlation method. From 2008 June 18 to July 3, 50 broad-band seismic stations were deployed on Mt Etna, Italy, in close proximity to the summit. Two families of LP events were detected with dominant spectral peaks around 0.9 Hz. The large number of stations close to the summit allowed us to locate all events in both families using a time reversal location method. The method involves taking the seismic signal, reversing it in time, and using it as a seismic source in a numerical seismic wave simulator where the reversed signals propagate through the numerical model, interfere constructively and destructively, and focus on the original source location. The source location is the computational cell with the largest displacement magnitude at the time of maximum energy current density inside the grid. Before we located the two LP families we first applied the method to two synthetic data sets and found a good fit between the time reverse location and true synthetic location for a known velocity model. The time reverse location results of the two families show a shallow seismic region close to the summit in agreement with the locations using a moment tensor full waveform inversion method and a cross-correlation location method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a report on anthrax exposure following animal-hide drumming event in December 2009 in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, published in the 2010 issue of "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report." According to the author, findings from the qualitative environmental testing at the drumming event site suggested the aerosolization of spores from drumheads. The clinical case of a 24-year-old woman who was diagnosed with gastrointestinal anthrax after participating in a public drumming circle is discussed. In addition, the article highlights the findings of the epidemiologic investigation of the people involved in the drumming event and who were possibly exposed to anthrax. The clinical implications of the report are also cited.

The UK lies towards the southernmost distribution limit of the circumpolar Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus), and native populations of high national conservation value occur in all four component countries. However, given the temperature requirements of this species and the already relatively mild UK climate, there is strong reason to expect a significant negative impact of climate change on local populations. Data were assembled from repeated Arctic charr population assessments using combinations of hydroacoustics, gill netting, entrapment records and fisheries catches at five Scottish populations, five English populations and one Welsh population. These data were then used to test the hypotheses that there has been a widespread decline of Arctic charr in the UK and that it can be attributed at least in part to climate change. Ten of the 11 studied populations exhibited significant 1990-onwards declines in abundance, while only the most northerly population showed a significant increase. Overall, there was a significant positive relationship between the observed population decline ranking and a vulnerability to climate change ranking based on water body latitude, altitude and mean depth. These observations support the hypothesis that this species has suffered a recent and widespread decline in the UK, and although additional factors are undoubtedly also involved in some specific cases, climate change is a significant factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The t(4;14) translocation in multiple myeloma (MM) simultaneously dysregulates two apparent oncogenes: fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) controlled by the 3' immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer on der(14) and MMSET controlled by the intronic Emu enhancer on der(4). Although all MM tumors and cell lines with a t(4;14) translocation have dysregulated MMSET, about 25% do not express FGFR3. Therefore, the function of dysregulated wild-type (WT) FGFR3 in the pathogenesis of MM remains unclear. We developed a murine transgenic (TG) model in which WT FGFR3 is overexpressed in B lymphoid cells. Although high levels of FGFR3 resulted in lymphoid hyperplasia in about one-third of older mice, no increase in tumorigenesis was observed. However, double TG FGFR3/Myc mice develop mature B lymphoma tumors that occur with a higher penetrance and shorter latency than in single TG Myc mice (P=0.006). We conclude that expression of high levels of WT FGFR3 can be oncogenic and cooperate with MYC to generate B lymphoid tumors. This suggests that dysregulated FGFR3 expression is likely to be essential at least for the early stages of pathogenesis of MM tumors that have a t(4;14) translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress can undergo rapid temporal changes in volcanic environments, and this is particularly true during eruptions. We use two independent methods, coda wave interferometry (CWI) and shear wave splitting (SWS) analysis to track stress related wave propagation effects during the waning phase of the 2002 NE fissure eruption at Mt Etna. CWI is used to estimate temporal changes in seismic wave velocity, while SWS is employed to monitor changes in elastic anisotropy. We analyse seismic doublets, detecting temporal changes both in wave velocities and anisotropy, consistent with observed eruptive activity. In particular, syn-eruptive wave propagation changes indicate a depressurization of the system, heralding the termination of the eruption, which occurs three days later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]