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[Bahasa]: Komponen biaya terbesar dari usaha budidaya lobster adalah pakan. Pakan buatan diyakini merupakan salah satu solusi berkelanjutan bagi pengembangan industri budidaya yang ramah lingkungan. Dengan demikian, inovasi formulasi dan pembuatan pakan buatan harus terus dilakukan. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan keterampilan kepada pembudidaya lobster untuk memproduksi pakan buatan berbentuk gel berbasis bahan lokal di Dusun Telong-Elong Jerowaru Lombok Timur. Metode yang digunakan adalah Participatory Action Research (PAR). Peserta pelatihan menginisiasi, menyiapkan, dan mempraktekkan langsung cara pembuatan pakan dengan dibimbing oleh pengabdi. Evaluasi pakan yang dihasilkan meliputi tiga hal yaitu: tekstur (kelenturan), attractabilty (daya tarik), dan water stability (ketahanan dalam air). Melalui pelatihan yang difasilitasi oleh Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), pembudidaya berhasil memproduksi pakan buatan dengan karakteristik sebagai berikut: tekstur pakan yang dihasilkan menyerupai tekstur daging udang; daya tarik pakan sangat bagus; dan pakan mampu tidak hancur di dalam air selama 24 jam sebelum dimakan oleh lobster. Kelemahan pakan yang dihasilkan adalah tidak bisa bertahan lama ketika dimastikasi oleh lobster. Hal ini menyebabkan sebagian nutrien dalam pakan larut dalam air. Secara umum, pakan yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi sebagian besar kriteria yang diperlukan bagi pakan buatan lobster. Kombinasi binder perlu dikaji ulang untuk mengatasi kelemahan dalam pakan. Kata Kunci: pelatihan, pakan buatan, lobster, budidaya [English]: The major cost of lobster aquaculture is in the feed. The artificial feed is one of the viable solutions for development of aquaculture industry as it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, the innovation in formulating and producing the artificial feed shall be pursued. The purpose of this community service program is to equip the lobster farmers with the skills in producing artificial feed using local ingredients in Lombok Island. Participatory Action Research (PAR) method was used in this program. The participants initiated, prepared, and practiced the skills directly guided by the trainers. Artificial feeds produced by the participants were then evaluated including the texture, attractability, and water stability. Through this training facilitated by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), lobster farmers succeeded in producing artificial feed with the characteristics: the texture is similar to the texture of shrimp meat, the attractability is very good, and cannot be destroyed in water for 24 hours before being eaten by lobsters. The disadvantage of artificial feed is that it is unstable when masticatied and eaten by lobsters. This cause some of nutrients in the feed dissolve in water. In general, the artificial feed produced by lobster farmers have fulfilled the criteria of lobster feed. Binder combination is need to be reviewed to overcome weakness in artificial feed. Keywords: training, artificial feed, lobster, aquaculture

The literature on late-stage larval and puerulus settlement of tropical spiny lobsters suggests that a broad range of visually-assessed variables may play a role in the selection of settlement substrates. These variables include light level, luminosity, degree of exposure, and the availability of edges, crevices and clefts. A fishery has developed in Indonesia, that captures pueruli for grow-out purposes, along the entire southern coastline from Java to Sumbawa. The present study builds on knowledge gained on the behaviour and substrate preferences of settling pueruli by examining aspects of collector design and substrate surface characteristics in regard to catch rates. A series of tank-based experiments were used to examine preferences for various attributes of collector materials, and preferred material characteristics were then tested in a field experiment to verify the laboratory results. In the tank experiment the most preferred substrate was cement bag paper, followed by insect mesh, weed netting, PVC rubber and cement bag plastic. Crevice angles of 10° and 20° were significantly preferred over 30°. The substrate level and other substrates had less influence on settlement. However, both the lunar phase and type of materials tested in the field had a significant effect on settlement. Significantly greater numbers of pueruli were caught at the time of the new moon than at other moon phases. Cement bag paper was the most preferred material in the field, followed by cement bag plastic, insect mesh, weed fabric, and PVC rubber.

Indonesia has a unique opportunity to establish the world's largest lobster aquaculture industry, based on a significant natural resource of settling puerulus. These seed lobsters can be captured and on-grown to generate high value, consumption size lobsters. However, existing fisheries regulation prohibits fishing of these seed lobsters in Indonesia. Nevertheless, seed fishing occurs widely, and the seed are smuggled into Vietnam, where the Vietnamese gain most of the commercial benefit. By removing access to pueruli and grow-out opportunities, these regulations have diminished the capacity of Indonesian lobster farmers to develop a sustainable grow-out industry. Although the new policies were introduced as a management intervention to protect adult lobster stocks, they have had the unintended consequence of preventing development of lobster aquaculture while having no known benefit on abundance of adult lobsters. This study collected data on the puerulus available in Indonesia, species composition, seasonality, and capture methods. A census of seed capture determined that 5,243,887 pueruli were fished from two bays in the southeast of Lombok in 2014, representing 64,787 pueruli per km2. Surveys beyond Lombok determined there was high abundance of seed in areas with similar environmental characteristics, where local communities had also engaged in seed fishing. The locations identified as having substantial puerulus abundance comprised the southern coast of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa covering a distance of 1500 km. Puerulus abundance is highest in enclosed bays with distinct currents, relatively high turbidity attributable to terrestrial inflows, and muddy/sandy substrates. Satellite imaging identified all such suitable locations for puerulus settlement, enabling an estimate of total puerulus catch of 103,480,283 per year. The composition of puerulus fished consisted of two species, Panulirus homarus and P. ornatus. P. homarus was most abundant representing between 63 and 87%, while P. ornatus represented 37 to 13%. Seasonality of catch was unclear, with low catch between December and March and higher catches from April to November. The magnitude of the estimated puerulus resource of Indonesia is >20 times greater than that of Vietnam. If used for aquaculture, the seed available can support an industry generating >12,500 t of market size lobster, and provide social and economic benefit to many thousands of households. To achieve this, fisheries policies could be revised and a regulatory framework established to manage the puerulus fishery and support lobster farming. Tropical marine rock lobster aquaculture is a major opportunity for high-value aquaculture production for the Indonesian economy.

Development of spiny (rock) lobster aquaculture is of special interest because market demand continues to increase while capture fisheries production remains static and with little likelihood of any increase. This chapter provides a synopsis of information about the history, development, status and future of tropical spiny lobster aquaculture with a particular focus on Vietnam and Indonesia, where considerable development has already occurred. Vietnam is the only country in the world where farming of lobsters is fully developed and commercially successful. The Vietnamese industry is based on a natural supply of seed lobsters – the puerulus stage, as hatchery supply is not yet available due to the difficult technical demands of rearing spiny lobster larvae in captivity. Vietnam currently produces around 1600 tonnes of premium grade lobsters, primarily of the species Panulirus ornatus, that are exported to China where the price is higher. The industry is valued at over $US120 million. This success led to significant interest in Indonesia where a fishery for seed lobsters has become well developed, with a catch 10–20 times greater than that of Vietnam. However, growout of lobster in Indonesia remains insignificant due to adverse government policy and lack of farmer knowledge and skills. The seed lobsters available in Indonesia are primarily Panulirus homarus, a species with excellent production characteristics like P. ornatus, although with lesser value. Extraordinarily high abundance of naturally settling seed lobsters is apparent in selected areas due to a confluence of suitable conditions that create a high concentration of late-stage larvae near the coast. These areas have been termed hotspots, as the availability of settling seed is much higher than other areas. Such hotspots are now recognised in the central northern coast of Vietnam – supplying their growout industry – and the central southern coast of Indonesia. Natural mortality of the seed lobsters in these areas is correspondingly high due to insufficient settlement habitat and fish predation. Consequently, responsible fishing of these seed is sustainable, providing a valuable resource that can be on-grown for benefit of impoverished coastal communities. Innovative and inexpensive techniques have been developed to effectively catch the seed as they swim towards the coast seeking suitable habitat. In Vietnam, the seed are typically sold by fishers to dealers, who aggregate supplies and then on-sell to nursery farmers. Nursing consists of rearing the seed lobsters in small suspended or submerged cages, with a diet of fresh seafood – crabs, mollusc and fish. Advanced juvenile lobsters are produced that are in turn on-sold to growout farmers who stock them to larger floating cages, suspended from simple floating frames.

Spiny lobster farming is a feasible strategy to address increasing export demand currently not met by the capture fishery. However, farming currently relies on natural lobster seed availability, which in turn is limited by the fishers' lack of skill in catching and handling pueruli as well as applying suitable grow-out practises. In Indonesia, particularly on Lombok, a viable puerulus fishery has been established supporting a local grow-out industry. Anecdotal evidence suggests water depth may be an important factor for the effectiveness of collecting equipment. This paper reports on an experiment that examined the effect of depth and trap type on the effectiveness of puerulus collectors at the end of the wet season, when pueruli abundance is greatest. Four trap types were deployed at 5 depths: i) 1 m below surface; ii) 2 m below surface; iii) middle of the water column; iv) 1 m above the sea floor; and v) touching the sea floor, with 6 replicates of each. The data were analysed to identify the effect of depth and trap type using a two-way ANOVA. Significant differences for depth and trap type were found for the primary species caught, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus . The greatest catch of P. homarus was on the sea floor using a cement paper trap. For P. ornatus catch rate was less strongly correlated with a specific depth or trap type, although catch was highest at or near the sea floor in cement paper traps.