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Lower genitourinary tract trauma comprises a substantial portion of the trauma burden in the USA. Some key trends and findings are described. Mortality is relatively high in patients with bladder trauma due to associated injuries. Urethral injuries should be suspected in patients presenting with the triad of blood at the urethral meatus, suprapubic fullness indicative of a full bladder, and urinary retention. Urethral injury is common in penetrating penile trauma, and stab wounds to the penis are more likely to involve the urethra than gunshot wounds. Penile fracture is largely a clinical diagnosis and suspicion of fracture requires urgent surgical exploration. Zipper injuries are the most common cause of presentation to the emergency department for penile trauma in adults. Toilet seat injuries are the leading cause of penile pediatric trauma presenting to the emergency department. In the setting of testicular trauma, rates of testicular salvage are excellent when exploration is prompt. Trauma in the form of animal or human bites requires treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in addition to repair of the injury. Military trauma has seen an increase in explosive injuries to the lower urinary tracts due to evolution of warfare tactics. Increasing awareness of presentation and context of lower genitourinary tract trauma can reduce delay of diagnosis and morbidity associated with such injuries. © 2015, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

Objective: Traditionally, expert surgeons have provided surgical trainees with feedback about their simulation performance, including for asynchronous practice. Unfortunately, innumerable time demands may limit experts' ability to provide feedback. It is unknown whether and how peer feedback is an effective mechanism to help residents acquire laparoscopic skill in an asynchronous setting. As such, we aimed to assess the effect of peer feedback on laparoscopic performance and determine how residents perceive giving and receiving peer feedback., Design: We conducted a convergent mixed methods study. In the quantitative component, we randomized residents to receive feedback on home laparoscopic tasks from peers or faculty. We then held an end-of-curriculum, in-person laparoscopic assessment with members from both groups and compared performance on the in-person assessment between the groups. In the qualitative component, we conducted interviews with resident participants to explore experiences with feedback and performance. Three authors coded and rigorously reviewed interview data using a directed content analysis., Setting: We performed this study at a single tertiary academic institution: the University of California, San Francisco., Participants: We invited 47 junior residents in general surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, and urology to participate, of whom 37 (79%) participated in the home curriculum and 25 (53%) participated in the end-of-curriculum assessment., Results: Residents in the peer feedback group scored similarly on the final assessment (mean 70.7%; SD 16.1%) as residents in the faculty feedback group (mean 71.8%; SD 11.9%) (p = 0.86). Through qualitative analysis of interviews with 13 residents, we identified key reasons for peer feedback's efficacy: shared mental models, the ability to brainstorm and appreciate new approaches, and a low-stakes learning environment., Conclusions: We found that peer and faculty feedback led to similar performance in basic laparoscopy and that residents engaged positively with peer feedback, suggesting that peer feedback can be used when residents learn basic laparoscopy., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery requires significant training, and prior studies have shown that surgical residents lack key laparoscopic skills. Many educators have implemented simulation curricula to improve laparoscopic training. Given limited time for dedicated, in-person simulation center practice, at-home training has emerged as a possible mechanism by which to expand training and promote practice. There remains a gap in published at-home laparoscopic curricula employing embedded feedback mechanisms., Methods: We developed a nine-task at-home laparoscopic curriculum and an end-of-curriculum assessment following Kern's six-step approach. We implemented the curriculum over 4 months with first- to third-year residents., Results: Of 47 invited residents from general surgery, obstetrics/gynecology, and urology, 37 (79%) participated in the at-home curriculum, and 25 (53%) participated in the end-of-curriculum assessment. Residents who participated in the at-home curriculum completed a median of six of nine tasks (interquartile range: 3-8). Twenty-two residents (47%) responded to a postcurriculum survey. Of these, 19 (86%) reported that their laparoscopic skills improved through completion of the curriculum, and the same 19 (86%) felt that the curriculum should be continued for future residents. Residents who completed more at-home curriculum tasks scored higher on the end-of-curriculum assessment ( p = .009 with adjusted R 2 of .28) and performed assessment tasks in less time ( p = .004 with adjusted R 2 of .28)., Discussion: This learner-centered laparoscopic curriculum provides guiding examples, spaced practice, feedback, and graduated skill development to enable junior residents to improve their laparoscopic skills in a low-stakes, at-home environment., (© 2024 Brian et al.)

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic made it necessary to practice social distancing and limited in-person encounters in health care. These restrictions created alternative opportunities to enhance patient access to care in the ambulatory setting. We hypothesized that by transforming clinics into centers that prioritize procedures and transitioning ambulatory appointments to telehealth, we could establish a secure, streamlined, and productive method for providing patient care. Methods: Clinic templates were restructured to allow the use of the physical space to perform procedure-based clinics exclusively, while switching to virtual telemedicine for all nonprocedural encounters. Staff members were given specific roles to support one of the patient care modalities for a given day (Procedures vs. Telehealth). Performance and patient satisfaction metrics were collected between two periods of time defined as P1 (February-June 2019) and P2 Post-COVID (February-June 2020) and compared. These served as proxies of periods when the clinic workflow and templates were structured in the traditional versus the emerging way. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate analyses. Results: The percentage of procedures performed among all in-person visits were higher in P2 compared to P1 (45% vs. 29%, p < 0.001). Although total charges and relative value units were lower in P2, the overall revenue generated was higher compared to P1 ($4,597,846 vs. $4,517,427$, respectively). This increase in revenue was mainly driven by the higher relative income generated by procedures. Patient experience, reflected through patient-reported outcomes, was more favorable in P2 where patients seemed more likely to "Recommend this provider office" (90% vs. 85.7%, p  = 0.01), report improved "Access overall" (56% vs. 49%, p  = 0.02), and felt they were "Moving through your visit overall" (59% vs. 51%, p  = 0.007). Conclusions: Our data suggest that reorganizing urology clinics into a space that is centered around outpatient procedures can represent a model that improves the patient's access to care and clinical experience, while simultaneously improving operational financial strength. This efficient care model could be considered for many practice settings and drive high-value outpatient care .

Purpose: Swallowing has previously been characterized as consisting of four phases; however, it has become apparent that these four phases are not truly discrete and may be influenced by factors occurring prior to bolus entrance into the oral cavity (i.e., preoral factors). Still, the relationship between these factors and swallowing remains poorly understood. The aim of this review was to synthesize and characterize the literature pertaining to the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes in healthy individuals., Method: We performed a scoping review, searching the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus. Search terms included those related to swallowing, experience of preoral factors, and exclusionary terminology to reduce animal and pediatric literature. Our initial search revealed 5,560 unique articles, of which 153 met our inclusionary criteria and were accepted into the review., Results: Of the accepted articles, 78% were focused exclusively on nutritional outcomes, 17% were focused on both swallowing and nutritional outcomes, and 5% were focused on solely swallowing outcomes. Of the preoral factors examined, 99% were exteroceptive in nature (17% olfactory, 44% visual, 21% auditory, 7% tactile, 11% other), while 1% were proprioceptive in nature., Conclusions: This review supports the influence of preoral factors on swallowing and nutritional outcomes. However, there is a large emphasis on the visual modality and on nutritional outcomes. Nearly none of the literature found in this review directly measured swallowing safety, efficiency, or physiology. Future work will benefit from a larger focus on proprioceptive preoral factors as they relate to swallowing outcomes.

Background: Opportunities for residents to develop laparoscopic skills have decreased with the rise in robotic operations and the development of complex, subspecialized laparoscopic operations. Given the changing training landscape, this study aimed to identify laparoscopic surgeons' perceptions of gaps in current laparoscopic skills in general surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, and urology residency programs., Methods: Laparoscopic surgeons who operate with residents participated in semi-structured interviews. Questions addressed expectations for resident proficiency, deficits in laparoscopic surgical skills, and barriers to learning and teaching. Two authors independently coded de-identified transcripts followed by a conventional content analysis., Results: Fourteen faculty members from thirteen subspecialties participated. Faculty identified three main areas to improve laparoscopic training across specialties: foundational knowledge, technical skills, and cognitive skills. They also recognized an overarching opportunity to address faculty development., Conclusions: This qualitative study highlighted key deficiencies in laparoscopic training that have emerged in the current, changing era of minimally invasive surgery., Key Message: This qualitative study identified laparoscopic educators' perceptions of deficiencies in laparoscopic training. Findings emphasized the importance of incorporating high quality educational practices to optimize training in the current changing landscape of laparoscopic surgery., Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: Remote teaching of procedural skills has demonstrated equivalence in knowledge acquisition compared to in-person teaching. Variations in terminology for probe and needle movements may serve as a barrier in remote training of ultrasound (US)-guided renal access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This pilot study investigated the utility of standardized terminology in remote training of US-guided renal access for PCNL., Hypothesis: Standardization of verbal terminology to describe US probe and needle movement instruction improves remote teaching of US-guided renal access., Methods: Fifteen urology residents (PGY1-6) were stratified by year and randomized into two groups. We provided participants with images illustrating US probe and needle movements labeled with predetermined standardized terminology for the intervention group and images without labels for the control group. Both groups were asked to perform US-guided renal access on a training mannequin with a remote faculty educator with (intervention) or without (control) use of standardized movement instructions. Quantitative outcomes included number of attempts and time to achieve access. All trainees completed pre- and post-session surveys and participated in focus groups; authors conducted thematic analysis of focus group transcripts., Results: Differences in primary outcomes between groups, including number of attempts and time to achieve access of the renal pole, were not statistically significant. Analysis of focus group interviews revealed that the use of standardized terminology in the setting of remote training can reduce trainee confusion by clarifying ambiguity in educator feedback., Discussion: Use of standardized terminology during remote surgical skills training allows for more effective feedback to trainees., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:David Bayne reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Introduction and Objective: Prior literature had demonstrated increased stone burden and higher rates of staged surgery in individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES individuals are more likely to experience delays in definitive stone surgery after initial presentation to the emergency department (ED) for kidney stones. This study aims to investigate the relationship between delays in definitive kidney stone surgery and the subsequent need for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and/or staged surgical procedures using a statewide data set. Methods: This retrospective cohort study gathered longitudinal data from 2009 to 2018 using the California Department of Health Care Access and Information data set. Patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, diagnosis/procedure codes, and distance were analyzed. Complex stone surgery was defined as initial PNL and/or undergoing more than one procedure within 365 days of initial intervention. Results: A total of 1,816,093 billing encounters from 947,798 patients were screened, resulting in 44,835 patients with ED visits for kidney stones followed by a urologic stone procedure. Multivariable analysis revealed that relative to patients who underwent surgery within 1 month of initial ED visit for stone disease, patients were at increased odds of undergoing complex surgery if waiting ≥6 months (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, p  = 0.022), ≥1 year (OR 1.29, p  < 0.001), and ≥3 years (OR 1.43, p  < 0.001). Conclusions: Delays in definitive stone surgery after initial ED encounter for stone disease were associated with increased likelihood of undergoing a complex stone treatment.

Objective: To further elucidate the relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) and larger, more complex stones requiring staged surgical interventions. Specifically, we aimed to determine if underinsurance (Medicaid, Medicare, and self-pay insurance types) is associated with multiple surgeries within 1 year., Methods: We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis of prospectively collected data from the California statewide Department of Health Care Access and Information (HCAI) dataset. We included adult patients who had their first recorded kidney stone encounter between 2009 and 2018 and underwent at least 1 urologic stone procedure. We followed these patients within the dataset for one year after their initial surgery to assess for factors predicting multiple surgical treatments for stones., Results: A total of 156,319 adults were included in the study. The proportions of individuals in private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare and self-pay/indigent groups differed by the presence or absence of additional surgeries (64.0%, 13.5%, 19.4%, and 0.1%, vs 70.3%, 10.1%, 16.6%, and 0.1%, respectively). Compared to private insurance, Medicaid (1.46 [1.40-1.53] P < .001) and Medicare (1.15 [1.10-1.20] P < .001) insurance types were associated with significantly greater odds of multiple surgeries, whereas no significant association was seen in the self-pay/indigent insurance type (1.35 [0.83-2.19], P = 1.0)., Conclusion: In a statewide, California database from 2009 to 2018, underinsured adults had higher odds of undergoing a second procedure for kidney stones within 1 year of initial surgical treatment. This study adds to the expanding body of literature linking suboptimal healthcare access and disparate outcomes for kidney stone patients., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A virtual point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education program was initiated to introduce handheld ultrasound technology to Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation in Guyana, a low-resource setting. We studied ultrasound competency and participant satisfaction in a cohort of 20 physicians-in-training through the urology clinic. The program consisted of a training phase, where they learned how to use the Butterfly iQ ultrasound, and a mentored implementation phase, where they applied their skills in the clinic. The assessment was through written exams and an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE). Fourteen students completed the program. The written exam scores were 3.36/5 in the training phase and 3.57/5 in the mentored implementation phase, and all students earned 100% on the OSCE. Students expressed satisfaction with the program. Our POCUS education program demonstrates the potential to teach clinical skills in low-resource settings and the value of virtual global health partnerships in advancing POCUS and minimally invasive diagnostics.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of detailed family history on the severity of disease and age of onset in patients with urolithiasis., Methods: Prospectively collected data from a single institution between October 2015 and December 2020 were analyzed. Our primary endpoint was the number of patients experiencing at least one recurrent stone during the follow-up period., Results: Of 1566 patients analyzed, 603 (39%) reported at least one family member with a history of stones. The percentage of patients experiencing at least one recurrent stone event was higher in patients with a family history of stones (38%) compared to those without a family history of stones (28%) over a median follow-up period of 8 months (p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the presence of any family history of urolithiasis increased risk of recurrent stone events (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, p < 0.001). The presence of both a first- and a second-degree relative with urolithiasis was associated with higher odds for a recurrent stone event (OR 2.17; p = 0.003) and a younger age of onset for stones, (OR 3.32; < 0.001). A maternal-side relative with stones conferred a higher odds ratio for younger age of first onset of stones (OR 2.93; p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Any family history of kidney stone disease imparts an increased risk of recurrent stone event and an earlier age of onset for urolithiasis. The presence of both first- and second-degree relatives or a maternal-side relative with kidney stones may be a predictor for an earlier age of onset for urolithiasis., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Ureteral obstruction after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) may require prolonged drainage with a nephrostomy tube (NT) or ureteral stent, but it is not well understood how and why this occurs. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with postoperative ureteral obstruction to help guide drainage tube selection., Methods: Prospective data from adult patients enrolled in the Registry for Stones of the Kidney and Ureter (ReSKU) who underwent PCNL from 2016 to 2020 were used. Patients who had postoperative NTs with antegrade imaging-based flow assessment on postoperative day one (POD1) were included. Patients with transplanted kidneys or those without appropriate preoperative imaging were excluded. We assessed the association between patient demographics, stone characteristics, and intraoperative factors using POD1 antegrade flow, a proxy for ureteral patency, as the primary outcome. Stepwise selection was used to develop a multivariate logistic regression model controlling for BMI, stone location, stone burden, ipsilateral ureteroscopy (URS), access location, estimated blood loss, and operative time., Results: We analyzed 241 cases for this study; 204 (84.6%) had a visual clearance of stone. Antegrade flow on POD1 was absent in 76 cases (31.5%). A multivariate logistic regression model found that stones located anywhere other than in the renal pelvis (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.29-5.53; p = 0.01), non-lower pole access (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.42-5.74; p < 0.01), and concurrent ipsilateral URS (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.02-4.65; p = 0.05) increased the likelihood of obstruction. BMI, pre-operative stone burden, EBL, and operative time did not affect antegrade flow outcomes., Conclusion: Concurrent ipsilateral URS, absence of stones in the renal pelvis, and non-lower pole access are associated with increased likelihood of ureteral obstruction after PCNL. Access location appears to be the strongest predictor. Recognizing these risk factors can be helpful in guiding postoperative tube management., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The medical and surgical management of kidney stones is one of the most common functions of the urologist. Management choices are often nuanced, involving the decision to embark on one surgical plan among several options. As the wider medical community critically evaluates the care we provide to an increasingly diverse population, it will be important to examine patient outcomes with a particular focus on ensuring equitable care. This review examines the influence of social parameters on the care of kidney stone patients. The dearth of literature in this area warrants rigorous studies on the relationship between race as well as socioeconomic status and the management of kidney stone disease., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine if limited food access census tracts and food swamp census tracts are associated with increased risk for repeat kidney stone surgery. And to elucidate the relationship between community-level food retail environment relative to community-level income on repeat stone surgery over time., Methods: Data were abstracted from the University of California, San Francisco Information Commons. Adult patients were included if they underwent at least one urologic stone procedure. Census tracts from available geographical data were mapped using Food Access Research Atlas data from the United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Kaplan-Meier curves were employed to illustrate time to a second surgical procedure over 5 years, and log-rank tests were used to test for statistically significant differences. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to generate hazard ratios for undergoing second surgery by group., Results: A total of 1496 patients were included in this analysis. Repeat stone surgery occurred in 324 patients. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a statistically significant difference in curves depicting patients living in low income census tracts (LICTs) vs those not living in LICTs (P <.001). On Cox regression models, patients in LICTs had significantly higher risk of undergoing repeat surgery (P = .011). Patients from limited food access census tracts and food swamp census tracts did not have a significantly higher adjusted risk of undergoing second surgery (P = .11 and P = .88, respectively)., Conclusion: Income more so than food access associates with increased risk of repeat kidney stone surgery. Further research is needed to explore the interaction between low socioeconomic status and kidney stone outcomes., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present study aimed to determine if providing sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks changed nutrient consumption among nursing home residents. Nursing home residents were provided typical facility snacks or sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks across two separate 8-week time blocks. The enhanced snack supplements included quick-dissolving (transitional-state) crisps, puree dips, and dry soup blends that are intended to be accessible for individuals with a wide range of masticatory and swallowing abilities (e.g., oral frailty). Snacks were weighed before and after sessions using a food scale. Calories, fat, carbohydrates, protein, sodium, sugar, and fiber consumed were calculated daily. Despite consuming a smaller percentage of snack weight, participants consumed increased protein and fat, and fewer carbohydrates and sugar in the enhanced snack condition, with no significant difference in caloric intake. Sensory-enhanced, fortified snacks may be viable options for increasing the quality of nutritional intake among nursing home residents, particularly in light of decreased quantity of intake.

Objectives: To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of live renal ultrasonography to guide Double-J ureteral stent placement at the bedside. Patients and Methods: Between April 12 and June 5, 2020, patients presenting with acute ureteral obstruction requiring decompression were prospectively selected for ultrasound-guided bedside ureteral stent placement. During stent placement, upper tract access confirmed using ultrasound with or without retrograde injection of ultrasound contrast before Double-J stent insertion. A postprocedural abdominal X-ray was obtained for stent position confirmation. Results: Eight patients (four men and four women) were offered bedside ultrasound-guided ureteral stent placement, and all eight consented to proceed. Stents were placed in seven of eight patients. One patient had an impacted ureterovesical junction stone and stricture requiring ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in the operating room. All patients tolerated procedures without immediate complications. Conclusion: Live renal ultrasonography can facilitate a high success rate for bedside ureteral stent placement outside the operating room. This approach is an attractive alternative to fluoroscopy-guided stent placement in the operating room and is of particular value in the COVID-19 era when judicious use of these resources is salient.

Purpose: The challenges in providing urologic care across borders and in resource-constrained settings are poorly understood. We sought to better characterize the impediments to the delivery of urological care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to high-income countries (HICs)., Methods: A 70 question online survey in RedCap™ was distributed to urologists who had practiced in countries outside of the United States and Europe categorized by World Bank income groups., Results: 114 urologists from 27 countries completed the survey; 35 (39%) practiced in HICs while 54 (61%) practiced in LMICs. Forty-three percent of urologists received training outside their home country. Most commonly treated conditions were urolithiasis (30%), BPH (15%) and prostate cancer (13%) which did not vary by group. Only 19% of urologists in LMICs reported sufficient urologists in their country. Patients in LMICs were less likely to get urgent drainage for infected obstructing kidney stones or endoscopic treatment for a painful kidney stone or obstructing prostate. Urologists visiting LMICs were more likely to cite deficits in knowledge, inadequate operative facilities and limited access to disposables as the major challenges whereas local LMIC urologists were more likely to cite financial challenges, limited access to diagnostics and support staff as the barriers to care., Conclusions: LMICs lack enough training opportunities and urologists to care for their population. There is disconnect between the needs identified by local and visiting urologists. International collaborations should target broader interventions in LMICs to address local priorities such as diagnostic studies, support staff and financial support.

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a major source of morbidity in the United States. In recent decades, there has been a notable increase in stone incidence in the pediatric population. We investigate whether recurrent stone formers who had their initial stone episode earlier in life are at risk for more frequent stone recurrences, compared to those with initial episodes later in life. We also examine possible risk factors that might change our approach to treatment of these patients., Methods: A review of prospectively collected data from the Registry for Stones of the Kidney and Ureter (ReSKU) from September 2015 to July 2018 was conducted to compare stone recurrence and other patient factors in patients who reported an initial stone episode prior to 20 years of age versus patients who reported an initial stone episode after age 20. Data on patient age, gender, BMI, family history, race, income, infectious symptoms, and number of prior stone episodes was analyzed. We excluded patients with a history of cystinuria stones. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and student's T test. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression., Results: Of the 1140 patients enrolled during this study period, 472 patients were recurrent stone formers, and of these, 66 had their first stone episode prior to the age of 20. On univariate analysis, early stone formers were more likely to be female, present at a younger age, and have more prior stone episodes on enrollment. Using multivariate modelling to control for age, gender, race, BMI, family history, and number of stone episodes, early stone formers were more likely to be female (CI 1.17 - 3.54) and have more than one prior stone episode (CI 1.13 - 3.78). Late stone formers were more likely to have BMI > 30 (CI 0.26 - 0.94)., Conclusion: Recurrent stone formers who have their first episodes prior to age 20 are more likely to present to stone clinics with multiple prior recurrences and hence more aggressive stone disease. Female gender seems to be a risk factor. Earlier stone formers should be encouraged to have close follow up and surveillance due to the increased rate of recurrence. Adult stone databases focusing on early presentations can improve understanding of pediatric stone disease., (Copyright © 2020 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Interracial disparities in nephrolithiasis prevalence have been reported, but the interplay between genetics and the environment for urinary stone disease risk factors is poorly understood. To examine how environment may alter genetic predisposition for stone formation, we established the International Chinese Consortium on Nephrolithiasis (ICCON) as a multi-institutional collaboration to examine patterns of nephrolithiasis presentation between Chinese patients living in different countries., Methods: Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) at six participating institutions in China and North America over 4 years were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics and clinical data were compared between Chinese patients living in China and North America., Results: A total of 806 patients were included, encompassing 721 Chinese patients living in China and 85 living in North America. Nephrolithiasis patients living in China were more likely to be male (67% vs. 56%, P=0.02), present at a younger age (48.6±15.0 vs. 55.0±13.0 years, P<0.01), and have a lower BMI (24.6±4.0 vs. 25.9±5.7, P=0.04) but were less likely to form struvite stones (5.5% vs. 14.1%, P<0.01). No cystine stone patients were seen in North American Chinese patients, whereas 1.8% of nephrolithiasis patients living in China presented with cystine stones. Similar rates of calcium-based and uric acid calculi as well as urinary pH were seen among both groups., Conclusions: Significant differences exist between Chinese nephrolithiasis patients living in China compared to those living in North America, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in addition to genetics in modulating risk for urinary stone disease.