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The article provides an overview of the cultural life of Bautzen - a city in the East Germany - in order to identify ways to implement the cultural policy of the European Union in small towns. It has been noted that peripheral cities and rural settlements, due to the comprehensive informatization of public life, are today in the field of intense influence of political ideology in the field of social development and culture. Based on the principles of evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of cultural policy, defined by the Russian researchers, the culture of modern Bautzen has been considered in the following areas: attitude to historical cultural heritage, cultural events and coverage of participants, artistic life, education in the field of art, culture of ethnic minorities, sports, informatization, demography. In conclusion, the extent has been shown to which the regional cultural policy corresponds to the general political concepts of the European Union in the field of culture. In particular, the attitude of the authorities to the cultural potential of the region is of a dual nature: 1) attention is focused on the ideology of preserving the cultural identity of the territorial community; 2) culture becomes an important resource for the socio-economic well-being of the region.

The author presents a sample study of church ceremonies during rulers’ visits to the minor Czech Crown Lands in the 16th century. On the basis of ecclesiastical regulations, he describes the ideal course of a ritual, then with support in the sources, which have been relatively poorly utilised by the scholars, he illustrates the practical side of some specific ceremonies, but also their spiritual content.

This paper, based on an analysis of a wide spectrum of extant sources, analyses the preparations for and the course of the Upper Lusatian stage of the oath-taking journey of Matthias of Austria in 1611. It follows the preparations on the part of the monarch’s court and analyses information about the steps taken before the ruler’s arrival by the Upper Lusatian Estates. It follows closely the stages of the welcoming ceremony and describes the course of the oaths sworn to the Czech king.

Der Beitrag untersucht, wie es in einer Mittelstadt Normalität wird, Geflüchtete auszugrenzen. Dazu wird das analytische Modell feindseliger Orte formuliert, welches die Ausgrenzung der als fremd markierten Gruppe erklärt. Voraussetzung ist eine Normalitätsverschiebung, wodurch sich die Normen einer (Stadt)gesellschaft so justieren, dass Ausgrenzung als legitim erscheint. Am Beispiel der ostsächsischen Stadt Bautzen werden mittels einer vorgelagerten Untersuchung des lokalen Diskurses sowie der Auswertung von 106 leitfadengestützten Interviews sowohl die Normalitätsverschiebung als auch die Ausgrenzung Geflüchteter, verstanden als Kontexteffekt, untersucht. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass es in Bautzen zu einer Normalitätsverschiebung gekommen ist und die Ausgrenzung Geflüchteter von weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung als legitim angesehen oder nicht sanktioniert wird. Geflüchtete berichten von Ausgrenzung und Gewalt in unterschiedlichen Arenen wie Bildungseinrichtungen, dem öffentlichen Raum oder dem ÖPNV. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Formulierung weitergehenden Forschungsbedarfs und der Frage, welche sozialstrukturellen Dynamiken Voraussetzung zur Herausbildung eines feindseligen Ortes sind.

In recent years, more than a million asylum seekers have entered Germany, and it tries actively to integrate them into society. However, this massive process faces some difficulties especially in the east of the country. This article explores how the conflicts between young refugees and young Germans, mobilized, and turned to bad treatment, from some people in the city, against not only young refugees, but also against other refugees in the city, by studying kind of the communication between the host society and the refugees in two main areas: public places and the private sector. Comparing the results with the prior interviews conducted with fifteen unaccompanied minors and adult refugees in Hamm city, this article shows how the conflict that turned into bad treatment has negatively affected the feeling of security for the refugees, the homogeneity of the refugee community, and their views for their future in Germany regardless of the huge efforts of the government and the civil society to integrate the refugees in Bautzen city.

The paper discusses how it becomes common behaviour to exclude refugees in a middle-town. Therefore, an analytical model of hostile social spaces is formulated, which explains the exclusion of branded foreign groups. Precondition is a change in what is considered as a normal social behaviour. Through this, the newly developed collective norms of a local society justify the exclusion of specific groups such as refugees. Using Bautzen (Germany) as an example, the local discussion about refugees as well as their perception is debated. Therefore, the discourse about refugees and violence against them is analysed in newspaper articles as well as in minutes of political debates. In the center of the analysis are 106 semi-structured interviews with various social groups. So, the change of normality as well as the contextual effect, operationalized as the exclusion of refugees, are analysed. The results show a change of what is looked at as normal as well as that the exclusion of refugees is justified and not sanctioned in wide parts of the local society. Refugees report of exclusion and violence in different arenas like educational institutions, public spaces or the public transport network. The paper ends concluding additional need for research defining which sociostructural dynamics are preconditions for the developing of hostile places.

This paper, based on an analysis of a wide spectrum of extant sources, analyses the preparations for and the course of the Upper Lusatian stage of the oath-taking journey of Matthias of Austria in 1611. It follows the preparations on the part of the monarch's court and analyses information about the steps taken before the ruler's arrival by the Upper Lusatian Estates. It follows closely the stages of the welcoming ceremony and describes the course of the oaths sworn to the Czech king. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a sample study of church ceremonies during rulers' visits to the minor Czech Crown Lands in the 16th century. On the basis of ecclesiastical regulations, he describes the ideal course of a ritual, then with support in the sources, which have been relatively poorly utilised by the scholars, he illustrates the practical side of some specific ceremonies, but also their spiritual content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, more than a million asylum seekers have entered Germany, and it tries actively to integrate them into society. However, this massive process faces some difficulties especially in the east of the country. This article explores how the conflicts between young refugees and young Germans, mobilized, and turned to bad treatment, from some people in the city, against not only young refugees, but also against other refugees in the city, by studying kind of the communication between the host society and the refugees in two main areas: public places and the private sector. Comparing the results with the prior interviews conducted with fifteen unaccompanied minors and adult refugees in Hamm city, this article shows how the conflict that turned into bad treatment has negatively affected the feeling of security for the refugees, the homogeneity of the refugee community, and their views for their future in Germany regardless of the huge efforts of the government and the civil society to integrate the refugees in Bautzen city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role played by the encounter of history and personal memories in the difficult process of coming to terms with the Stasi in present-day eastern Germany. While historians have made substantial progress over the last two decades in accounting for the wide range of ways in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is remembered by East Germans, the memorials and museums of the reunified Germany remain unable to integrate memories of dictatorial oppression and happiness in everyday life. Sites commemorating state repression are thus often assumed to lack impact on former GDR citizens whose memories differ from official versions of history. These assumptions are tested for the Bautzen Memorial, formerly known as the ‘celebrities’ prison' of the East German Ministry of State Security. Focusing on the differing receptions of GDR memorial sites, this article draws on interviews with two former political prisoners and with visitors to the Memorial who grew up in socialist East Germany. It argues that the open approach of the Memorial, which leaves visitors to draw their own conclusions from the exhibition, allows different stakeholders to find ways of personal engagement with the past at the site despite the disparities with their own memories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]