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This study assessed the preintervention predictors of participant initial satisfaction and uptake of mindfulness practices during an MBI (Moment-by-Moment in Women's Recovery). Data from 100 women (Mage = 32.38 years, 60% Latina) in residential SUD treatment randomly assigned to the MBI were used to assess baseline participant demographics and clinical characteristics and three acceptability variables (satisfaction and formal and informal mindfulness practice) after the second and third of 12 intervention sessions, respectively. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses found that the frequency of formal mindfulness practice was associated with preintervention mindfulness disposition (β = 0.245, p <.05) and age (β =.266, p <.05; R2 =.137, F[4, 77] = 3.047, p <.05). The frequency of informal mindfulness practice was associated with preintervention mindfulness disposition (β =.239, p <.05), and preintervention trauma symptom severity was significant (β =.226, p <.05; R2 =.139, F[4, 77] = 3.116, p <.05). It is important to consider participant, and intervention characteristics may be associated with participant adoption of intervention teachings and practices early in intervention implementation. Identifying these characteristics and adapting the intervention accordingly is necessary for the long-term goal of improving intervention acceptability among vulnerable populations at high risk of treatment dropout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Electromyographic studies of the laryngeal adductor reflex, glottal closure occurring in response to laryngeal stimulation, have demonstrated an early ipsilateral response (Rl) and a late bilateral response (R2). To better define the physiologic properties of these responses, we recorded responses from expiratory laryngeal motoneurons (ELMs) in rats during stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Methods: Single unit extracellular recordings were obtained from 5 ELMs, identified by their antidromic responses to recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation and postinspiratory firing pattern, in 4 Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: Unilateral stimulation of the SLN (at 20 Hz) stopped both phrenic nerve inspiratory activity and ELM postinspiratory activity. However, the ELMs displayed robust tonic firing, consisting of non-respiratory burst activity and single action potentials. The single action potentials were identified as short-latency ones (5 to 10 ms) activated by ipsilateral SLN stimulation, with an occurrence rate of 90%, and long-latency ones (20 to 50 ms) activated by bilateral SLN stimulation, with occurrence rates of 47% on the ipsilateral side and 58% on the contralateral side. Conclusions: The Rl response appears to be the result of the short-latency action potentials, orthodromically activated by ipsilateral stimulation of the SLN. The R2 response is likely to be a result of the long-latency action potentials that can be recorded from ELMs on both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-being is a multifaceted construct that is used across disciplines to portray a state of wellness, health, and happiness. While aspects of well-being seem universal, how it is depicted in the literature has substantial variation. The aim of this scoping review was to identify conceptual and operational definitions of well-being within the field of occupational health. Broad search terms were used related to well-being and scale/assessment. Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) published in English, (3) included a measure of well-being in the methods and results section of the article, and (4) empirical paper. The searches resulted in 4394 articles, 3733 articles were excluded by reading the abstract, 661 articles received a full review, and 273 articles were excluded after a full review, leaving 388 articles that met our inclusion criteria and were used to extract well-being assessment information. Many studies did not define well-being or link their conceptual definition to the operational assessment tool being used. There were 158 assessments of well-being represented across studies. Results highlight the lack of a consistent definitions of well-being and standardized measurements., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to identify PA program characteristics that may be associated with higher or lower percentages of underrepresented minority students in PA programs., Methods: Data from the Physician Assistant Education Association (PAEA) 2002-2003 and 2012-2013 annual surveys were analyzed. Bivariate correlation coefficients and multiple regression modeling were used to identify relationships between program characteristics and percentages of black and Hispanic students., Results: The percentage of white matriculants in PA programs increased from 76.5% in 2002-2003 to 81.8% in 2012-2013; the percentage of black students decreased from 6.2% to 4.4%. Multiple linear regression revealed a modest negative relationship between master's degree and percentage of underrepresented minority students and a modest positive relationship between percentages of underrepresented minority employees and underrepresented minority students., Conclusions: Further research is needed to identify strategies to increase underrepresented minority participation in healthcare professions programs.

The term postinspiration is commonly used in the scientific literature concerned with neural generation and the control of breathing movements. Because postinspiration belongs functionally to the mechanical act of expiration, the physiological significance of postinspiration as a distinct phase of the breathing cycle is often underappreciated. The present review will give an overview of the physiological significance of postinspiratory motor activity in laryngeal adductor (constrictor) muscles and the crural diaphragm. The functional importance of postinspiratory motor activity is discussed for the eupneic respiratory cycle, and for various protective respiratory reflex mediations (e.g., sneeze, cough, and breath-hold). Also, the implications of recruited postinspiratory activity during nonventilatory behaviors such as vocalization, swallowing, or vomiting are underpinned. Finally, we describe the impact of absence or malfunction of postinspiratory motor function in neurological diseases., (© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Swallowing and breathing utilize common muscles and an anatomical passage: the pharynx. The risk of aspiration of ingested material is minimized not only by the laryngeal adduction of the vocal folds and laryngeal elevation but also by the precise coordination of swallows with breathing. Namely, swallows: (1) are preferentially initiated in the postinspiratory/expiratory phase, (2) are accompanied by a brief apnea, and (3) are often followed by an expiration and delay of the next breath. This review summarizes the expiratory evidence on the brainstem regions comprising the central pattern generator (CPG) that produces the pharyngeal stage of swallow, how the motor acts of swallowing and breathing are coordinated, and lastly, brainstem regions where the swallowing and respiratory CPGs may interact in order to ensure "safe" swallows., (© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)