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The author argues that a continued analysis of the relationship between "Bildung" and democracy only makes sense when referring back to the "classic" intention of understanding "Bildung" as creative, critical and transformative processes which change the relationship of self and world in conjunction with a changing social and material environment. This is not possible however within the historical framework of a dualistic and foundationalist subject-object philosophy, which has led to the two distinct and rather distorted notions of "Bildung" prevalent in the nineteenth century. The idea of "Bildung" and "democracy" has to be conceived interdependently. John Dewey, like no other theorist, was dedicated to the study of the relationship between democracy and education. In this article, the author traces this relationship in Dewey's work from two perspectives both focusing on the notion of "Bildung" and its relation to democracy. In the first part the author looks at Dewey's understanding of "subjectivity". In part 2 the author looks at the relationship between "Bildung" (as a transformative process) and democracy in such a way that the social dimension of processes of "Bildung" becomes apparent. Part 3 focuses on the theory of learning and deals with the relationship between "Bildung" and knowledge acquisition. (Contains 21 notes.)

In this review we report on the enantiomerization of tetrahedral racemic‐[(NH4)4∩{Mg4(L1)6}] monitored by means of variable temperature (VT) 1H NMR spectroscopy. The enantiotopization of the diastereotopic protons is due to simultaneous Bailar twists at the four octahedrally coordinated magnesium centres, synchronized with atropisomerization of the six edge‐bridging ligands (L1)2‐.The VT 1H NMR spectrum of tetrahedral meso‐[In4(L2)4] is coined through the helicity of the four face‐centred tripodal hexadentate ligands (L2)3‐ and can, alike the 1H NMR of cyclic meso‐[In6Cl6(L3)6], be explained by the enantiotopization of the diastereotopic protons via mesomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: YouTube® is a popular platform available to anyone with internet access. It includes educational videos that allow dental students to use them as independent learning, so it is necessary to know how this platform is managed and the credibility of what it contains. Objective: To evaluate how the Youtube® platform has been used by dental students in their education. Methods: A scoping review was carried out with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to explain the research questions: How has the YouTube® platform been used by dental students? How often is it used compared to other social networks? Do the students believe that the videos have scientific evidence? Inclusion criteria are specified as population (dental students), concept (YouTube® use), context (dental education), and types of evidence sources (peer-reviewed publication). Results: 239 studies were identified, of which twelve published between 2005 and 2022 were included, most of them with a cross-sectional design. YouTube® is one of the most used social networks and is mainly used by dental students to observe clinical procedures. There is a lack of confidence in the level of evidence found on the platform. Conclusion: YouTube® is used in dental education to facilitate learning, especially in clinical procedures. There is a distrust of the level of evidence that the videos contain, so it is recommended to analyze the quality of the material and that educational institutions increase the development of videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of 1-methoxynaphthalene with n-butyllithium (n-Buli) in hydrocarbon solvents and subsequent quench with CO(sub 2) were reported to release a mixture of 1-methoxy-2-naphthoic acid and 1-methoxy-8-naphthoic acid. The reaction of 1-methoxynaphthalene with n-Bili and 1-methoxynaphthalene equiv of TMEDA resulted in more than 99% 2-lithiation (yield 60%).

The 6Li-(13C)-heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy distinguishes lithioorganic cyclic dimers and trimers by lifting the degeneracy at Li sites. The two Li sites in a 13C isotopomer of a dimer are equivalent and show a pair of cross-peaks at the chemical shift of Li signal. The Li nuclei, at a distance from 13C, does not show 6Li-13C coupling in trimers. The resonance line of this Li appears between the two lines of 13C bound-6Li nucleus. In the trimers, magnetization transfer from 13C-bound 6Li to 12C-bound region produces a third cross peak.

X-ray analysis of eta3 and eta6 bridging cations in N,N,N',N'', N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine-isolated complexes of benzylpotassium and benzylrubidium confirmed the presence of half a molecule of toluene per asymmetric unit. Polymeric chains result from eta3 and eta6 interaction of one M+ cation with a pair of benzyl fragments. A chelating triamine ligand completes the cations' coordination sphere.

Chemo-, regio- and stereo-directing groups such as the CO2(CO)6 unit promote Mn(III)-mediated oxidative cycloaddition of bet-dicarbonyl compounds to the C-C-double bond of 1-alken-3-ynes. The Co-complexed substrates react with Mn(III) promotion alone while the free enynes need combined Mn(3)/Cu(2) mediation to obtain high yields of furan derivatives. Methanol trapping reveals the formation of free carbocations along the reaction coordinate for the complexed subtrates.

Heteronuclear and rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopic studies provide evidence against the formation of a mixed aggregate in a perdeuterated tetrahydrofuran solution of 'super base.' Using lithium trityl and cesium 3-ethyl-3-heptoxide as model components,the experiments reveal metal exchange between the two resulting in the formation of discrete metathetic products. Complementary MNDO calculations on lithium trityl and potassium tert-butoxide, which point to an exothermic metal exchange rather than an endothermic condensation, support the empirical results.

Research was conducted to examine the use of bromoallenes for the synthesis of enyne-allenes. (2-bromophenylethynyl)trimethylsilane was reacted with trimethyl borate to yield the alkynearylboronic acid derivative. Standard 1D/2D-NMR techniques were used to determine the substitution pattern of the naphthalene derivatives. However, the mechanism of formation of the naphthalene derivatives has remained vague judging from the experimental results.