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The validity of different available contact models is tested against experimental data for contact normal loading of artificially shaped granite stones. Three elastic models and two plastic models were tested with different combinations of contact shape (spherical, conical and flat) and roughnesses. It was found that the deviation from the Hertz model increased with surface roughness with a generally better representation of the data achieved by using models which consider surface roughness and the fractality of the surface. The validity of all these models seems to be limited to before excessive plastic deformations start taking place, after which the contact seems to deform under constant stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact tests on machined and natural granite showed that extensive plastic deformation which extends to the core shape is happening before the cross-over from the behaviour of an elastic rough surface to the Hertzian behaviour of an elastic smooth contact when all asperities have yielded in the surface. The plastic deformation, which was found to take place when the estimated maximum stresses at the contact reaches about 0.6 of the material hardness, affects the behaviour during normal loading as the material will start to deform at constant stiffness after reaching these stresses. The plastic deformation during lateral loading also affects the applicability of lateral loading models. The data yielded a much lower lateral stiffness which is around one order of magnitude less than that predicted by the available contact models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the synthesis of sydnonimines from sydnones and their use as dipoles for fast click-and-release reactions. The process relies on nucleophilic aromatic substitution of aliphatic and aromatic amines with triflated sydnones. This new methodology allowed the preparation of functionalised sydnonimine probes that are otherwise difficult to prepare. These probes were then used to release a drug and a fluorescent aromatic isocyanate inside living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the evolution of nanoscale pores, covering inter-particle pores and inter-layer pores, in illite-dominant clay during consolidation is monitored using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and nitrogen gas adsorption (N2GA) techniques. No obvious change observed in the characteristic peaks of SAXS intensity curves during consolidation suggests that the intra-particle structure of the clay, including interlayer spacings, is not affected by mechanical loading, at least up to 4 MPa. The N2GA test results show that the volume of inter-particle pores inside the aggregates does decrease gradually as the compression proceeds, which is accompanied by a gradual reduction in specific surface area, probably due to the rearrangement of the particles composing the aggregates. The inter-particle pores are compressed as a whole during consolidation instead of the progressive collapse in an ordered manner, from the larger to the smaller. By comparing the pore-size distributions of illite-dominant clay obtained by MIP (mercury intrusion porosimetry) and N2GA techniques, it is found that the shapes of the two distributions in the common measurement range are obviously not matched, essentially due to the sequential nature of the drying and wetting processes. While filling the research gap in the evolution of intra-aggregate pores during consolidation, this study also shows that the N2GA technique and SAXS measurement used in conjunction with each other appear as a powerful approach for clay nano-pores identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses non-conventional diplomatic tools. It does so by focussing on the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and the Multilateral Balanced Force Reduction (MBFR) talks and suggests that individuals and individual creativity to make use of non-conventional tools, in combination with attention to working conditions, impact the outcome. CSCE ventured in entirely new territory and promoted such novel concepts as the indivisibility of security, and the free flow of individuals, information, and ideas. As such it appealed to negotiatiors' creativity; by contrast, MBFR was about reducing conventional forces in the given constellation of a divided Europe -- it treated this division as a fact of life; as such it may have offered far less opportunities for individual diplomats' creativity to fully blossom. Taken together a discussion of these tools also contribute to the structure -- agency debate: they provide additional evidence that individual diplomats -- though often simply seen as tools of their respective governments and merely acting within a certain constellation -- and close attention to the conditions they have to work in, do matter, even when, of course, it is governments, not diplomats, that will have to sanction the results they achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pore size, shape and orientation of an illite-dominant clay were mapped during one-dimensional compression, using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption. The total porosity was found to spread over the three International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classes of pores sizes: micropores (below 2 nm), mesopores (2–50 nm) and macropores (above 50 nm), and all three pore classes were observed during the compression. The clay structure is aggregated, with visible inter-aggregate pores (about 80% of the total porosity), and the remaining intra-aggregate pores of size approximately equal to the thickness of illite platelets (50–100 layers). During compression the largest pores first collapsed, followed by a progressive collapse, in an orderly manner, of smaller and smaller pores. MIP data suggest that the macroscopic deformation mainly translates at the pore scale into changes of inter-aggregate porosity, while intra-aggregate pores spread over the micro- to mesopore size range. Gas adsorption tests show that the volume of intra-aggregate pores decreases with loading, probably due to rearrangement of particles composing the aggregates, while the specific surface area reduces. Examination of the pores' orientation on both vertical and horizontal planes confirms a preferential orientation of pores normal to the loading direction, with a gradual flattening of the pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In decapod crustaceans, the conditions experienced during embryonic development trigger phenotypic plasticity of the larvae at hatching. The objective of this study was to test the effects of temperature during embryonic development of Palaemon serratus on the phenotypic plasticity of hatching larvae. We incubated egg‐bearing females from eggs laying to hatching at four temperatures (10, 15, 18 and 20°C). Weight, carbon and nitrogen contents were measured on newly laid eggs and on freshly hatched larvae. The duration of embryonic development was negatively correlated with incubation temperature. At 20°C, all females abandoned their eggs during development. Incubation temperature had no effect on the weight and the percentage of N of the larvae at hatching, while it did affect their percentage of C and their C/N ratio. Embryos incubated at 10°C seemed to produce larvae with fewer lipid reserves than those incubated at 15 and 18°C. They probably overconsumed their lipid reserves to compensate for the metabolic losses due to the low temperature. These results provide information on the link between maternal investment per egg and larval development in P. serratus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to present the medical management and follow-up of a recurrent oral granuloma gravidarum (OGG). OGG is a common benign tumour that can occur during pregnancy in response to poor oral hygiene and hormonal factors. Its identification and management by primary health care professionals is necessary, including an orientation to a dentist, if needed. Indeed, this lesion may induce troubles such as gingival bleeding, oral hygiene difficulties, and sometimes pain or eating difficulties, but also presents a high risk of relapse. An early twenties woman consulted several times during two pregnancies for an OGG presented in the same proximal maxillary gingival area. The patient reported dental hygiene difficulties because of orthodontic treatment and developed this recurrent tumour four times in two years, despite surgical excisions. Oral hygiene, and information continuously provided by healthcare professionals are required to prevent gingival inflammation and recurrence of OGG. This tumour usually regresses spontaneously post-partum, except in the presence of aggravating factors such as orthodontics treatment and mouth breathing. Surgery of OGG is required when it interferes with normal oral functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surfaces of soil grains are not perfectly smooth, especially examined at small scale. In geotechnical engineering, surface roughness has been found to be able to influence the inter-particle friction angle at micro scale and small-strain stiffness at macro scale. However, the quantity and quality of the studies on surface roughness of natural soils are still limited. In this study, the evolution of surface roughness of natural sand grains with increasing normal load was investigated by a single-particle compression apparatus. Thirty Leighton Buzzard sand (LBS) grains coarser than 2·36 mm were tested, and the surface roughness was measured before and after compression by an optical interferometer. The deformations of the asperities and of the bulk of the sand grains in the vicinity of the contact were mapped. Three stages were identified as the normal load increased: (a) plastic deformation of the asperities; (b) asperities and bulk plastic deformation; and (c) bulk only plastic deformation. At very small normal load, only the asperities were found to deform plastically, and the surface roughness of the sand grains decreases due to the flattening of the asperities. Within this regime, the load–displacement relationship of LBS grains under compression could be simulated by the modified Hertz model, which takes surface roughness into consideration. With increasing normal load, the bulk of the sand grains began to yield near the contact. The geometry of the surfaces of LBS grains in contact with the loading platen is the main factor that influences the plastic deformation of the bulk. Differently from the plastic deformation of the asperities, the plastic deformation of the bulk could both smoothen and roughen the surfaces. When plastic deformation of the bulk occurred, both Hertz and modified Hertz theory could not predict the load and displacement relationship of sand grains. Through analysing the cumulative distributions of surface roughness of 30 LBS grains at different normal loads by the Weibull function, the surface roughness was found to decrease dramatically with increasing normal load at first and then tended to be constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treating hypoxemia while meeting the soaring demands of oxygen can be a challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To determine the efficacy of the surgical facemask and the double-trunk mask on top of the low-flow oxygen nasal cannula on arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in hypoxemic COVID-19 patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Participants: Hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and hypoxemia treated with the low-flow nasal cannula were enrolled between November 13, 2020, and March 05, 2021. Interventions: Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either the nasal cannula alone (control) or the nasal cannula covered by the surgical facemask or the double-trunk mask. Arterial blood gases were collected at baseline and 30 min after the use of each system. The oxygen output was adapted afterwards to retrieve the baseline pulse oxygen saturation. The final oxygen output value was recorded after another 30-min period. Main Measures: The primary outcome was the absolute change in PaO2. Secondary outcomes included changes in oxygen output, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), vital parameters, and breathlessness. Key Results: Arterial blood samples were successfully collected in 24/27 (8 per group) randomized patients. Compared to the nasal cannula alone, PaO2 increased with the surgical facemask (mean change: 20 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.7–38.8; P =.04) and with the double-trunk mask (mean change: 40 mmHg; 95% CI: 21–59; P <.001). Oxygen output was reduced when adding the surgical facemask (median reduction: 1.5 L/min [95% CI: 0.5–4.5], P <.001) or the double-trunk mask (median reduction: 3.3 L/min [95% CI: 2–5], P <.001). The double-trunk mask was associated with a PaCO2 increase of 2.4 mmHg ([95% CI: 0–4.7], P =.049). Neither mask influenced vital parameters or breathlessness. Conclusions: The addition of the surgical facemask or the double-trunk mask above the nasal cannula improves arterial oxygenation and reduces oxygen consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the common prawn, Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777), the females release larvae twice a year (winter and summer layings). We investigated seasonal differences in larval phenotypes and their consequences on larval performance. We measured the biomass and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content (proxy of lipid and protein reserves) at hatching of larvae laid by 6 winter and 6 summer females collected on the coast of Seine-Maritime (France). We incubated these larvae at 3 temperatures (12, 16, and 20 °C) and quantified the effects of temperature and season on survival, development time, biomass, and C and N content and ratio at metamorphosis. At hatching, winter larvae were larger than summer larvae, but their C/N was similar. Development time increased with decreasing temperature, with no seasonal difference. Within the same clutch, the longer the development time, the greater the weight of the larvae, without affecting their C/N ratio. Seasonal differences in maternal per offspring investment were not as pronounced as expected. Surprisingly, the summer larvae survived and grew better than the winter ones, at least at 16 and 20 °C. • We studied the phenotypes of winter and summer larvae of Palaemon serratus and their performance. • At hatching, winter larvae were larger than summer larvae, but their lipid reserves were similar. • Seasonal difference in larval biomass at hatching had little effect on larval performance. • At a given temperature, the longer the larval development, the larger the juveniles. • Lipid reserves of juveniles depend on temperature and season but not on the larval development time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the System Usability Scale (SUS) is probably one of the most widely used questionnaires to measure the perceived ease of use of interactive systems, there is currently no scientific valid translation in French. This article describes the translation and statistical validation of the French version of the SUS, called F-SUS. On the basis of two translations carried out by a committee of bilingual experts, the various psychometric analyses made it possible to select only one translation. Fidelity measurement, factor analysis and sensitivity measurement obtained results very close or similar to the original version of the SUS. Thus, the F-SUS can be used with confidence by French-speaking usability researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, the objective of reducing public spending combined with the introduction of New Public Management reforms have led to changes in the territorial organization of public services and to a withdrawal of public facilities in many places. Our hypothesis is that in France, this territorial process has not occurred in the same way in all cities. We assume that while medium-sized cities are seeing a reduction in some public service facilities, their disappearance usually occurs in small cities. Larger metropolitan areas have not been affected by such territorial retrenchment of public services facilities. These differences could lead to increased territorial inequalities at the level of urban systems and to a marginalization of some small cities. This paper examines these processes through a quantitative analysis of changes in the location of justice courts and hospital beds from 2000 to 2016, within French Functional Urban Areas. It shows that the decrease in the number of justice and hospital facilities was significant and has affected small cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the safety and patient satisfaction of a fast-track procedure for cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia without perioperative anaesthesia care. This is a prospective single-centre study including all cataract procedures in the Centre Ambulatoire de la Chirurgie de la Cataracte at the Hospital of Bourges between May and August 2018. Procedures were performed under topical anaesthesia without the presence of a nurse anaesthesiologist or anaesthesiologist, the patient had not fasted, and no peripheral venous line was placed. Only heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored intraoperatively with pulse oximetry. Incidence and nature of intraoperative adverse events and surgical complications were recorded. Patient satisfaction was assessed using the Iowa Satisfaction with Anaesthesia Scale (ISAS). In total, 651 cataract surgeries were performed among which 614 (94.3%) were uneventful. Thirty (4.6%) intraoperative adverse events and 8 (1.2%) surgical complications were recorded. All surgeries were successfully completed. No medical emergency team intervention or hospital admittance was encountered. The mean ISAS score was 5.7/6, indicating high patient satisfaction. Cataract surgery in an ambulatory cataract surgery centre without perioperative anaesthesia care is a safe procedure with high patient satisfaction for screened patients. Anaesthesia ressources are scarce and may be more beneficial to more complex ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new geochemical and mineralogical data collected on 13 drill holes across the South Australian part of the Eromanga Basin, with a focus on the Lower Cretaceous Cadna-owie Formation, Bulldog Shale, Coorikiana Sandstone and Oodnadatta Formation. Mineralogical and geochemical data are used to determine the provenance of the sediments along with the paleoenvironments at the time of deposition. The dominant clay species across the formations are kaolinite and montmorillonite, although each drill hole shows individual mineralogical assemblages. The Cadna-owie Formation is mainly composed of quartz and kaolinite; montmorillonite is the dominant clay species in the other formations. Differences in major-element chemistry are best shown on the K–Na–Ca ternary diagram and display a strong relationship with mineralogy. Trace and rare earth elements are preserved at similar average concentrations between formations and are depleted relative to the upper continental crust. The signature of the sediments is interpreted to be derived from a mix of felsic and mafic igneous rocks with almost no sedimentary recycling. Sources of the sediments are likely to be from exposed basement packages surrounding the study area such as the Gawler Range Volcanics, the Musgrave Province, the Benagerie Volcanic Suite, the Mount Painter Inlier and the Arunta Block. The variations in dominant clay species between the formations could have been driven by an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall during the Early Cretaceous along with seasonal variations, and/or by the input in volcanogenic sediments from the active volcanoes located along the eastern margin of Australia. Lower Cretaceous formations in the South Australian Eromanga Basin show limited regional lateral and vertical geochemical and mineralogical variations. Sediments are a mix of mafic through felsic igneous rocks derived from basement terranes exposed in the Early Cretaceous. The paleoclimate during deposition evolved from cold and humid to warm and arid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variations in environmental conditions determine the success of decapod larval development, and females transmit more energy in sub-optimal conditions to maximise the fitness of their offspring. The objective of this study was to focus on the combined effects of temperature (14, 18 and 22 °C) and food quality on the performance of larvae produced by 5 young (0+) and 5 old (I+) Palaemon serratus females. We prepared 3 diets based on Artemia, in decreasing order of total fatty acid content: freshly hatched nauplii (N), unenriched metanauplii (M) and metanauplii enriched with a mixture of microalgae (ME). At hatching, the larvae produced by I+ females had a higher biomass but a similar fatty acid concentration to those produced by 0+ females. Larvae survived better and developed relatively faster as temperature increased, and the longer they waited to metamorphose, the greater their weight at metamorphosis. These performances were diet-dependent, with more survival and more growth in less time with diet N than with the other two. Larvae from I+ females performed better than those from 0+ females, especially under the most stressful conditions. The greater biomass of the larvae of I+ females seems to have enabled them to follow a shorter, and therefore faster, development path than those of 0+ females. The larvae's diet also had an impact on post-metamorphic composition: larvae eating a diet richer in fatty acids produced richer juveniles and those eating a poorer diet produced juveniles with slightly more essential fatty acids. This study supports the high plasticity of caridean shrimp larval development and the importance of maternal effects on the fitness of offspring. • Temperature, prey quality and maternal effects affect the performance of Palaemon serratus larvae. • Older females produced larger larvae which increased their survival under stressful conditions. • The larvae survived better and developed relatively faster as the temperature increased. • The larvae plastically delayed their metamorphosis and reduced their growth in the face of stress. • Larval performance increased with total fatty acid concentration in Artemia , higher in nauplii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoleuca tristis and Psathyrella carminei are reported as new records for the mycobiota of the Canary Islands. In addition, chorological and ecological data of ten taxa are given for the islands of Tenerife and El Hierro. The most interesting taxa are described and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence and failures of silty sand have been reported worldwide, and the behaviour of sand–silt mixtures at small to large strains has been intensively studied. Owing to the relatively low stress level achieved in laboratory testing, no unifying framework has yet been proposed for sand–silt mixtures. In the presented work, a crushable sand, made of pumice, was used as host sand so as to reach a unique normal compression line under pressures easily attainable in the laboratory. The sand was combined with non-plastic fines in proportions varying between 0 and 100%, and tested in compression and shearing with associated bender element testing for small-strain stiffness measurements. The unique relationship between pressure and volume on the normal compression line allowed for the normalisation of the data in a way that highlights the effects of fines irrespective of the density. It was found that once the effects of the fines on the index properties and compressibility have been cancelled, by normalising for volume, the behaviour of the sand–silt mixtures can be characterised as unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants amass thousands of hours of experience with particular items, each of which is representative of a broader category that often shares perceptual features. Robust word comprehension requires generalizing known labels to new category members. While young infants have been found to look at common nouns when they are named aloud, the role of item familiarity has not been well examined. This study compares 12‐ to 18‐month‐olds' word comprehension in the context of pairs of their own items (e.g., photographs of their own shoe and ball) versus new tokens from the same category (e.g., a new shoe and ball). Our results replicate previous work showing that noun comprehension improves rapidly over the second year, while also suggesting that item familiarity appears to play a far smaller role in comprehension in this age range. This in turn suggests that even before age 2, ready generalization beyond particular experiences is an intrinsic component of lexical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this survey was to describe the attitudes and self-reported practices of French dentists towards antibiotic use and resistance and to compare practices with national guidelines. A nationwide cross-sectional internet-based survey was conducted among the 41,800 French dentists. The online questionnaire was distributed through professional networks from April 2017 to April 2018. Seven-hundred seventy-five dentists participated but only 455 questionnaires were complete enough to be included in the analyses. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic (65.8%, 1783/2711), followed by spiramycin + metronidazole fixed-dose combination (11.6%, 312/2711) and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (10.3%, 279/2711). The main indications for use were abscess (349/423, 82.5%), cervicofacial cellulitis (74.2%, 314/423), and pericoronitis (58.6%, 239/408). Most dentists (90.5%, 381/421) considered that antibiotic resistance is of concern but only half of them (56.3%, 238/423) felt adequately informed about antibiotic use. Many dentists did not comply with the national guidelines: the majority of them declared inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions for 11/17 clinical situations. They did not prescribe antibiotics for 5/6 clinical situations requiring prophylaxis. They reported that the publication of clinical guidelines is the main factor influencing their prescriptions (71.0%, 299/421). They wished to receive regular updates of national guidelines in the form of practical sheets (93.0%, 172/185). French dentists should urgently be targeted by antibiotic stewardship initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical behaviour of clayey loess is strongly affected by the soil structure, but although anisotropy has been identified in loess by some, the anisotropy of small-strain behaviour is rarely reported. This paper presents an experimental study on the inherent and stress-induced small-strain shear stiffness anisotropy of a clayey loess from China. Both undisturbed and reconstituted specimens were tested with bender elements under isotropic compression and shearing conditions. Under an isotropic stress state, an inherent anisotropy was found for undisturbed specimens, while the reconstituted specimens prepared by moist tamping behaved isotropically. During shearing, the ratio of horizontal to vertical shear moduli of the undisturbed specimens decreased due to both an increase of stress anisotropy and the destruction of the intact structure. In contrast, the stiffness ratio of the reconstituted specimens only decreased due to stress anisotropy and it became more anisotropic at the critical state. This study reveals the influence of intact structure and inherent anisotropy on the behaviour of loess soils, which cannot be reproduced by compaction, thus highlighting the importance of characterising the undisturbed loess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echocardiography is widely used to provide critical left ventricular indices describing myocardial motion and blood inflow velocity. Tissue motion and blood flow are strongly connected and interdependent in the ventricle. During cardiac relaxation, rapid filling leads to the formation of a vortical blood flow pattern. In this paper, we introduce a high-frame-rate method to track vortex dynamics alongside myocardium motion, in a single heartbeat. Cardiac triplex imaging (B-mode + tissue Doppler + color Doppler) was obtained by insonating the left ventricle with diverging waves. We used coherent compounding with integrated motion compensation to obtain high-quality B-mode images. Tissue Doppler was retrieved and the septal and lateral velocities of the mitral annulus were deduced. A rate of ~80 triplex images/s was obtained. Vortex dynamics was analyzed by Doppler vortography. Blood vortex signature maps were used to track the vortex and compute core vorticities. The sequence was implemented in a Verasonics scanner with a 2.5-MHz phased array and tested in vivo in 12 healthy volunteers. Two main peaks appeared on the vorticity curves. These peaks were synchronized with the mitral inflow velocities with a small delay. We observed a relationship between the tissue and vortex waveforms, though also with a delay, which denoted the lag between the wall and the flow motion. Clinical diastolic indices combining basal and mitral inflow velocities (E/A ratio and E/ $e^\prime $ ratio) were determined and compared with those measured using a conventional ultrasound scanner; a good correlation was obtained ($r^{2} = 0.96$). High-frame-rate Doppler echocardiography enabled us to retrieve time-resolved dynamics of the myocardium and vortex flow within the same cardiac cycle. Coupling wall-flow analysis could be of clinical relevance for early diagnosis of filling impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé But de l'étude En prévention primaire des maladies cardiovasculaires, l'éducation thérapeutique du patient aide à la mise en place d'une hygiène de vie protectrice, dans un contexte sociétal où les facteurs de risque abondent. Patients et méthodes L'éducation thérapeutique du patient propose aux personnes désireuses de préserver leur santé cardiovasculaire un programme comportant actuellement six thèmes d'ateliers. Lors de l'inscription, elles s'entretiennent avec l'éducateur pour compléter, de façon spécifique à chaque thème, un diagnostic éducatif qui permet de connaître les dimensions clinique, socioprofessionnelle, cognitive et psychoaffective. Une évaluation de chaque atelier est demandée aux participants, sous forme de questions ouvertes et fermées. Résultats Les 2225 participants sont essentiellement de sexe féminin (79 %), relativement âgés (63,9 ans pour les femmes et 66,3 ans pour les hommes) et le plus souvent retraités (65 %). L'analyse des diagnostics éducatifs note la grande fréquence des facteurs de risque classique ; la bonne connaissance des facteurs les favorisant contrastant avec les faibles moyens mis en œuvre dans la vie quotidienne pour en réduire l'impact ; la conviction de la grande majorité (68 %) d'avoir une alimentation équilibrée ; la très grande implication des patients dans la prise en charge de leur santé, avec un locus externe discret impliquant le médecin généraliste, l'entourage immédiat et la société. Les notes des évaluations sont le plus souvent maximales. Conclusion L'éducation thérapeutique des patients suscite un vif intérêt du public, permet une approche personnalisée qui optimise l'apprentissage, augmente les connaissances, facilite la mise en place de nouvelles pratiques protectrices. Abstract Background As primary prevention against cardiovascular diseases, Patient Therapeutic Education helps to develop a protective lifestyle within a socioeconomic context where risk factors abound. Patients and methods Patient Therapeutic Education offers those eager to protect their cardiovascular health a program of six workshops. Upon enrolment, a Program aide conducts an educational diagnosis with the patient, specific to each workshop theme, so that he might understand the clinical, socio-professional, cognitive and psycho-affective dimensions. An evaluation of each workshop is requested from participants in the form of open and closed questions. Results The study comprised 2225 people, majority women (79%), relatively old (age 63.9 for women, 66.3 for men), most often retired (65%). An analysis of the educational diagnosis notes a great frequency of classic risk factors; a good knowledge of the factors favoring them contrasting with the weak means implemented in everyday life to reduce their impact; the great majority of participants (68%) believe they have a well balanced diet; patients are greatly involved in their own health, with a slight external locus involving the general practitioner, the immediate entourage and society. The notes of the evaluation are usually maximum. Conclusion Patient Therapeutic Education arouses strong interest in the public, allows a personalized approach that optimizes learning, increases knowledge and facilitates the use of new protective practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four taxa of Agaricales s.l. are reported as new records for the mycobiota of the Canary Islands: Clitocybe phaeophthalma, Leucoagaricus aurantiovergens, L. rubrotinctus and Mycena calangianuensis. In addition, chorological and ecological data of eleven taxa are given for the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The most interesting taxa are described and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Lithological differences impact on the trace element signature of the formations. • Surface weathering deeply modified the chemistry of the Bulldog Shale. • The Cadna-owie Formation is unweathered and enriched in Cu, U, Mo, Ni and REE. • In the Bulldog Shale, copper appears to be the only element resulting from upward migration. • Elevated copper from both formations spatially match with the prospects. Abstract Cover sequence materials of the Bulldog Shale and underlying Cadna-owie Formation within the Eromanga Basin (South Australia) that overlie the Prominent Hill iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit are evaluated for their potential to host a geochemical expression of the underlying mineral system and thereby as geochemical exploration sampling media. The Bulldog Shale is clay-rich and has elevated concentrations of trace elements, however, its major and trace element (Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, U, Zn and REE) chemical characteristics are significantly influenced by intense surface weathering to a depth of ∼50 m from the landsurface. The Cadna-owie Formation is sand-dominated with lesser clay-rich horizons and has elevated concentrations of multiple trace elements (Cu, U, Mo, Ni and REE). A positive correlation between trace and Al 2 O 3 suggests these elements are concentrated within clay-rich horizons. A comparison with background element concentrations within the Cadna-owie Formation in the broader Eromanga Basin, however, shows introduction of additional elements via upward element migration from the underlying mineralised basement rocks and/or downward element migration from the Bulldog Shale. Once weathering influences and natural background concentrations are accounted for, elevated Cu concentrations in the Bulldog Shale and trace elements in the Cadna-owie Formation appear to be spatially associated with the Prominent Hill deposit and surrounding prospects and can then be useful sampling media for mineral exploration in the Prominent Hill region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coupled computational method for recovering tissue velocity vector fields from high-frame-rate echocardiography is described. Conventional transthoracic echocardiography provides limited temporal resolution, which may prevent accurate estimation of the 2-D myocardial velocity field dynamics. High-frame-rate compound echocardiography using diverging waves with integrated motion compensation has been shown to provide concurrent high-resolution B-mode and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). In this paper, we propose a regularized least-squares method to provide accurate myocardial velocities at high frame rates. The velocity vector field was formulated as the minimizer of a cost function that is a weighted sum of: 1) the ${\ell }^{{2}}$ -norm of the material derivative of the B-mode images (optical flow); 2) the ${\ell }^{{2}}$ -norm of the tissue-Doppler residuals; and 3) a quadratic regularizer that imposes spatial smoothness and well-posedness. A finite difference discretization of the continuous problem was adopted, leading to a sparse linear system. The proposed framework was validated in vitro on a rotating disk with speeds up to 20 cm/s, and compared with speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) by block matching. It was also validated in vivo against TDI and STE in a cross-validation strategy involving parasternal long axis and apical three-chamber views. The proposed method based on the combination of optical flow and tissue Doppler led to more accurate time-resolved velocity vector fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pulsed laser deposition was used to prepare amorphous thin films from (GeSe2)100−x(Sb2Se3)x system (x = 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60). From a wide variety of chalcogenide glass‐forming systems, Ge–Sb–Se one, especially in thin films form, already proved to offer a great potential for photonic devices such as chemical sensors. This system has a large glass‐forming region which gives the possibility to adjust the chemical composition of the glasses according to required physical characteristics. The chemical composition of fabricated thin films was analyzed via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and compared to energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) data. The results of both techniques agree well: a small deficiency in chalcogen element and an excess of antimony was found. The structure of as‐deposited thin films has been investigated by XPS. The presence of the two main structural units, [GeSe4] and [SbSe3] proposed by Raman scattering spectroscopy data analysis, was confirmed by XPS. Moreover, XPS core level spectra analysis revealed the presence of M–M bonds (M = Ge, Sb) in (Ge,Sb)–Ge–(Se)3 and (Ge,Sb)–Sb–(Se)2 entities that could correspond to Ge‐based tetrahedra and Sb‐based pyramids where one of its Se atoms at corners is substituted by Ge or Sb ones. The content of depicted M–M bonds tends to increase with introduction of antimony in the amorphous network of as‐deposited thin films from x = 0 to x = 40 and then it decreases. XPS analysis of as‐deposited thin films shows also the presence of the (Ge,Sb)–Se–(Ge,Sb) and Se–Se–(Ge,Sb) entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined an intentionally disordered gallium-aluminum arsenide-gallium arsenide superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy using x-ray diffraction techniques. Effect of disorder on the epitaxial growth of the superlattices; Calculation of the theoretical diagrams of the epitaxial growth of the superlattices; Features of the x-ray diffraction profiles of the superlattices.

Abstract: Since its identification as an independent topic after the first world war, the chemistry of (bio)polymers and macromolecules rapidly benefited from intense synthetic activities driven by contributors focusing on formulation and structural aspects. Satisfying rationalization and predictions concerning polymer organization, stability, and reactivity were, however, delayed until the late fifties, when physical chemists set the basis of an adapted thermodynamic modeling. The recent emergence of metal‐containing (bio)organic polymers (i.e., metallopolymers) thus corresponds to a logical extension of this field with the ultimate goal of combining the rich magnetic and optical properties of open‐shell transition metals with the processability and structural variety of polymeric organic scaffolds. Since applications as energy storage materials, drug delivery vectors, shape‐memory materials, and photonic devices can be easily envisioned for these materials, the development of metallopolymers is faced with some urgency in producing novel exploitable structures, while the rational control of their formation, organization, and transformation remains elusive. Caught between the sometimes antagonistic requirements of economic efficiency on one side and of scientific pertinence on the other side, the ongoing achievements in the control of the metal loadings of multi‐site polymers are highlighted here with some tutorial discussions of luminescent lanthanidopolymers as proof‐of‐concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This fundamental study investigates how two very different types of fibers, very elongated polypropylene fibers with high tensile resistance, and larger rubber fibers with a smaller aspect ratio and low shear and Young's moduli affect the compression and shearing of a soil. The same host soil was used for both types of fibers, a well-graded decomposed granite. As well as providing a realistic base for the study with its well graded nature, the decomposed granite's tendency to contract upon shearing is used to highlight the underlying mechanisms causing any difference in behavior. The soil mixtures were prepared at an optimal fiber content for each kind. The general patterns of behavior of the reinforced soils, such as the stress-dilatancy behavior, and the normal compression and critical state lines, are compared. It is found that the specimens with rubber fibers are initially much less stiff than those with polypropylene fibers, so that they require larger deformations to reach failure. At failure, they can provide as much extra strength as polypropylene fibers if the rubber fiber-soil mixture has been consolidated to a low confining stress, although very much larger quantities are needed, even to the point of being unrealistic for engineering applications. At high confining pressures, the rubber fibers, which have become slack during compression, tend to lose in efficiency. The soil reinforced with polypropylene fibers develops consistently higher strength, but the compressive nature of the base soil has the effect of hindering their full mobilization as would be seen in a dilative soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to reliable values of the thermodynamic constants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a reliable and original experimental technique based on the analysis of beam self-trapping to measure ultrafast optical nonlinearities in planar waveguides. The technique is applied to the characterization of Ge–Sb–Se chalcogenide films that allow Kerr induced self-focusing and soliton formation. Linear and nonlinear optical constants of three different chalcogenide waveguides are studied at 1200 and 1550 nm in femtosecond regime. Waveguide propagation loss and two photon absorption coefficients are determined by transmission analysis. Beam broadening and narrowing results are compared with simulations of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation solved by BPM method to deduce the Kerr n 2 coefficients. Kerr optical nonlinearities obtained by our original technique compare favorably with the values obtained by Z-scan technique. Nonlinear refractive index as high as ( 69 ± 11 ) × 1 0 − 18 m 2 ∕ W is measured in Ge 12 . 5 Sb 25 Se 62 . 5 at 1200 nm with low nonlinear absorption and low propagation losses which reveals the great characteristics of our waveguides for ultrafast all optical switching and integrated photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five taxa of Agaricales s.l. are reported as new records for the mycobiota of the Canary Islands: Cortinarius cistophilus, Hemimycena conidiogena, Inocybe gymnocarpa, Leucoagaricus deceptivus and Tubaria cistophila. In addition, chorological data of eight previously known taxa are extended to the islands of Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. The most interesting taxa are described and illustrated. Furthermore, a new combination in the genus Infundibulycibe for Clitocybe font-queri is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding discrete fibers to soils can improve their strength; however, fiber reinforcement remains scarce in practice. Previous studies on the performance of soils reinforced with discrete fibers consist mainly of laboratory studies with either clay or, most often, uniform sand as the host soil, so there is a lack of data on other types of soils such as weathered soils, which tend to be well graded. Unlike uniform soils, which are generally dilative, well-graded soils usually show a contractive behavior. This study examines the effect of adding fibers to a completely decomposed granite (CDG) typical of many residual soils, which has the characteristics to be sensitive to material and sample preparation and also to be compressive during shearing. It is found that adding discrete fibers to the CDG homogenizes it because the reinforced soil is not sensitive to the method of material or sample preparation. It is also found that, despite its compressive nature, fibers mobilize extra strength compared with the unreinforced soil, and this effect does not reduce at large confining stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical study of evanescent optical sensor for multipurpose detection in the Mid-Infrared of gases and pollutants in water is presented in this paper. The opto-geometrical parameters of the transducers – ridge waveguides – have been optimized in order to obtain the highest evanescent power factor for monomodal propagation in the Mid-Infrared. The highest sensitivity has been obtained for a configuration with an optimal length of waveguide L opt = 4.3 cm for intrinsic propagation loss equal to 1 dB/cm. Then a spiral waveguide configuration is suggested to obtain this optical length path in a monolithic structure. A numerical example is also included using a ridge waveguide based on chalcogenide glasses (GeSbSe). In case of gas detection, a generic calculation of the minima concentrations to be detected as a function of the molar absorption for any working wavelength is presented. Extremely low limits of detection can be achieved due to the strong absorption coefficients of gases and chemical species in the Mid-Infrared spectral range, 268 ppb in case of carbon dioxide at λ = 4.3 μm, 1.848 ppm and 781 ppb for methane at λ = 3.31 μm and at λ = 7.66 μm respectively. For the pollutants detection in water, an improvement of the integrated structure has been proposed to avoid water absorption in this spectral region by deposing a polymer (PIB) as waveguide superstrate, thus the limit of detection for toluene is 26 ppb at λ = 6.68 μm. These concentration minima that could be detected by the Mid-IR sensor are lower than the threshold limit values determined in the international environmental and health standards. Hence this integrated optical sensor may be considered as an attractive support tool in monitoring environmental and health fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have suggested that intracardiac vortex flow imaging could be of clinical interest to early diagnose the diastolic heart function. Doppler vortography has been introduced as a simple color Doppler method to detect and quantify intraventricular vortices. This method is able to locate a vortex core based on the recognition of an antisymmetric pattern in the Doppler velocity field. Because the heart is a fast-moving organ, high frame rates are needed to decipher the whole blood vortex dynamics during diastole. In this paper, we adapted the vortography method to high-frame-rate echocardiography using circular waves. Time-resolved Doppler vortography was first validated in vitro in an ideal forced vortex. We observed a strong correlation between the core vorticity determined by high-frame-rate vortography and the ground-truth vorticity. Vortography was also tested in vivo in ten healthy volunteers using high-frame-rate duplex ultrasonography. The main vortex that forms during left ventricular filling was tracked during two–three successive cardiac cycles, and its core vorticity was determined at a sampling rate up to 80 duplex images per heartbeat. Three echocardiographic apical views were evaluated. Vortography-derived vorticities were compared with those returned by the 2-D vector flow mapping approach. Comparison with 4-D flow magnetic resonance imaging was also performed in four of the ten volunteers. Strong intermethod agreements were observed when determining the peak vorticity during early filling. It is concluded that high-frame-rate Doppler vortography can accurately investigate the diastolic vortex dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses research which examined the function ex vivo of acute myeloid leukaemia-initiating cells (AML-IC). Topics discussed include the poor AML prognosis on older people, factors that limit the understanding of AML physiopathology and use of a co-culture system to evaluate the effect of various drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of primary human AML-ICs.

The surface roughness of soil grains affects the mechanical behaviour of soils, but the characterization of real soil grain roughness is still limited in both quantity and quality. A new method is proposed, which applies the power spectral density (PSD), typically used in tribology, to optical interferometry measurements of soil grain surfaces. The method was adapted to characterize the roughness of soil grains separately from their shape, allowing the scale of the roughness to be determined in the form of a wavevector range. The surface roughness can be characterized by a roughness value and a fractal dimension, determined based on the stochastic formation process of the surface. When combined with other parameters, the fractal dimension provides additional information about the surface structure and roughness to the value of roughness alone. Three grain sizes of a quarzitic sand were tested. The parameters determined from the PSD analysis were input directly into a Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function to reconstruct successfully a fractal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a seasonal environment, variation in larval phenotype and developmental plasticity allow crustacean larvae to maximise survival by lengthening or shortening their development. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of temperature, laying season and their interaction on larval developmental pathways (larval instars and larval stages). We monitored the different larval stages and calculated the number of larval instars reached during the development of winter and summer larvae of Palaemon serratus incubated at 12, 16 or 20 °C. We observed a great variability in the larval development (6–13 larval instars and 6 to 11 larval stages). A higher temperature decreases the development time and the number of larval instars. At a given temperature, the development time of winter and summer larvae was not different. Two larval stages were considered supernumerary (zoea 4 and 6), as they were more frequent at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, some larvae started to develop pleopods as early as the third instar, larval stage which had never been described (named here zoea 3′). This phenomenon was more common in winter larvae than in summer larvae. These results provide new insights into the expression of developmental plasticity in decapod larvae. [Display omitted] • Larval development was plastic in terms of instars and stages. • Higher temperature decreased the development time and the number of instars. • The seasonal phenotype had no effect on the development time. • Supernumerary stages were observed at low temperatures. • Early morphogenesis was observed at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from arid environments can prevail with low fecundity, high survival and long lifespans. However, climate change may have an important impact on endangered species. In order to assess the effect of climatic fluctuations and change, we studied demographic processes in the narrow-range Canary Islands endemic Atractylis arbuscula Svent. & Michaelis. It is considered a threatened taxon of arid ecosystems on the islands of Lanzarote (A. arbuscula ssp. arbuscula) and Gran Canaria (A. arbuscula ssp. schizogynophylla (Svent. and Kahne) Marrero Rodr. & Caujapé). Monitoring was initiated in 2011 and conducted annually for six consecutive years to study population dynamics. Deterministic simulations showed that the population subjected to greater aridity (ssp. arbuscula) underwent an expansive trend. In contrast, the Gran Canaria population, presenting decline, seems not to benefit from higher annual precipitation. Spring precipitation is a good predictive variable that best explains the finite rate of population increase (λ) variability, determining "good years" with wet springs and "bad years" with dry springs. With the climate projections for the 21st century of the spring precipitation for the stations closest to the studied populations, we obtained for each year of the period 2017–2100 a random vector that determines the probability with which each of the five matrices can be selected. The stochastic projections carried out reveal that ssp. arbuscula may experience a slight decline under two scenarios based on different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP45 and RCP85, although the probability of extinction is zero in both. However, ssp. schizogynophylla could decline much faster, especially in scenario RCP85, reaching a 100% probability of extinction by the end of the century. In conclusion, the population stability of ssp. arbuscula and its being included in a protected area of Lanzarote guarantees its conservation to a certain extent. However, the decline in ssp. schizogynophylla makes prompt conservation measures advisable on Gran Canaria. • Spring precipitation may play a crucial role on the population dynamics of Canary Islands flora in arid coastal environments. • The populations that grow under a lower rainfall regime are not necessarily those that present a more severe decline process. • Even under the conservative climate change scenarios, regressive processes can be accelerated. • Reintroduction and translocation activities could be effective measures when regression is conditioned by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide thin films (GeSe 2 ) 100 − x (Sb 2 Se 3 ) x (with x = 10 and 50) were deposited by Radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. In order to study the impact of Ar pressure on the structure and the composition of selenide thin films structural properties of thin films and targets were investigated by means of Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Under low pressure (5 · 10 − 3 mbar), the increase of wrong bonds like Ge(Sb)-Ge(Sb) was confirmed by Raman and also XPS for both composition. The observed structural changes with Ar pressure are linked with modification of the composition of the selenide films analyzed by EDS and XPS. Furthermore for higher Ar pressure (5 · 10 − 2 mbar), RF sputtered thin film and target structure present a great similarity. These differences driven by Ar pressure modification are probably related to distinctive sputtering rate and mean free path of the particles ejected from target for the different Ar pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses scholarly views on the rise of the human rights paradigm. Based on a case study of the Netherlands it argues that the appeal of human rights cannot simply be attributed to the memory of the Holocaust, or the rise of post-war generations disillusioned with traditional ideologies in the 1960s and especially, the 1970s. Instead, it proposes that human rights primarily owe their popularity to the ideological contest of the Early Cold War, even though means to convey the message all over the world were only available in the decades that followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale mutational events that occur when stretches of DNA sequence move throughout genomes are called genome rearrangements. In bacteria, inversions are one of the most frequently observed rearrangements. In some bacterial families, inversions are biased in favor of symmetry as shown by recent research. In addition, several results suggest that short segment inversions are more frequent in the evolution of microbial genomes. Despite the fact that symmetry and length of the reversed segments seem very important, they have not been considered together in any problem in the genome rearrangement field. Here, we define the problem of sorting genomes (or permutations) using inversions whose costs are assigned based on their lengths and asymmetries. We consider two formulations of the same problem depending on whether we know the orientation of the genes. Several procedures are presented and we assess these procedure performances on a large set of more than 4.4 × 109 permutations. The ideas presented in this paper provide insights to solve the problem and set the stage for a proper theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven reconstituted sands of different mineralogies and different particle size distributions, from uniform to well-graded and coarse to fine, were tested under one-dimensional compression, with and without reinforcement by discrete fibres. The compressibility, the particle breakage and the associated change in particle shape were examined in the sands with and without reinforcement. Each reconstituted sand was found to have a unique normal compression line. The compressibility increased with increasing uniformity and with larger mean diameters, thus coarse uniform sands were found to be the most compressible. They also underwent more breakage of particles, which was more significant in the weaker carbonate sands. At the grain scale, the addition of fibres seemed to reduce the amount of particle breakage in the soil, more significantly in well-graded sands. A unique NCL was found for each fibre-reinforced sand, parallel to that of the corresponding non-reinforced sand. A strong correlation was found between the ability of the fibres to prevent particle breakage and their ability to limit changes in particle shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an increasingly vast literature on cophylogenetic reconstructions for studying host-parasite associations, understanding the common evolutionary history of such systems remains a problem that is far from being solved. Most algorithms for host-parasite reconciliation use an event-based model, where the events include in general (a subset of) cospeciation, duplication, loss, and host switch. All known parsimonious event-based methods then assign a cost to each type of event in order to find a reconstruction of minimum cost. The main problem with this approach is that the cost of the events strongly influences the reconciliation obtained. Some earlier approaches attempt to avoid this problem by finding a Pareto set of solutions and hence by considering event costs under some minimization constraints. To deal with this problem, we developed an algorithm, called COALA, for estimating the frequency of the events based on an approximate Bayesian computation approach. The benefits of this method are 2-fold: (i) it provides more confidence in the set of costs to be used in a reconciliation, and (ii) it allows estimation of the frequency of the events in cases where the data set consists of trees with a large number of taxa. We evaluate our method on simulated and on biological data sets. We show that in both cases, for the same pair of host and parasite trees, different sets of frequencies for the events lead to equally probable solutions. Moreover, often these solutions differ greatly in terms of the number of inferred events. It appears crucial to take this into account before attempting any further biological interpretation of such reconciliations. More generally, we also show that the set of frequencies can vary widely depending on the input host and parasite trees. Indiscriminately applying a standard vector of costs may thus not be a good strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first evidence of an enhancement of the heat transfer from a heated wire to an external turbulent coflow of superfluid helium. We used a standard Pt-Rh hot-wire anemometer and overheat it up to 21 K in a pressurized liquid helium turbulent round jet at temperatures between 1.9 K and 2.12 K. The null-velocity response of the sensor can be satisfactorily modeled by the counterflow mechanism, while the extra cooling produced by the forced convection is found to scale similarly as the corresponding extra cooling in classical fluids. We propose a preliminary analysis of the response of the sensor and show that--contrary to a common assumption--such sensor can be used to probe local velocity in turbulent superfluid helium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is the approach of choice for investigating the coevolution of sets of organisms such as hosts and parasites. It consists in a mapping between the parasite tree and the host tree using event-based maximum parsimony. Given a cost model for the events, many optimal reconciliations are however possible. Any further biological interpretation of them must therefore take this into account, making the capacity to enumerate all optimal solutions a crucial point. Only two algorithms currently exist that attempt such enumeration; in one case not all possible solutions are produced while in the other not all cost vectors are currently handled. The objective of this paper is two-fold. The first is to fill this gap, and the second is to test whether the number of solutions generally observed can be an issue in terms of interpretation. Results We present a polynomial-delay algorithm for enumerating all optimal reconciliations. We show that in general many solutions exist. We give an example where, for two pairs of host-parasite trees having each less than 41 leaves, the number of solutions is 5120, even when only time-feasible ones are kept. To facilitate their interpretation, those solutions are also classified in terms of how many of each event they contain. The number of different classes of solutions may thus be notably smaller than the number of solutions, yet they may remain high enough, in particular for the cases where losses have cost 0. In fact, depending on the cost vector, both numbers of solutions and of classes thereof may increase considerably. To further deal with this problem, we introduce and analyse a restricted version where host switches are allowed to happen only between species that are within some fixed distance along the host tree. This restriction allows us to reduce the number of time-feasible solutions while preserving the same optimal cost, as well as to find time-feasible solutions with a cost close to the optimal in the cases where no time-feasible solution is found. Conclusions We present EUCALYPT, a polynomial-delay algorithm for enumerating all optimal reconciliations which is freely available at http://eucalypt.gforge.inria.fr/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leukemias are a group of malignancies characterized by proliferation of precursors of blood cells named blasts. They are classified into acute and chronic forms, depending on their clinical behavior, and lymphocytic or myeloid, depending on their histological origin. This disease can occur at any age, but the incidence of the disease increases especially after 40 years of age; the average age at diagnosis is 65. 25% of cases are diagnosed before age 25; acute leukemias (especially lymphoid) are also the malignant disease most commonly found in children under 15 years old. Oral manifestations are found in 95% of cases for acute myeloid forms. This condition is reflected in the clinical and laboratory plans by the development of anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Observation: The oral manifestations observed in the case presented in this article reflect these anomalies, with pale mucous membranes, petechiae and mucosal ulceration of neutropenic origin. Discussion: These events alerted the care team and led to the prescription of hematological evaluation revealing leukemia. This shows that a careful examination of the oral cavity may indicate an underlying systemic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]