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Sulfonamides have been played a critical role in the history of medicinal chemistry development for decades. In particular, sulfonamides display a broad spectrum in pharmaceutical drugs synthesis. This review presents a short discussion of the microwave‐assisted synthetic approaches, enhancement of sulfonamides moieties and their pharmacological applications are being discussed. During the past few decades, microwave‐assisted technology in organic synthesis has been highlighted to introducing ‐SO2NH functional group in the multi synthetic routes for the development of bioactive molecule and also assisted in the estimation of their credible mechanistic routes for the reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the untreated, cold plasma (CP)‐optimized (30 kV/5 mm/6.7 min), CP‐extreme (30 kV/2 mm/10 min), and thermally treated (TT) (90 ℃/5 min) kiwifruit juices based on the physicochemical (pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total color change (ΔE)), physical (particle size and rheology), microstructure (optical microscope), bioactive compounds (polyphenol, ascorbic acid, and sugar compounds), and sensory characteristics of kiwifruit juice. The pH, TSS, and TA were not significantly affected in CP and TT juice, whereas the ΔE (6.52) of TT juice lies in the range of "greatly visible." The microstructure characteristics of juice significantly changed after CP and thermal treatment. The cell and tissue disruption in CP‐extreme and thermally treated juice was more than CP‐optimized. The particle size of juice decreased irrespective of treatment, but the span value of CP‐optimized juice was the lowest. Further, the CP treatment showed a lower consistency index, apparent viscosity, and pseudoplasticity of juice than the thermal treatment. The CP‐treated juice retained bioactive and nutritional attributes more than thermally treated juice. The CP‐optimized, CP‐extreme, and thermal treatment reduced the sucrose content by 54, 55, and 23%, while the fructose and glucose content were increased by 17, 12, & 93%, and 17, 11 & 99%, respectively. Among the CP‐treated juice, CP‐optimized (71.36 mg/100g) contained a higher amount of ascorbic acid than the CP‐extreme (64.36 mg/100g). Based on the similarity values in the fuzzy logic analysis, the sensory attributes of CP‐optimized treated juice were superior to CP‐extreme and thermal treated. Practical Application: In this era, non‐thermal processing techniques are trending for retaining the nutrition and stability of juice. The old plasma (CP)‐treated kiwifruit juice had better nutritional, bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes than the thermally treated juice. Further, the CP‐treated juice had higher flowability and lower viscosity, making it ideal for juice processing. The conclusions drawn suggest that CP processing is a better alternative for processing kiwifruit juice than thermal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Natural photosynthesis, utilizing intelligent molecular machinery to harness sunlight, stands as the benchmark for efficient energy generation. Despite its high quantum efficiency compared to synthetic methods, challenges persist due to dynamic nutritional and light requirements in plant, microalgae, and cyanobacteria‐driven processes. Reported microalgae CO2 uptake rates rely on biomass dry cell weight measurement after certain incubation period and systematic study of required CO2 concentrations for optimal photobioreactor operation remaining unexplored. This research is thus aimed at evaluating the critical dissolved CO2 (Ccrit ∙ CO2) concentration and specific CO2 uptake rates (SCUR) of Chlorella minutissima (CM) culture in the presence of surplus light and other nutrients by online monitoring and measuring the dynamic CO2 uptake rates which will help in maintaining the optimal rate of CO2 delivery for continuous cultivation of microalgae while minimizing the escape of CO2. RESULTS: Dissolved Ccrit ∙ CO2 was determined to be in the range of 16–20 mg/L, and the maximum SCUR in BBM (Bold Basal Medium) was found to be 0.73 mg CO2 (mg dcw ∙ h)−1. Interestingly, this SCUR value is nearly three times greater than that of the most efficient in vitro artificial photosynthetic novel pathway reported so far. CONCLUSION: From the calculated SCUR values, it may be noted that 9.6 g of biomass can be obtained from 1 g of microalgal inoculum in a day, thereby setting a benchmark for the scientists working in the areas of bioprocess engineering, synthetic biology, and metabolic engineering to comply. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild and efficient protocol was developed for the synthesis of pyrazole and 2°-amine hybrid conjugates through an InCl3 Ugi four-component reaction followed by a base mediated secondary amine coupling reaction. MCRs have been used extensively in the field of combinatorial chemistry, which offers the synthesis of libraries of similar molecules in a parallel fashion. A small library of novel N-allyl-N-(1-(4-(aminomethyl) phenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold was designed and synthesized through a one-pot four-component Ugi reaction, the resulting Ugi product pyrazole derivative coupled with various secondary amines to prepare target pyrazole – amine conjugate molecules. The structures of synthesized conjugates confirmed by spectroscopic techniques (NMR, C, H, N analysis, and MS). The in vitro antimicrobial survey of these pyrazole-secondary amine conjugates was supported by DFT studies; thereby notifies the conjugates are promising antimicrobial agents and are comparable to the standard antimicrobial molecules such as ampicilin, griseofulvin, isoniazide and rifampicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)azetidine analogues were synthesized and screened for their in vitro anticancer activity against nine different human cancer cell lines using the cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay. The synthesized molecules were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, LCMS and IR analysis. The toxicity, bioavailability and lipophilicity of all the synthesized compounds were predicted by using osiris and molinspiration model. Molecular docking study revealed that, compound 6‐(3‐(3‐(2‐aminopyridin‐4‐yl)‐4‐methoxyphenyl)azetidin‐1‐yl)picolinonitrile (4 A‐17) and 6‐(3‐(4‐methoxy‐3‐(2‐methoxypyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl)azetidin‐1‐yl)picolinonitrile (4 A‐19) were found to be potential inhibitor of human topoisomerase IIα. The cell viability studies exhibited promising antiproliferative activities of the novel synthesized compounds. 4 A‐17 (EC50 0.03 μM) was found to be more potent than standard Doxorubicin (EC50 0.07 μM) in U251 cancer cell lines. Similarly, 4 A‐19 showed considerable potency against four different cancer cell lines (HepG2, U251, A431, 786‐O) with EC50 values ranging from 0.46 to 2.13 μM. These primary findings supported that molecule 4 A‐17 and 4 A‐19 should be subjected to further studies and lead optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the attractive ability of iminium ions to functionalize molecules directly at ostensibly unreactive positions, the reactivity of iminium ions, in which an α CH2 group is replaced by CO was explored. Background studies on the ability of such iminium cations to promote reactions via an iminium-catalyzed or iminium-equivalent pathway are apparently unavailable. Previously, tandem cross-coupling reactions were reported, in which an iminium ion undergoes nucleophilic 1,2-addition to give a putative three-component intermediate that abstracts a proton in situ and undergoes self-deamination followed by unprecedented DMSO/aerobic oxidation to generate α-ketoamides. However, later it was observed that iminium ions can generate valuable α-ketoamides through simple aerobic oxidation. In all reactions, iminium ions were generated in situ by reaction of 2-oxoaldehydes with secondary amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of functional groups can be introduced in the phenanthridine skeleton following the 3-component strategy shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified biotin derivatives are effective in killing cancer. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of conjugated biotin-pyrazole derivatives 3a-3h to evaluate as potential anticancer agents. A set of compounds has been prepared by palladium catalysed aminocarbonylation using carbon monoxide in an autoclave. They were well characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and screened for anticancer activity. A cell viability assay (MTT assay) was performed on U251, A549, and HepG2 cell lines and determined their IC50 value. Among target agents, 3a had a considerable activity against human brain cancer cell line U251 (IC50 3.5 µM). 3a could be a promising candidate for the development of new drugs to treat tumours, particularly for brain cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the attractive ability of iminium ions to functionalize molecules directly at ostensibly unreactive positions, the reactivity of iminium ions, in which an α CH2 group is replaced by CO was explored. Background studies on the ability of such iminium cations to promote reactions via an iminium-catalyzed or iminium-equivalent pathway are apparently unavailable. Previously, tandem cross-coupling reactions were reported, in which an iminium ion undergoes nucleophilic 1,2-addition to give a putative three-component intermediate that abstracts a proton in situ and undergoes self-deamination followed by unprecedented DMSO/aerobic oxidation to generate α-ketoamides. However, later it was observed that iminium ions can generate valuable α-ketoamides through simple aerobic oxidation. In all reactions, iminium ions were generated in situ by reaction of 2-oxoaldehydes with secondary amines., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)