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Gold-headed tick, Dermacentor nuttalli is widely distributed in Mongolia and an important vector of transovarially transmitting pathogens to domestic animals. In this study, we describe the morphology of the ovary, as well as the process of the vitellogenesis and ovigenesis on oocytes of the tick, Dermacentor nuttalli. The oocytes were classified into stages that varied from I to V, according to: cytoplasm appearance, presence of the germ vesicle, position, development, presence of yolk granules, accumulation and presence of chorion. To our knowledge, this study is first description on oocytes development stages evaluated by Balashov (1964) of D. nuttalli female and its vitellogenesis. Dermacentor nuttalli хачгийн ооцитын хөгжил Хураангуй: Цус бүрэн сорж, эвцэлдэж хувалзалсан Dermacentor nuttalli эмэгчин хачгийн ооцит, өндөгний хөгжлийг судалснаар хачгийн физиологи, биологийн онцлогийг тогтоох нь шинжлэх ухаан, онол, практикийн өндөр ач холбогдолтой юм. Энэ судалгаагаар D. nuttalli хачгийн ооцитын вителлогенез, овигенез, өндгөвчний хэлбэр зүйн хувирлыг судлан тогтоолоо. Хөгжлийн янз бүрийн шатаар хөгжиж буй ооцитуудыг цитоплазмын илрэл, герминал мөхлөгт цэврүүнцрийн илрэл, байрлал, хөгжил, уургийн мөхлөгүүдийн илрэл, хуримтлагдалт, цэлмэнт бүрхүүлийн үүсэл, хөгжлийн явцаар нь 5 шат болгон ангилав (I-V). Энэхүү судалгаа нь D. nuttalli хачгийн ооцитын хөгжлийг Ю.С.Балашов (1964)-ын үнэлгээгээр үнэлж, хөгжлийн үе шатуудыг тогтоосон анхны судалгаа юм. Түлхүүр үг: Өндгөвч, овигенез, Балашовын ангилал, вителлогенез

The reindeer Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758, is a local animal (west) taiga in Tsagaannuur soum of Khuvsgul aimag. The species, one of semi-domesticated populations, is well adapted to harsh climate as like as tundra and sub tundra areas. The reindeer was slaughtered by herdsmen for their own food consumption and the post-mortem examination was done by incomplete methods of necropsy (Skrybini, 1945). It is a first time detection to find for Thysaniezia spp. tapeworm in reindeer from Mongolia. In the future we will expand the study of parasitic and infectious diseases of the reindeer. Баруун тайгын цаа буганд thyzaniezia төрлийн туузан хорхой илрүүлсэн дүн Хураангуй: Хөвсгөл аймгийн Цагааннуур сумын Баруун тайгад Rangifer tarandus, Linnaeus, 1758 зүйлийн цаа буга (буган цаа) өргөн тархжээ. Цаа буга нь тундр, тундр орчмын бүсийн эрс тэс уур амьсгалд дасан зохицсон хагас гэршсэн хөхтөн юм. Дээрх бүс нутгаас хүнсний хэрэгцээнд нядласан цаа буганд цагаан хорхойн судлалын бүрэн бус задлан шинжилгээг хийв. Манай оронд маллагдаж буй цаа буганаас анх тутам Thysaniezia төрлийн туузан хорхойг илрүүлэв. Цаашид цаа бугын зүй бус хорогдлын үндсэн шалтгаан паразиттах, халдварт, халдваргүй өвчний судалгааг өргөжүүлэх чухал шаардлагатай. Түлхүүр үг: Нарийн гэдэс, задлан шинжилгээ, Rangifer tarandus, баасны дээж, хавтгай хорхой

Ecological inbalance, global change, new mode of lifestyle and increasing population cause the spread of zoonotic infectious diseases around the world and re-emergence disease among many others. The aim of this article is to summarize the situation of the important infectious diseases of the ruminants and horses in Mongolia. Some of these diseases have zoonotic potential, too. Livestock in Mongolia is an irreplaceable source of livelihood, labour force, means of transport, subsistence and companion as well as important component of the culture in this part of world. However, due to the wide-spread of these animals they also serve as a host and vector for many dangerous infectious diseases. Our overview focuses on the most important infectious diseases,mainly zoonoses in Mongolia and its current epizootologic status. People may be infected during contact with infected animals, though a more frequent path of infection is via foodstuffs of animal origin. Re-emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are already familiar to us and their increased occurrence is associated with a change in the process of transmission of infection.

Recent studies reported the detection of DNA from tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of veterinary relevance such as Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Theileria orientalis in bovine blood samples from Mongolia. These findings were unexpected, as the known tick vectors of these pathogens are not known to occur in Mongolia. We therefore conducted a study in May and June 2013 in six districts of Khentii province where DNA of the said TBPs was previously found. Ticks collected from the vegetation and rodents, as well as blood samples from cattle, were screened for the presence of TBPs by reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization. Tick larvae collected from rodents were pooled. A total of 310 adult ticks were collected from the vegetation, and 249 tick larvae were collected from 24 rodents. Adult ticks (n = 2,318) and blood samples were collected from 481 heads of cattle. All adult ticks were identified as Dermacentor nuttalli. DNA from Rickettsia raoultii (252/310; 81.3%), an uncharacterized Anaplasma species preliminary named Anaplasma sp. Mongolia (26/310; 8.4%), Candidatus Midichloria sp. (18/310; 5.8%), Theileria equi (16/310; 5.2%), Babesia caballi (5/310; 1.6%), T. orientalis (1/310; 0.3%), Borrelia afzelii (1/310; 0.3%) and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (1/310; 0.3%) was detected in ticks collected from the vegetation. DNA of R. raoultii (27/28; 96.4%) and Midichloria sp. (2/28; 7.1%) was detected in the pooled tick larvae. Anaplasma sp. Mongolia, a species related to Anaplasma ovis based on a multi-locus analysis, was also detected in 153/481 (31.8%) of the bovine blood samples. DNA of B. bovis, B. bigemina and A. marginale was not detected in the ticks or bovine blood samples from Khentii district.

A recent study demonstrated lower incidence of fever and hepatosplenomegaly in HIV-positive VL patients than HIV-negative VL patients, indicating that acquired immunity have important roles in development of hepatosplenomegaly also in human VL. To explore the roles of acquired immunity in pathology of VL, pathological characterization of L. donovani infection in RAG2-/-mice was performed. One hundred million promastigotes were inoculated intraperitoneally to RAG2-/-mice as well as BALB/c mice, and organs were harvested from the animals at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after infection and examined for parasite burdens and pathological changes. L. donovani infection induced splenomegaly in BALB/c mice; the length of the spleen after 12 weeks of infected mice was as twice as that of naive mice. In contrast, such the enlargement was not observed in RAG2-/-mice. Accumulations of mononuclear cells were found in the liver of infected BALB/c mice, whereas such the formations were less found in RAG2-/-mice. These results suggest that development of hepatosplenomegaly during experimental VL is dependent on the T cell or B cell rather than the presence of parasites.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 43-50

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is well known to be an important zoonotic disease and national disease due to the traditional nomadic life style in Mongolia. The present study was carried out to obtain data on the seropositivity to antigen B, in domestic livestock, goats, sheep and cattle, in each province of Mongolia. The seropositivity to antigen B varied by province and ranged from 0% to 25.0% in goats, 0% to 12.5% in sheep, and 0% to 13.3% in cattle. In total, 9.2% of goats, 3.6% of sheep and 5.9% of cattle in Mongolia showed seropositivity.

The cDNA encoding the entire mature hypodermin C (HC) of Hypoderma lineatum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein using pGEX vector. The recombinant HC protein (rHC) was tested by Western blotting to detect antibodies to H. lineatum in cattle. Western blotting with rHC as antigen clearly differentiated between H. lineatum-infested cattle sera and normal cattle sera. Forty-six out of forty-eight serum samples from cattle in Central Mongolia were positive, whereas all 30 serum samples from cows in Hokkaido, Japan, were negative by Western blotting. The result of Western blotting was identical to that of a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These data demonstrated that Western blotting, with rHC expressed in E. coli, might be a useful method for the diagnosis of cattle hypodermosis.

A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation was undertaken to identify tick-borne pathogens in Mongolian livestock across two provinces (aimags) from 2007 to 2008. Serology and PCR were used to identify exposure to and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. ovis, and spotted fever group rickettsiae species in the animals sampled. Factors evaluated for association with pathogen prevalence included region, body condition score, gender, and species. Khuvsgul livestock had high seroprevalence to A. phagocytophilum (64%), and A. ovis (77%); Khenti livestock had a high exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae species (48%). Females and intact males had higher prevalence to A. phagocytophilumthan castrated males, as did small ruminants compared to cattle and horses. Animals with lower BCS, or animals living at higher elevations, had a greater prevalence odds of exposure to pathogens for spotted fever group rickettsiae and A. ovis, respectively. Reports of the newly identified Rickettsia and Borrelia species in the neighbouring provinces of northern China combined with the data from this study warrant further investigation of tick-borne pathogens to identify reservoir hosts and infection in Mongolian herders.

The first Mongolian-Japanese Joint Conference on "Echinococcosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Mongolia" was held in Ulaanbaatar on June 4th, 2009. It was the first chance for Mongolian experts (clinicians, pathologists, parasitologists, biologists, epidemiologists, veterinarians and others working on echinococcosis) joined together. Increase in the number of cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases year by year was stressed. CE in children may be more than adult cases. Alveolar echinococcosis was suspected chronic malignant hepatic tumors or abscesses. Main discussion was as to how to introduce modern diagnostic tools for pre-surgical diagnosis, how to establish the national system for the data base of echinococcosis with the establishment of a network system by experts from different areas. The importance of molecular identification of the parasites in domestic and wild animals was also stressed.