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Dysidea teawanui sp. nov. Figs 1, 6–8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6476B247-9085-46A4-B7DE-7D8F97BEFBCA Material examined. Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty: Holotype— NIWA 113650, 37.681° S, 176.171° E, 8 m, 27 Nov 2018. Paratypes— Pilot Bay, Tauranga Harbour , Bay of Plenty: NIWA 113651–113655, 37.681° S, 176.171° E, 12 m, 09 Dec 2018, SCUBA dive. Distribution. Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 8– 12 m. Description. Massive, spherical to hemispherical, multilobed cushions, frequently conjoined, forming broad matts covering up to 2.5 m 2 (Fig. 6 A–E), typically 10–50 cm long, 6–50 cm wide, 7.5–10 cm high; immature specimens spherical with low surface mounds (Fig. 6C), often 3–4 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, 1.5–2.5 cm high. Larger specimens frequently only alive in the top 4–5 cm of the sponge; when torn, the base is usually dead with only the ladder-like primary fibres visible (Fig. 7A). Surface with regularly spaced conules, 1–3 mm in height (Fig. 6 C–E), granular to the touch. Cobwebs of fibrillar collagen in the surface membrane are clearly visible, stretching between the tips of primary fibres, joining adjacent conules (Fig. 6E). Oscules are relatively large, up to 5 mm diameter, scattered over the surface, with raised translucent collars (Fig. 6C, E). Texture in life, soft, slightly elastic, compressible. In life, the sponge is covered in sediment, appearing as rock substrate. Colour in life beneath surface sediment, powder blue-grey externally (Fig. 6 C–E; 7A), cream to tan, sometimes orange-tinged in the non-illuminated base, cream in ethanol. Dermal membrane translucent. Skeleton. Large, thick, primary fibres, 483 (300–800) µm diameter, relatively uniform in their thickness, dominate the skeleton (Fig. 7A), forming an irregular, laddered reticulation (Fig. 7B) with thin secondary fibres 113 (80– 160) µm diameter, flanged where they join the primary fibres (Fig. 8A, B). Thin, clear, auxiliary secondary fibres are visible in places; about 15 µm thick (Fig. 7B). All secondary fibres are solidly cored, spongin along the edges of the fibres is not visible. The secondary fibres directly link the primary fibres or may form a reticulation between the primary fibres (Fig. 8A, B). Primary fibres diverge from the base of the sponge (Fig. 7A), forming meshes about 814–2567 µm long and 800–1500 µm wide. All fibres heavily cored with sand and foreign spicule fragments. Ectosome cavernous, mesohyl shrinking between the fibres in the preserved specimen (Fig. 7A). Canals filled with detritus and sediment, possibly resultant from worm activity in the aquiferous canals. Ectosome about 108 (105–140) µm deep, reinforced by a thin layer of fibrillar collagen (Fig. 8C), strands of which stretch between the apex of the primary fibres (Fig. 6E). A translucent dermal membrane is raised by large primary fibres, rarely with any inclusions of detritus; unarmoured (Fig. 8C). Choanocyte chambers are obscured by the abundant detritus in the mesohyl. Substrate, depth range and ecology. Found on sheltered rocky reef substrate, covering rocks and boulders to a depth of 10 cm, and on wharf pilings, 5–8 m deep. The clown nudibranch, Ceratosoma amoenum (Cheeseman, 1886) predates on this species, and fan worms are often integrated into the matrix of the sponge. Etymology. Named for Tauranga Moana, Te Awanui, a spiritual symbol of identity for all whanau, hapu and iwi living in the harbour catchment area (Te Awanui, Tauranga Moana; te reo Māori). This species name was accepted and approved by local Tauranga Moana iwi, Ngāti Ranginui, Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Pūkenga. Remarks. Dysidea teawanui sp. nov. has a highly characteristic morphology and colouration that separates it clearly, in the field, from D. tuapokere sp. nov. in the same location; D. teawanui sp. nov. forms massive, pale blue-grey, multi-lobed cushions or spheres while D. tuapokere sp. nov. forms a cavernous lilac mass of lobed branches. Only two species noted from New Zealand waters, Dysidea sp. ‘b’ of Brøndsted (1924) and D. elegans (Nardo, 1847) sensu Brøndsted (1927) (Table 1), vaguely resemble the characteristic cushion-shape of D. teawanui sp. nov. Dysidea sp. ‘b’ Brøndsted, 1924, from a “sandy mud” seabed, at 46 m in Carnley Harbour on the Auckland Islands (see Brøndsted 1924: 165), provides a reasonable description of a sponge attached to shell, with a variable shape, but generally “oblong, lump-shaped”. The “greatest extent” was about 50 mm, the colour in life was “pale grey to greyish yellow” and the surface was conulose, conules being 1 mm high and 4 mm apart. The primary fibres formed an irregular network, generally running perpendicular to the surface and were about 160 µm thick. The thinner spongin fibres were “almost devoid of foreign particles”, and the primary fibres cored with sand grains and broken spicules. While the general form and colour in life are reminiscent of D. teawanui sp. nov., the fibres are much thinner than in the latter. Furthermore, as for D. tuapokere sp. nov., the possibility of conspecificity of D. teawanui sp. nov. with a Subantarctic New Zealand sponge, is low. Finally, with relatively clear secondary fibres, the sponge may be more closely comparable to several Chatham Rise species described by Bergquist (1961b) as Leiosella levis (Lendenfeld, 1886), Polyfibrospongia australis (Lendenfeld, 1888) [now considered to be Fasciospongia turgida (Lamarck, 1814) (Van Soest et al. 2018a)], or Euryspongia arenaria Bergquist, 1961b. Dysidea laxa (Lendenfeld, 1889: 671), from 30–40 m in Port Philip Bay, Australia, is the only other Southwest Pacific species of Dysidea that has a massive, lobose morphology with a light bluish-violet colour in life. However, unlike for D. teawanui sp. nov., the surface is tuberculate, sand-armoured and the oscules are arranged in a longitudinal series along the sides of the lobes. The fibres of D. laxa are quite large (200–500 mm thick) but they form a highly irregular, angular network in which the primary fibres are not clearly pronounced, differentiating it further from D. teawanui sp. nov., which has a highly regular ladder-like architecture. While all fibres in D. laxa are charged with small, abundant sand grains, these are more irregularly scattered in the slender fibres (after Lendenfeld 1889).

Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1818) sensu Bergquist (1961b) Bergquist (1961b) applied the name fragilis to poorly described material from Mernoo Bank on the Chatham Rise: the sponge was irregular, about 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, with cylindrical projections arising from a basal mass. The fibres were relatively thick, being 150���340 ��m wide with secondary fibres 35���48 ��m thick, and the colour, presumably in life, brownish grey (after Bergquist 1961b). Application of the species name fragilis to New Zealand material, is doubtful (Battershill et al. 2010), as the species is restricted to the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean regions (Van Soest et al. 2018b). In more recent times, the name fragilis has been applied widely to Dysidea specimens from various environments around New Zealand, in biodiversity inventories (Gordon & Ballantine 1976; Pritchard et al. 1984), or marine natural products investigations (Evans & Bergquist 1977; Perry et al. 1987), yet none of these publications provide descriptions suitable for evaluation. Examination and redescription of the original Bergquist (1961b) and subsequent specimens is beyond the scope of this contribution and probably impossible due to loss of voucher specimens. We concur with Battershill et al. (2010) that use of the name Dysidea fragilis in New Zealand waters is invalid., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 539, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Montagu, G. (1818) An account of several new and rare species of fishes, taken on the south coast of Devonshire, with some remarks on some others of more common occurrence. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 2, 413 - 463, pls. 21 - 23.","Bergquist, P. R. (1961 b) The Keratosa (Porifera) collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13 (139), 207 - 219.","Battershill, C. N., Bergquist, P. R. & Cook, S. D. C. (2010) Phylum Porifera. In: Cook, S. D. C. (Ed.), New Zealand Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Volume 1. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 57 - 137.","Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. - C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. & Downey, R. (2018 b) World Porifera Database. Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814). Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 132324 (accessed 20 August 2019)","Gordon, D. P. & Ballantine, W. J. (1976) Cape Rodney to Okakari Point Marine Reserve. Review of knowledge and bibliography to December 1976, Tane, 22 (Supplement), 1 - 146.","Pritchard, K., Battershill, C. N., Ward, V. & Bergquist, P. R. (1984) Marine sponges: forty-six sponges of northern New Zealand. Leigh Laboratory Bulletin, Leigh, 1984, 1 - 149.","Evans, C. W. & Bergquist, P. R. (1977) A re-evaluation of the relevance of acid mucopolysaccharides in sponge taxonomy. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, XVIII, 191 - 199.","Perry, N., Battershill, C., Blunt, J., Fenwick, G., Munro, G. & Bergquist, P. (1987) Occurrence of variablin in New Zealand sponges of the order Dictyoceratida. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 15 (3), 373 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (87) 90014 - 7"]}

Dysidea hirciniformis (Carter, 1885a) sensu Dendy (1924) Dendy (1924) considered his highly characteristic, thin, ramose, deep subtidal North Cape specimens, to be similar to Dysidea hirciniformis, from Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Lendenfeld (1889) described them as forming a bunch of cylindrical, digitate, upright branches, about 15 mm thick, 150 mm long, with a conulose surface, conules being 2.5 mm high and the same distance apart, with rare oscules, 3���4 mm diameter. The colour in life was pale buff with purple tips and the fibres were packed with sand-grains, the primary fibres 180 ��m thick, secondary fibres 80���150 ��m thick, forming a mesh about 80 ��m wide (Lendenfeld 1889: 665). Without histological examination of the original specimens and comparison with Dendy���s material, it is impossible to say with certainty whether the name hirciniformis is valid for the North Cape specimens: Dendy (1924: 384) indicated that there were differences. Despite the disjunct distribution, the likelihood of conspecificity of North Cape specimens with a South Australian species is moderate, as there are several clear precedents including Polymastia cf. massalis Carter, 1886 (in Kelly-Borges & Bergquist 1997), Tethya bergquistae Hooper in Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994 (in Bergquist & Kelly-Borges 1991), and Chondropsis kirkii (Bowerbank, 1841), Crella incrustans (Carter, 1885b), Callyspongia ramosa (Gray, 1843), Callyspongia cf. annulata (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), and Dactylia varia (Gray, 1843) (in Kelly & Herr 2018)., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Carter, H. J. (1885 a) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 15 (87), 196 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938509459319","Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic sponges. Natural history report. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 6 (3), 269 - 392, pls. I-XV.","Lendenfeld, R. V. (1889) A Monograph of the horny sponges. Trubner and Co., London, 936 + 3 (iii-iv), pls. 1 - 50.","Carter, H. J. (1886) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and magazines of natural history, 5, 119 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609460109","Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P. R. (1997) Revision of Southwest Pacific Polymastiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of Polymastia Bowerbank, Tylexocladus Topsent, and Acanthopolymastia gen. nov. from New Zealand and the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31 (3), 367 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.1997.9516772","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 620.","Bergquist, P. R. & Kelly-Borges, M. (1991) An evaluation of the genus Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species from the Southwest Pacific. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 8 (1), 37 - 72.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1841) Descriptions of three species of sponge, containing some new forms of organization. Microscopical Journal London, 1, 161 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1841. tb 06423. x","Carter, H. J. (1885 b) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 16 (94), 277 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938509459882","Gray, J. E. (1843) Additional radiated animals and annelides. In: Dieffenbach, E. (Ed.), Fauna of New Zealand. Travels in New Zealand. John Murray, London, pp. 292 - 295.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459982","Kelly, M. & Herr, B. (2018) Splendid sponges, a guide to the sponges of New Zealand. Version 3. Available from: http: // www. niwa. co. nz / coasts-and-oceans / marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets (accessed 21 August 2019)"]}

Genus Dysidea Johnston, 1842 Type species. Spongia fragilis Montagu, 1814: 78 (by subsequent designation). Diagnosis. Thickly encrusting, massive or branching growth form, often with a marked conulose surface and a distinct net or web-like surface pattern, interconnecting conules. Species with heavy intra-mesohyl detritus are not conulose. Skeleton consists of a relatively regular, usually rectangular arrangement of concentrically laminated primary and secondary fibres, with primary fibres orientated perpendicular to the surface, but may also be less regular, with divaricating primary fibres and secondary fibres supported by fine auxiliaries. All fibres are axially or fully cored, although this may be in the form of scattered fragments rather than a dense core. Primary fibres are also pithed though this is usually obscured by the coring material. The sponge is soft and compressible, sometimes made fragile by large amounts of sand etc. incorporated into the sponge tissue. There is only light collagen deposition in the mesohyl, and the sponges are histologically simple, with few secretory cell types present (modified from Cook & Bergquist, 2002)., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Johnston, G. (1842) A history of British sponges and lithophytes. W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh, x ii + 264 pp., XXV pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51495","Montagu, G. (1814) An essay on sponges, with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of Great Britain. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 2 (1), 67 - 122, pls. III-XVI.","Cook, S. D. C. & Bergquist, P. R. (2002) Family Dysideidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1061 - 1066. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 102"]}

Dysidea navicularis (Lendenfeld, 1888) Dysidea navicularis is one of only three species described de novo from New Zealand waters, and the second species described from a harbour environment (Lyttleton Harbour). Lendenfeld established this species as the type of his new genus Haastia Lendenfeld, 1888, named for Lendenfeld’s late friend and famous New Zealand explorer, Sir Julius von Haast. This species also forms bunches of long, thin, cylindrical branches, about 15 mm thick, growing from an incrusting basal mass, height 150 mm. The surface has uniform conules, 1 mm high, 1.5–2 mm apart, and oscules are confined to summit of digitate processes. The sponge was described as pinkish-grey in life. Bergquist (1980: 482) considered Haastia navicularis to be, in every way, typical of the genus Dysidea. She retained the species name as separate because of the geographical separation of the type material in Lyttleton., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Lendenfeld, R. V. (1888) Descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Taylor & Francis, London, 260 + xiv pp., 12 pls.","Bergquist, P. R. (1980) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the orders Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida and Verongida (Class Demospongiae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7 (4), 443 - 503. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1980.11760680"]}

Dysidea elegans (Nardo, 1847) sensu Br��ndsted (1927) Br��ndsted (1927: 296) briefly and hesitantly compared a ���lump-shaped��� sponge from Slipper Island, off Pauanui on the Coromandel Peninsula, with the type of D. elegans, a Mediterranean species now recognised as D. tupha (Pallas, 1766) (Van Soest et al. 2018c). While the external appearance did not conform to the type, Br��ndsted considered that the height of the conules and their separation on the surface, and the fibre dimensions and their mode of anastomosing, did conform. No dimensions or illustrations of the New Zealand specimen were given, however. Br��ndsted (1927) also cited Lendenfeld���s (1889: 655) record of D. elegans from Broken Bay, New South Wales, but this is a palmate species, now recognised as a species of Hyrtios Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (Van Soest et al. 2018d). Dysidea elegans (Nardo, 1847) sensu Br��ndsted (1927) is unrecognisable., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 539, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Nardo, G. D. (1847) Prospetto della fauna marina volgare del Veneto Estuario con cenni sulle principali specie commestibili dell'Adriatico, sulle venete pesche, sulle valli, ecc. Venezia e le sue lagune. G. Antonelli, Venice, 44 pp. [pp. 113 - 156, 1 - 45 in reprint]","Brondsted, H. V. (1927) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XXXV. Sponges from New Zealand. Part II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 81, 295 - 331.","Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. - C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. & Downey, R. (2018 c) World Porifera Database. Dysidea tupha (Pallas, 1766). Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 184496 (accessed 20 August 2019)","Lendenfeld, R. V. (1889) A Monograph of the horny sponges. Trubner and Co., London, 936 + 3 (iii-iv), pls. 1 - 50.","Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schonberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. - C., Cardenas, P., Carballo, J. L., Rios, P. & Downey, R. (2018 d) World Porifera Database. Hyrtios Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 131767 (accessed 20 August 2019)"]}

Dysidea ramsayi (Lendenfeld, 1888) Lendenfeld (1888) described Dysidea ramsayi from the Chatham Islands as a hard, irregular, meandrically-folded lamellar sponge, diameter 140 mm, with 2 mm diameter oscules situated on one face of the lamella. The primary fibres were very knotty and charged with sand-grains, about 250 ��m diameter; connecting fibres contain scattered foreign bodies, 100 ��m thick (after Lendenfeld 1888). As there are no illustrations of this species in Lendenfeld (1888) and the species is not treated in detail in Lendenfeld (1889), histological examination of the material is required to determine the integrity of this species. In the meantime, the species is considered recognisable, and thus valid, on the basis of the unique morphology and texture., Published as part of Mc Cormack, Samuel P., Kelly, Michelle & Battershill, Christopher N., 2020, Description of two new species of Dysidea (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida Dysideidae) from Tauranga Harbour, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, pp. 523-542 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on page 538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3855331, {"references":["Lendenfeld, R. V. (1888) Descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Taylor & Francis, London, 260 + xiv pp., 12 pls.","Lendenfeld, R. V. (1889) A Monograph of the horny sponges. Trubner and Co., London, 936 + 3 (iii-iv), pls. 1 - 50."]}