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Insights into plant and bacterial associations, along with their genome mining, have paved the way for the improvement of the agriculture sector. Initially, 69 morphologically different bacterial strains were isolated from 6 different extreme environment samples. For in vitro screening of plant growth-promoting bacteria, auxin, hydrogen cyanide, and antibiotic production along with phosphate solubilization potential was estimated. Only 15 strains exhibited noteworthy production of plant growth-promoting compounds. Ochrobactrum ciceri CS-10 fostered Triticum aestivum and Zea mays seedling root growth remarkably (104.12 and 159%, respectively), while Bacillus australimaris TP-10 significantly increased the number of leaves in T. aestivum (166.66%) and Z. mays (133.33%) seedlings. These strains also boosted seedling biochemical traits, like indole acetic acid, peroxidase, and soluble protein content. Particularly, O. ciceri elevated peroxidase content greatly in T. aestivum (249.7%) and Z. mays (260.5%). Scanning electron micrographs of inoculated roots revealed the aggregation of cells at the roots of Z. mays, whereas single cells/micro-colonies were observed on T. aestivum roots. For in silico analysis, AntiSMASH was used for genome mining of the environmental Ochrobactrum sp. and B. australimaris reference genome. This genome mining unveiled diverse gene clusters encoding; terpenes, beta-lactones, acyl-amino-acids, aryl polyenes, lanthipeptide, and siderophores, etc. Two common biosynthetic gene clusters (terpenes and beta-lactones) were identified in these strains, which can act as plant growth promoters. This symbiotic plant–bacteria relationship has promising ecological and economic implications, offering avenues for beneficial applications.

Chromate-resistant bacterium UT8 was isolated from tannery effluent. The cultural conditions for strain UT8 were optimized for maximum chromate removal and exopolymer production. SEM-EDS analysis of strain UT8 revealed variations under Cr(vi) stress related to nonstress. The FTIR analysis of exopolymer under chromate stress indicated vibrational shifts for metal ion chelation.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are randomly distributed to transmit sensed data packets to the base station periodically. These sensor nodes, because of constrained battery power and storage space, cannot utilize conventional security measures. The widely held challenging issues for the network layer of WSNs are the packet-dropping attacks, mainly sinkhole and wormhole attacks, which focus on the routing pattern of the protocol. This thesis presents an improved version of the second level of the guard to the system, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), to limit the hostile impact of these attacks in a Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) environment. The proposed system named multipath intrusion detection system (MIDS) integrates an IDs with ad hoc on-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol. The IDS agent uses the number of packets transmitted and received to calculate intrusion ratio (IR), which helps to mitigate sinkhole attacks and from AOMDV protocol round trip time (RTT) is computed by taking the difference between route request and route reply time to mitigate wormhole attack. MATLAB simulation results show that this cooperative model is an effective technique due to the higher packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and detection accuracy. The proposed MIDS algorithm is proven to be more efficient when compared with an existing LEACH-based IDS system and MS-LEACH in terms of overall energy consumption, lifetime, and throughput of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the gingival recession in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Orthodontic, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science Jamshoro and Department of Orthodontic, Civil Hospital Hyderabad. Period: 05-01-2021 to 04-06-2021. Material & Methods: A total of 183 patients aged 18-35 have been included in this descriptive cross-sectional research study. After the history was taken, the study participants went through a clinical examination, but for those patients with ongoing fixed orthodontic treatment, at least three to six months of orthodontic treatment have been completed. Gingival recession was assessed using Millers' classification and oral hygiene index. Results: The average age of 183 individuals was 22.75+2.29 years. Women outnumbered men 65.5% to 35.5%. According to the oral hygiene index, 28.4% of patients scored exceptional (0-0), 39.3% acceptable (0-0.6), 25.7% fair (0.7-1.8), and 6.6% bad (1.9-3.0). Marginal gingival tissue recession categorization showed that 66.6% of patients had no recession, 21.8% had class I, 10.9% had class II, 0.5% had class III, and 0% had class IV. According to oral hygienic index, marginal tissue recession categorization was significant (p=0.001). At 0.035 significance level, marginal tissue recession and oral hygiene score were positively linked (r=183). Conclusion: Most of the cases with fixed orthodontic appliances had no gingival tissue recession, only few cases seen class I and class II. However, this mild gingival tissue recession was significantly associated to oral hygienic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]