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Moenkhausia australe (Eigenmann, 1908) Moenkhausia australe Eigenmann 1908: 103 [original description]. Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae — Reis et al. 2003: 150. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5H. Deep body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 3 or 4, dentary with 9–12 and maxilla with 1 or 2 teeth. Lateral line complete, with 19–26 pored scales; longitudinal series with 24–26 scales; transversal series above lateral line with 4, 4½ or 5 scale rows and below with 3, 3½ or 4 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 11–13, pelvic fin with 8, anal fin with 24–27 and caudal fin with 19, total rays. Ground color silvery; scales with dark-brown border, conferring reticulated pattern to body; 1 dark-brown humeral spot; anterior half of caudal peduncle with light area. Hyaline fins, except caudal fin. Moenkhausia australe is morphologically similar to M. forestii and M. sanctaefilomenae, but can be distinguished from them by having lateral line completely pored, rarely disrupted (vs lateral line incompletely pored, in M. forestii and M. sanctaefilomenae). Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino, 2004 Moenkhausia bonita Benine et al. 2004: 68, fig. 1 [original description]. Hemigrammus marginatus — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 63. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5I. Elongated body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 2–5, dentary with 4 and maxilla with 2 or 3 teeth. Lateral line complete, with 29–34 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 5 scale rows and below with 3 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 12–13, pelvic fin with 8, anal fin with 24–26 and caudal fin with 19, total rays (Benine et al. 2004). Ground color silvery to pale yellow; dark-brown longitudinal stripe from opercle (conspicuously from vertical through dorsal-fin origin) to median caudal-fin rays; distal portion of caudal-fin lobes equally dark brown., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on pages 369-370, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Eigenmann CH (1908) Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoological Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 52: 91 - 106.","Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ (2003) Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 742 pp.","Benine RC, Castro RMC, Sabino J (2004) Moenkhausia bonita: a new small characin fish from thr Rio Paraguay basin, southwestern Bra- zil (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia 2004: 68 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 03 - 008 R 1","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp."]}

Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 Aphyocharax dentatus Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903: 516 [original description]— Britski et al. 1999: 45; Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 86, 88. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5B. Elongated body; terminal mouth, slightly prognathous; premaxilla with 4–8 teeth, dentary with 9–23, and maxilla with 8–17 teeth. Lateral line incomplete, with 8–13 pored scales; longitudinal series with 36–42 scales. Dorsal fin with 9–11, pectoral fin with 10–14, pelvic fin with 7–8, anal fin with 16–22, and caudal fin with 19, total rays (Lima 2003). Ground color silvery; diffuse, oval transversely elongated, humeral spot; no other dark marks on body and fin. Caudal fin red, other fins hyaline to yellowish.

Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Rhamdia quelen — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 149; Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A3.C; Bifi et al 2017: 4, fig. 2.16. Material examined. Table 2. Elongated body; terminal mouth; premaxilla and dentary with several diminute and viliform teeth. Dorsal fin with 7, pectoral fin with 8–10, pelvic fin with 6 and anal fin with 14–15, total rays. Ground color beige to brown; some specimens can present scattered dark brown chromatophores on body; dark fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 374, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063"]}

Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 Pyrrhulina australe Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903: 508 [original description]. Pyrrhulina australis — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 107. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5S. Elongated body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 9–12 and outer row with 4–6 teeth, inner row of dentary with 8–12 and outer row with 4–5, and maxilla with 1 or 2 teeth. Lateral line absent; longitudinal series with 20–25 scales; transversal series with 6–8 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 9 or 10, pectoral fin with 11 or 12, pelvic fin with 9 or 10, anal fin with 10 or 11, and caudal fin with 19, total rays. Ground color pale brown; dark brown longitudinal stripe from the anterior portion of the dentary, through orbit, to opercle; yellowish fins; black irregular blotch on the dorsal fin. Some specimens can present few or many dark blotches on body., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 371, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Eigenmann CH, Kennedy CH (1903) On a collection of fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of cichlids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 55: 497 - 537.","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp."]}

Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander 1983: 241, Fig. 1 [original description]— Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 203; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, Fig. 2.29. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5Y. Deep body; terminal mouth; premaxilla with 2 or 3 and dentary with 3 or 4 teeth rows. Upper lateral line with 14–17 pored scales, lower lateral line with 5–8 pored scales and longitudinal series with 22–23 scales. Transversal series above upper lateral with 2½–4 and below lower lateral line with 5–7 scale rows. Dorsal fin with XIII–XV, 10–15, pectoral fin with 12–13, pelvic fin with I,6 and anal fin with III, 8–10 total rays (Kullander 1983). Ground color iridescent green; dark brown transversal bars; dark-brown rounded blotch, slightly below upper lateral line; dark brown blotch on superior portion of caudal peduncle., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Kullander SO (1983) A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, 296 pp.","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063"]}

The ichthyofauna from 3 streams (Água Boa, Perobão, and Santa Maria) to the lower Iguatemi River were inventoried, which is located in the upper Paraná river basin, in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Sites in the upper, intermediate, and lower portions of each stream were quarterly electrofished from March to December 2008. All sampled fish (n = 6,816 individuals) represented 43 species of 5 orders, and 16 families. The most abundant species was Phalloceros harpagos (63.5%), followed by Astyanax aff. paranae (10.6%), Hypostomus ancistroides (5.9%), Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (3.4%), and Knodus moenkhausii (2.7%). Despite the high ichthyofauna richness in the lower portion of Iguatemi River, the need to implement and/or expand soil conservation practices and riparian forest restoration is of utmost importance to maintain these populations in the long term.

Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982 Crenicichla britskii Kullander 1982: 642, fig. 7 [original description]— Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 204, 205; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, fig. 2.30. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5Z. Elongated body; terminal mouth; premaxilla and dentary with arranged in several teeth rows. Upper lateral line with 20–22 pored scales, lower lateral line with 7–9 pored scales and longitudinal series with 33–40 scales. Transversal series above upper lateral with 3–4½ and below lower lateral line with 7–9 scale rows. Dorsal fin with XVI, 14–16, pectoral fin with 14 or 15, pelvic fin with I,5 and anal fin with III, 9–11 total rays (Kullander, 1983). Ground color greyish to greenish; dorsum with dark transversal bars; dark suborbital stripe; dark brown discontinuous longitudinal band, sometimes inconspicuous, from snout to caudal peduncle; black rounded humeral blotch; black rounded ocelli on caudal-fin base. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with light spots; pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish or hyaline., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Kullander SO (1982) Cichlid fishes from the La Plata basin. Part III. The Crenicichla lepidota species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 89: 627 - 661. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 82465","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063","Kullander SO (1983) A revision of the South American cichlid genus Cichlasoma (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, 296 pp."]}

Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) Chalceus fasciatus Cuvier 1819: 352, pl. 26 [original description]. Astyanax fasciatus — Castro et al. 2004: 32, fig. 4a, 5. Astyanax aff. fasciatus — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 54, 57; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, 5, fig. 2.5 Astyanax fasciatus — Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A1.G. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5C. Elongated body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 10–12, and maxilla with one tooth. Complete lateral line with 34–36 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 5 or 5½ scale rows and below with 5 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 15, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 24–28, and caudal fin with 19, total rays. Ground color silvery; dark vertically elongated humeral blotch; silvery longitudinal band on the flank (dark in fixed specimens) from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, being larger on caudal peduncle and forming ovalshaped, horizontally elongated blotch. Reddish unpaired fins reddish and hyaline paired fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on pages 368-369, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Cuvier G (1819) Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyon, sur deux nouvelles especes de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles especes du Serrasalmes, et sur l'Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l' Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 5: 351 - 379.","Castro RMC, Casatti L., Santos HF, Melo ALA, Martins LSF, Ferreira KM, Gibran FZ, Benine RC, Carvalho M, Ribeiro AC, Abreu TX, Bockmann FA, Pelicao GZ, Stopiglia R, Langeani F (2004) Estrutura e composicao da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do rio Grande no estado de Sao Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 3: 1 - 39. http: // doi. org / b 2 sg","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815"]}

Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956 Characidium gomesi Travassos 1956: 3, fig. 1 [original description]— Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A2.F. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5M. Elongated body; terminal mouth; premaxilla with 6 or 7, dentary with 8–10 and maxilla with no teeth. Isthmus without scales. Lateral line with 34 or 35 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 4 scale rows and below with 2 or 2½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 11–13, pelvic fin and anal fin with 8 or 9, and caudal fin with 18, total rays. Ground color brown; 3 dark brown longitudinal stripes on dorsal region of body; dark brown stripe from tip of snout to orbit; dark brown longitudinal stripe on flank, from humeral spot caudal peduncle; dark brown transversal bars on flank, conspicuous on caudal peduncle; dark brown spot at base of median caudal-fin rays. Hyaline fins; dorsal fin with 2 dark brown oblique stripes; adipose fin with distal portion darkened; posterior half of pectoral, pelvic and anal-fin rays darkened; caudal fin with 2 dark-brown transversal bars., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 370, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Travassos H (1956) Ictiofauna de Pirassununga. II. Sobre Characidiinae H. Travassos, 1952 (Cypriniformes - Characoidei). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Serie 135: 1 - 14.","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815"]}

Family Auchenipteridae Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Parauchenipterus galeatus — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 175. Trachelyopterus galeatus — Costa et al. 2017: 44, fig. 2C. Material examined. Table 2 Deep body; terminal mouth terminal with dentigerous tooth plates in both premaxilla and dentary. Dorsal fin with I,6, pectoral fin with I,7, pelvic fin with 7 or 8 and anal fin with 21–24, total rays. Adipose fin present. Ground color pale yellow to orange with several darkbrown irregular blotches as well as fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Costa, NKR, Paiva REC, Silva MJ, Ramos TPA, Lima SMQ (2017) Ichthyofauna of Ceara-Mirim River basin, Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil. ZooKeys 715: 39 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 715.13865"]}

Species are exposed to natural climate change throughout their evolutionary history. However, anomalous global warming and resulting variations in rainfall patterns affect survival, alter the distribution of organisms and the network of species interactions. The aim of this thesis was to find larger-scale (basin and biome level) patterns for the possible effects of climate change on the distribution of South American freshwater ostracods through ensemble analysis of several species-distribution modelling algorithms. Here, climate change was based on two assumptions of increasing carbon emissions, the moderate-optimistic (RCP 4.5) and pessimistic (RCP 8.5) scenarios of four climate models (AOGCMs), from 2050 and 2080. In the first approach, projections of changes in ostracod species richness and composition were presented, and conservation status of 61 species from 13 river basins in the Southern Cone. In the second approach, the geographical pattern of a symbiotic interspecific interaction of commensalism type was evaluated through the climatic suitability of Elpidium (Ostracoda) and tank bromeliads of the Atlantic Forest, and the availability of habitat for Elpidium (presence of tank bromeliads) in the future. For both approaches, climate change directly influenced the decrease in future distribution areas of ostracods. The results of the first approach showed a decrease in ostracod richness in the Southern Cone basins of South America, and different species compositions in 2050 and 2080, in both the moderate-optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The decrease in the ranges of ostracods will change the conservation status of several species to “potentially threatened”. Elpidium ranges will be more limited in the future, and there will be less habitat availability, i.e. fewer tank bromeliad species for interaction. In general, precipitation and temperature regimes are synchronized with phenological life-history events of the species, which determine the direction of dispersal to the environmental set of optimal survival conditions in the future. Our results contribute to the inclusion of ostracods (and other invertebrates) in conservation plans for their habitats on larger geographical scales. CAPES; PELD; CNPq; PROEX/CAPES; Fundação Araucária-projeto SISBIOTA (MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT) Espécies estão expostas às mudanças climáticas naturais ao longo de sua história evolutiva, entretanto o aquecimento global anômalo e as variações resultantes nos padrões pluviométricos afetam a sobrevivência, alteram a distribuição dos organismos e a rede de interações das espécies. O objetivo desta tese foi encontrar padrões em maior escala (nível de bacia e bioma) dos possíveis efeitos da mudança climática sobre a distribuição de ostrácodes de água doce da América do Sul, através de análise conjunta de diversos algoritmos de modelagem de distribuição de espécies. A mudança climática foi baseada em duas hipóteses de aumento das emissões de carbono, os cenários moderado-otimista (RCP 4.5) e pessimista (RCP 8.5) de quatro modelos climáticos (AOGCMs) de 2050 e 2080. Na primeira abordagem foram apresentadas projeções de mudanças na riqueza e composição de espécies de ostrácodes e status de conservação de 61 espécies de treze bacias hidrográficas no Cone Sul. Na segunda abordagem foi avaliado o padrão geográfico de uma interação interespecífica simbiótica do tipo comensalismo através da adequabilidade climática de Elpidium (Ostracoda) e bromélias tanque da Mata Atlântica, além da disponibilidade de habitat para o Elpidium (presença de bromélias tanque) no futuro. Para ambas as abordagens, a mudança climática influenciou diretamente a diminuição das áreas de distribuição dos ostrácodes no futuro. Os resultados da primeira abordagem mostraram uma diminuição da riqueza de ostrácodes nas bacias do Cone Sul da América do Sul, e diferentes composições de espécies em 2050 e 2080, em ambos os cenários moderado-otimista e pessimista. A diminuição nas áreas de distribuição de ostrácodes alterará o status de conservação de diversas espécies para potencialmente ameaçadas. As áreas de ocorrência de Elpidium serão mais limitadas em tempos futuros e haverá menor disponibilidade de habitat, ou seja, menos espécies de bromélias tanque para interação. Em geral, os regimes de precipitação e temperatura são sincronizados com eventos fenológicos de história de vida das espécies, os quais determinam a direção da dispersão para o conjunto ambiental das condições ideais de sobrevivência no futuro. Os resultados contribuem como subsídio para incluir ostrácodes (e outros invertebrados) em planos de conservação de seus habitats em escalas geográficas mais amplas. 124 f. : il. (color.).