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In the last 15 years, more than 500 exoplanets have been discovered, revealing systems very different from our solar system. These discoveries have modified our understanding of planetary systems formation and evolution. Nowadays, the two principal challenges are the estimation of planet abundance and the characterization of exoplanets. This thesis examines two different aspects of the exoplanets research : the first and main aspect in this thesis is the detection of exoplanets via the microlensing and it is illustrated by the analysis of 3 events. The second one is the detection of molecules in the atmospheres of exoplanets, with the analysis of a hot Jupiter's atmosphere. Microlensing has led to the detection of 20 exoplanets (published and in preparation), including two super Earth-like planets of 3.2 and 5.5 $M_\oplus$. Even if this number is modest, this technique allows the exploration of regions of parameter space regions that are not accessible to any other methods. We first detail the analysis of a high magnification event and its sensitivity to the presence of a planet. With a star at 5.5 kpc from us, an Earth-like companion orbiting at several AU from its star could have been detected. This detection efficiency analysis has contributed to a larger study that gives an estimate of the abundance of giants in our Galaxy. We then present a planetary event that implies a massive planet orbiting an M dwarf and discuss the low probability of such a system according to the planetary formation theory. Taking into account some higher-order effects, such as orbital motion and parallax, combined with a Bayesian analysis, permits to constrain the dynamics of the system. Moreover, additional adaptive-optics data have been taken and give more constraints on the host star mass. Finally, a cold-Neptune detection in which I participated is presented. On the theme of planetary atmospheres, we present in part 2 the analysis of a hot Jupiter-like planet, HD209458b, and in particular the detection of water in its atmosphere, based on primary transit measurements by Spitzer. I developed an MCMC algorithm adapted to transit light curves to estimate the orbital and physical planet characteristics. These characteristics are then considered as inputs in the atmosphere models. The transmission spectrum of HD209458b is dominated by water absorption., Au cours des 15 dernières années, plus de 500 exoplanètes ont été détectées, révélant l'existence de systèmes souvent très différents du nôtre. Ces découvertes ont profondément affecté notre compréhension des mécanismes de formation des systèmes planétaires et de leur évolution dynamique. Aujourd'hui, les deux défis principaux sont d'estimer l'abondance des planètes jusqu'aux masses telluriques et d'effectuer la transition de la détection vers la caractérisation des exoplanètes. Cette thèse apporte une contribution sur les deux aspects, détection d'exoplanètes par microlentilles gravitationnelles et de molécules dans les atmosphères. Les microlentilles gravitationnelles ont permis de détecter 20 exoplanètes (publiées ou en cours de publication), incluant deux super-Terres de 3.2 et 5.5 $M_\oplus$. Bien que ce nombre soit modeste, cette technique permet l'exploration de systèmes inaccessibles via d'autres methodes, ayant son maximum de sensibilité au-delà de la limite des glaces. Nous détaillons tout d'abord l'analyse d'un évènement de haute amplification et sa sensibilité à la présence potentielle d'une planète. Avec une étoile à 5.5 kpc du système solaire, un compagnon de type terrestre orbitant à quelques UA aurait pu être détecté. Cette analyse d'efficacité de détection a contribué à une étude plus large visant à estimer l'abondance de planètes au sein de la Galaxie, montrant que les Saturne glacées sont abondantes. Nous traitons ensuite d'un évènement impliquant une planète massive orbitant une étoile naine et discutons de la faible probabilité d'existence d'un tel système selon les théories de formation planétaire du modèle d'accrétion de coeur. La prise en compte d'effets du second ordre dans la modélisation de cet évènement, doublée d'une analyse bayesienne à partir des distributions de vitesse et de luminosité des étoiles de la Galaxie, a permis de contraindre la dynamique du système. Enfin, la découverte d'une planète de type Neptune dont j'ai participé à la détection est présentée. Sur le thème des atmosphères planétaires, nous présentons l'analyse du Jupiter chaud HD209458b basée sur des mesures de transits primaires par Spitzer dans l'infrarouge. J'ai développé un algorithme de type MCMC adapté aux courbes de transits afin d'estimer les paramètres physiques et orbitaux de la planète. Ces paramètres constituent alors des données d'entrée pour les modèles d'atmosphère planétaire. Le spectre en transmission de HD209458b est dominé par l'absorption de vapeur d'eau.

We investigate constraints on additional planets orbiting the distant M-dwarf star OGLE-2005-BLG-390L, around which photometric microlensing data has revealed the existence of the sub-Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb. We specifically aim to study potential Jovian companions and compare our findings with predictions from core-accretion and disc-instability models of planet formation. We also obtain an estimate of the detection probability for sub-Neptune mass planets similar to OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb using a simplified simulation of a microlensing experiment. We compute the efficiency of our photometric data for detecting additional planets around OGLE-2005-BLG-390L, as a function of the microlensing model parameters and convert it into a function of the orbital axis and planet mass by means of an adopted model of the Milky Way. We find that more than 50 % of potential planets with a mass in excess of 1 M_J between 1.1 and 2.3 AU around OGLE-2005-BLG-390L would have revealed their existence, whereas for gas giants above 3 M_J in orbits between 1.5 and 2.2 AU, the detection efficiency reaches 70 % ; however, no such companion was observed. Our photometric microlensing data therefore do not contradict the existence of gas giant planets at any separation orbiting OGLE-2005-BLG-390L. Furthermore we find a detection probability for an OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb-like planet of around 2-5 %. In agreement with current planet formation theories, this quantitatively supports the prediction that sub-Neptune mass planets are common around low-mass stars.

Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-like planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet’s birth, and evolution. ARIEL was conceived to observe a large number (~1000) of transiting planets for statistical understanding, including gas giants, Neptunes, super-Earths and Earth-size planets around a range of host star types using transit spectroscopy in the 1.25–7.8 μm spectral range and multiple narrow-band photometry in the optical. ARIEL will focus on warm and hot planets to take advantage of their well-mixed atmospheres which should show minimal condensation and sequestration of high-Z materials compared to their colder Solar System siblings. Said warm and hot atmospheres are expected to be more representative of the planetary bulk composition. Observations of these warm/hot exoplanets, and in particular of their elemental composition (especially C, O, N, S, Si), will allow the understanding of the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few million years. ARIEL will thus provide a representative picture of the chemical nature of the exoplanets and relate this directly to the type and chemical environment of the host star. ARIEL is designed as a dedicated survey mission for combined-light spectroscopy, capable of observing a large and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. Transit, eclipse and phase-curve spectroscopy methods, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allow us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of 10–100 part per million (ppm) relative to the star and, given the bright nature of targets, also allows more sophisticated techniques, such as eclipse mapping, to give a deeper insight into the nature of the atmosphere. These types of observations require a stable payload and satellite platform with broad, instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect many molecular species, probe the thermal structure, identify clouds and monitor the stellar activity. The wavelength range proposed covers all the expected major atmospheric gases from e.g. H₂O, CO₂, CH₄ NH₃, HCN, H₂S through to the more exotic metallic compounds, such as TiO, VO, and condensed species. Simulations of ARIEL performance in conducting exoplanet surveys have been performed – using conservative estimates of mission performance and a full model of all significant noise sources in the measurement – using a list of potential ARIEL targets that incorporates the latest available exoplanet statistics. The conclusion at the end of the Phase A study, is that ARIEL – in line with the stated mission objectives – will be able to observe about 1000 exoplanets depending on the details of the adopted survey strategy, thus confirming the feasibility of the main science objectives.