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The present study focused on phytoremediation efficiency of water hyacinth for batik effluent treatment. Three operating factors were investigated such as retention times (0 to 28 days), batik effluent strength (20, 30 and 60%), and number of water hyacinth clumps (8, 10 and 12 clumps). The water hyacinth efficiencies was monitored through the measurement of dry weight, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and pH. The highest efficiency of color and COD in the batik effluent treatment were achieved at day 7 with 83% (61 mg/L) and 89% (147 ADMI) removals, respectively. Both wastewater parameters were removed to below the Standard A for COD and Standard B for color. Meanwhile for TSS, the removal decreased as increased the batik effluent strength where the highest removal (92%) was achieved at day 28 with 8 number of plant clumps. The pH was observed in range of 6 to 7. The results indicated that water hyacinth would be the best option for the low cost batik effluent treatment.

The present study focused on the phytoremediation efficiency of water hyacinth for the batik effluent treatment. Three operating factors were investigated such as retention times (0 to 28 days), batik effluent strength (20, 30 and 60%), and number of water hyacinth clumps (8, 10 and 12 clumps). The water hyacinth efficiencies was monitored through the measurement of dry weight, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and pH. The highest efficiency of color and COD in the batik effluent treatment were achieved at day 7 with 83% (61 mg/L) and 89% (147 ADMI) removals, respectively. Both wastewater parameters were removed to below the Standard A for COD and Standard B for color. Meanwhile for TSS, the removal decreased as the batik effluent strength increased, where the highest removal (92%) was achieved at day 28 with 8 number of plant clumps. The pH was observed in range of 6 to 7. The results indicated that water hyacinth would be the best option for the low cost batik effluent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batik industries generate large amounts of effluents with high chromaticity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and salinity. The present study aims to recycle batik effluent using nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The effects of various operating conditions on the performances of three NF membranes (NF6, NF2A, and NF3A) were examined in terms of the removal rate of salt, COD, and chromaticity, together with permeate flux. Membrane fouling and cleaning strategies were also investigated. Results showed that the NF3A membrane outperformed the other membranes under the following optimal operating conditions: operating pressure, 1 MPa; operating temperature, 20°C; and cross-flow velocity, 5 m/s. A pilot-scale test was conducted by screening a NF membrane combination, including one NF membrane with high permeate fluxes and a poor water quality and another NF membrane placed on the opposite side, to satisfy reuse requirements and to reduce investment costs. Compared with NF3A membranes alone, the combination of NF2A and NF3A membranes could reduce COD and chromaticity to satisfy the reuse requirement and to enhance water fluxes. Through chemical cleaning with 3.5 ppm EDTA-2Na and 400 ppm NaOH, the performance of the NF membranes could be effectively restored. A feasible NF coupling process was confirmed in batik wastewater reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]