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Using recent samplings and specimens from ancient collections, 14 sites and five species of stalked crinoids have been listed in the Miocene of the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Three species and two genera are new for science: Papacrinus avignonensis n. gen., n sp. (Balanocrininae), Paraconocrinus rhodanicus n. sp. (Rhizocrinidae) and Gastecrinus vinealis n. gen., n. sp. (Incertae sedis). The identification among the Mediterranean Miocene fauna of the genus Metacrinus, now confined to the Indo-Pacific province, was confirmed by the discovery of brachial ossicles attributed to Metacrinus berthei. The richest and most diversified site was exposed during temporal excavations at the Place du Palais des Papes in Avignon. Four out of the five stalked crinoid species were found in this fossil assemblage in which M. berthei predominates. ?Endoxocrinus gastaldii is associated with M. berthei in several sites. Using dissociated ossicles, differences in quantitative and qualitative characters between these two species are deeply analyzed with their taphonomical, taxonomical and paleoecological consequences. Paleoreliefs and valleys, which had been incised during the Burdigalian, channeled currents. They favored stalked crinoid settlement on various substrates during the late Burdigalian—Lower Langhian transgression. Comparison with the extant fauna allows us to estimate the depth range of the biotopes with stalked crinoids from 100 to 250 m. These estimates are in agreement with those deduced from other paleontological studies.

Genus Paraconocrinus Roux, Eléaume and Améziane, 2019 Type species. Eugeniacrinus pyriformis Münster in Goldfuss, 1826., Published as part of Roux, Michel & Philippe, Michel, 2021, Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy, pp. 301-331 in Zootaxa 5052 (3) on page 325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5572077, {"references":["Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Goldfuss, G. A. (1826) Petrefacta Germaniae, divisio secunda. Radiarorum reliquiae. Vol. 1. Arnz & Co, Dusseldorf, pp. 115 - 221."]}

Paraconocrinus rhodanicus n. sp. Fig. 12G–K, 13, Table 8 Type material. 26 Co not figured (MHNL 20062728) + 4 Co figured (MHNL 20062727). Etymology. Reference to the Rhodanian basin. Additional material. 1 AC, 1 Co from Vedène. Diagnosis. As in description. Type stratum. Late Burdigalian. Type locality. Place du Palais des Papes in Avignon. Description. 30 Co (quantitative characters given in Table 8) corresponding to a stalk length of 62.5 mm. Co from distal stalk with proximal facet having one or more projections ended by rhizoid insertion at one (Fig. 12G) or both sides (Fig. 12J–K) of fulcral ridge. Co from mesistele without rhizoid, more elongated (1Conocrinus type (see Roux et al. 2019) with a deep 8-shaped ligament fossa; fulcral ridge of two segments with axis hollowed, regular crenularium reaching ~20 small Cr on each side and bordered by slightly depressed ligament areas (Fig. 12H). Worn material from Vedène presumedly belonging to P. rhodanicus n. sp. Oblong aboral cup, preserved H 6.9 mm, D maximum 4.0 mm, stalk insertion 1.98 mm. Co with H 2.70 mm, D 2.95 mm and d 2.10 mm. Remarks. Paraconocrinus rhodanicus n. sp. is a small species with distal Co articulated by narrow synarthries of fulcral ridge bordered by slightly depressed areas as in most species of the genus Paraconocrinus (Merle and Roux 2018; Roux et al. 2019). The Co figured from the Middle Miocene near Turin (see especially Albus 1931 and Manni 2005) differ in having a larger size and more massive shape. As previously usual, isolated Miocene rhizocrinid Co had been attributed to the most classically cited Eocene species: “ Conocrinus ” thorenti (d’Archiac 1846) or “ Conocrinus ” pyriformis (Münster in Goldfuss, 1826). “ Conocrinus ” seguenzai Meneghini, 1875, known only from aboral cups from the Miocene of Piedmont (Noelli 1900; Manni 2005), is the only rhizocrinid species clearly identified, but the published figures are too imprecise to attribute it to one of the genera distinguished by Roux et al. (2019). Although very worn, the aboral cup from Vednes, which may belong to P. rhodanicus n. sp., differs markedly from “ Conocrinus ” seguenzai. Occurrence in southeastern France. Avignon (Place du Palais des Papes), Les Angles?, Vedène?, Late Burdigalian, Early Langhian?, Published as part of Roux, Michel & Philippe, Michel, 2021, Early Miocene stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) from the southern Rhodanian basin (southeastern France). Paleoenvironments and taxonomy, pp. 301-331 in Zootaxa 5052 (3) on page 325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5572077, {"references":["Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Merle, D. & Roux, M. (2018) Stalked crinoids from Gan (Late Ypresian, southwestern France): exceptional stereom preservation, paleoecology and taxonomic affinities. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 137 (2), 225 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0162 - 0","Albus, L. (1931) Nuove ricerche sui crinoidi miocenici della collina di Torino. Bollettino della Societa geologica italiana, 49, 279 - 296.","Manni, R. (2005) The non-isocrinid crinoids of the Michelotti Collection. Bolletino della Societa paleontologica italiana, 44 (3), 211 - 218.","Goldfuss, G. A. (1826) Petrefacta Germaniae, divisio secunda. Radiarorum reliquiae. Vol. 1. Arnz & Co, Dusseldorf, pp. 115 - 221.","Noelli, A. (1900) Contribuzione allo studio dei Crinoidi terziari del Piemonte. Atti della Societa italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale, Milano, 39 (1), 19 - 50."]}

Knowledge of living crinoids from Brazil is chiefly restricted to the contributions of Dr Luis Roberto Tommasi between the decades of 1950 and 1970. Herein we present an updated catalogue of the crinoids occurring along the Brazilian coast, including data on synonyms, type localities, type material, geographical distribution, bathymetric ranges, and occurrences of species along the coast. The data is based on an extensive revision of the literature and on a survey of several databases. A total of 20 species were catalogued, of which two are endemic (Phrixometra longipinna var. brasiliensis and Thaumatometra minutissima). According to information from the literature, P. longipinna var. brasiliensis represents an undescribed taxon. Although Brazil supports the greatest number of crinoid species in the Southwestern Atlantic, its crinoid fauna remains understudied and likely underestimated. Research on crinoids remains a subject of great potential, not only for taxonomy but also for other areas of knowledge.

Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars, 1868 Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars, 1868: 39, plates I���IV.��� Pourtal��s 1869: 357.��� Thomson 1872: 770���772.��� Carpenter 1877: 35��� 53.��� Ludwig 1877: 101���128.��� Perrier 1883a: 450; 1883b: 223.��� Carpenter et al. 1884: 356, 370, 371, 372, 377.��� Rathbun 1886: 63.���A.H. Clark 1908b: 538, 539; 1908e: 265; 1909g: 215; 1913b: 5; 1917b: 391; 1954: 374.��� Moore 1967: 7, fig. 11a���b.���Barel & Krames 1977: 89, 91, 105.��� Meyer & Macurda 1977: 74.��� Roux 1977b: 29, 39.��� Besteiro & Urgorri 1988: 11.��� Messing et al. 1988: 481.��� Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 242, 243 (tables), 245, 247, fig. 1i���j.��� Schiaparelli et al. 2007: 1550 (table), 1552.��� Etter & Hess 2015: 8887, 8891, 8894, fig. 4.��� Buhl-Mortensen et al. 2010: 27, fig. 6a; 2012: 711, 713, fig. 51.6.��� Oliveira et al. 2010: 2, fig. 1d.��� Roux et al. 2019: 80. Conocrinus lofotensis: Roux 1977b: 29.��� Messing & Dearborn 1990: 5, 9 (key), 22, 28, fig. 4a���d.��� Sol��s-Marin et al. 2013: 603 (appendix). Rhizocrinus verrilli A.H. Clark, 1908d: 207���208; 1908b: 539. Type locality. Lofoten Islands, Skraaven, Norway, Arctic Ocean. Type material. USNM 35773 (Syntype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Northeastern Atlantic (West of Ireland, south and west of the Faeroe Islands (between southeastern Greenland and Iceland), Northwestern Atlantic (Davis Straits southward to Massachusetts, possibly off northern Florida) (Messing & Dearborn 1990), and Southwestern Atlantic (Brazil) (Sol��s-Mar��n et al. 2013), at depths from 140 to 3,475 m (Messing & Dearborn 1990). Brazilian localities. Alagoas and Rio de Janeiro (Carpenter 1888; Oliveira et al. 2010)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De & Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey, 2021, Catalogue of living crinoids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil, pp. 27-55 in Zootaxa 4995 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5043626, {"references":["Sars, M. (1868) Memoires pour servir a la connaissance des Crinoides vivants; I: Du Rhizocrinus lofotensis M. Sars, nouveau genre vivant des crinoides pedicelles, dits lis de mer; II: Du pentacrinoide de l'Antedon Sarsii (Alecto) Duben et Koren. Brogger & Christie. Christiania, 65 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51283","Pourtales, L. F. de (1869) List of the crinoids obtained on the coasts of Florida and Cuba, by the U. S. Coast Survey Expeditions in 1867, 1868, 1869. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 355 - 358. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6587850]","Thomson, W. (1872) 2. On the Crinoids of the \" Porcupine \" Deep-Sea Dredging Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7, 764 - 773. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 56240300] https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037016460004308 X","Carpenter, P. H. (1877) Some points in the anatomy of Pentacrinus and Rhizocrinus. Journal of Anatomy Physiology, 12 (1), 35 - 53.","Ludwig, H. (1877) Zur Anatomie des Rhizocrinus lofotensis M. Sars. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 29, 47 - 76.","Perrier, M. E. (1883 a) Sur un nouveau Crinoide fixe, le Democrinus Parfaiti, provenant des dragages du Travailleur. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences Paris, 96, 450 - 452. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5477142]","Perrier, M. E. (1883 b) On a new attached Crinoid, Democrinus Parfaiti, from the dredgings of the \" Travailleur \". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 11 (63), 223 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459136","Carpenter, P. H., von Graff, L. & Murray, J. (1884) On the Crinoidea of the North Atlantic between Gibraltar and the Faeroe Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 12, 353 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037016460000078 X","Rathbun, R. (1886) Notice of a collection of stalked crinoids made by the steamer Albatross in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, 1884 and 1885. Proceedings of United States National Museum, 8 (547), 628 - 635. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.547.628","Clark, A. H. (1908 b) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34 (1623), 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435","Moore, R. C. (1967) Unique stalked crinoids from upper Cretaceous of Mississippi. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 19, 1 - 35.","Meyer, D. L. & Macurda, Jr. D. B. (1977) Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids. Paleobiology, 3 (1), 74 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300005121","Roux, M. (1977 b) Le Bourgueticrinina du Golfe de Gascogne. Bulletin du Museium national d'Histoire naturelle, 3 e Serie, 426 (296), 25 - 83.","Besteiro, C. & Urgorri, V. (1988) Inventario dos equinodermos de Galicia (Echinodermata). Cadernos da Area de Ciencias Bioloxicas, Inventarios, I, 1 - 51.","Messing, C. G., RoseSmyth, M. C., Mailer, S. R. & Miller, J. E. (1988) Relocation movement in a stalked crinoid (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 42 (3), 480 - 487.","Bohn, J. M. & Heinzeller, T. (1999) Morphology of the bourgueticrinid and isocrinid aboral nervous system and its possible phylogenetic implications (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 80, 241 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.1999.00022. x","Schiaparelli, S., Ghirardo, C., Bohn, J., Chiantore, M., Albertelli, G. & Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2007) Antarctic associations: the parasitic relationship between the gastropod Bathycrinicola tumidula (Thiele, 1912) (Ptenoglossa: Eulimidae) and the comatulid Notocrinus virilis Mortensen, 1917 (Crinoidea: Notocrinidae) in the Ross Sea. Polar Biology, 30 (12), 1545 - 1555. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0315 - x","Etter, W. & Hess, H. (2015) Thefirstrecordsofdeep-seafauna - acorrectionanddiscussion. BiogeosciencesDiscussion, 12,8883 - 8907. https: // doi. org / 10.5194 / bgd- 12 - 8883 - 2015","Buhl-Mortensen, L., Vanreusel, A., Gooday, A. J., Levin, L. A., Priede, I. G., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Gheerardyn, H., King, N. J. & Raes, M. (2010) Biological structures as a source of habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity on the deep ocean margins. Marine Ecology, 31, 21 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2010.00359. x","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Profº. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Messing, C. G. & Dearborn, J. H. (1990) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States Echinodermata: Crinoidea. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report NMFS, 91, 1 - 30.","Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., BenavidesSerrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654.","Clark, A. H. (1908 d) New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34 (1607), 205 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1607.205","Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report upon the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II. The Comatulae. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 1876, 26, 1 - 399. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1980506]"]}

Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876 Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876: 47, 48, 50���51, 54, fig. 1; 1878: 61, 84, 87, fig. 23.��� Murray 1897: 358, 369; 1901: 254, 269.���A.H. Clark 1907a: 554; 1908b: 502; 1911a: 46.��� Gisl��n 1938a: 15���16; 1951: 51���52, plate (figs 1���2, 5).��� Tommasi 1969a: 2, fig. 2.��� Macurda & Meyer 1976: 647���665, figs. 1���12.���A.M. Clark 1977a: 159���162, fig. 1g.��� Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 242, 247.��� Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).��� Bohn 2006: 5, 7���9, 23 (table), 25 (table), 26, fig. 2���3.��� Franz��n-Bengtson 2007: 292.��� Mironov 2008: 143; 2019: 402.���Hess 2011: T153, fig. 75 (1m ���n).��� Mironov & Pawson 2010: 49, 50, 51.��� El��aume et al. 2012: 1, 2, 3���4, 5, 19, 20, fig. 1a���f.��� Mironov et al. 2014: 115. Bathycrinus campbellianus Carpenter, 1884: 238���240, fig. 15. Bathycrinus serratus A.H. Clark, 1908d: 205���207, fig. 1. Type locality. 01��47���N 24��26���W, Virginia Beach, USA. Type material. USNM 22667 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Northwestern Atlantic (off the northeastern USA, Emperor Seamounts, Nares Abyssal Plain), Central Atlantic (S��o Tome and Principe), Southwestern Atlantic (Brazil, Uruguay), and Southeastern Atlantic (Angola) (Tommasi 1969a; Bohn 2006), at depths from 3,317 to 5,850 m, possibly from 3,305 to 5,860 m (El��aume et al. 2012). Brazilian localities. Pernambuco (nearby to S��o Pedro and S��o Paulo Archipelago) (Tommasi 1969a)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De & Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey, 2021, Catalogue of living crinoids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil, pp. 27-55 in Zootaxa 4995 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5043626, {"references":["Thomson, C. W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 13, 47 - 55. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 31597305] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1876. tb 00208. x","Murray, J. (1897) On the deep and shallow-water marine fauna of the Kerguelen Region of the Great Southern Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society, 38 (2), 343 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0080456800035055","Clark, A. H. (1907 a) A new species of crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific Coast, with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 551 - 554. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 15664525] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1547.551","Clark, A. H. (1908 b) The nomenclature of the recent crinoids. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34 (1623), 435 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1623.435","Clark, A. H. (1911 a) The recent crinoids of the coast of Africa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 40 (1808), 1 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.40 - 1808.1","Gislen, T. (1938 a) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, Neue Folge, 34 (10), 1 - 30.","Gislen, T. (1951) Crinoidea with a survey of bathymetric distribution of the deep-sea crinoids. Reports of the Swedish Deep-sea Expedition, 2 (Zoology), 4, 49 - 59.","Tommasi, L. R. (1969 a) Nova contribuicao a lista dos crinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Oceanografica Biologica, 17, 1 - 8.","Macurda, Jr. D. B. & Meyer, D. L. (1976) The morphology and life habits of the abyssal crinoid Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyville Thomson and its paleontological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 50 (4), 647 - 667. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1303662","Clark, A. M. (1977 a) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2632177]","Bohn, J. M. & Heinzeller, T. (1999) Morphology of the bourgueticrinid and isocrinid aboral nervous system and its possible phylogenetic implications (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 80, 241 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.1999.00022. x","Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Bohn, J. M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin - Results of the DIVA- 1 expedition of FS \" Meteor \" (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa, 1276 (1), 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1276.1.1","Franzen-Bengtson, C. (2007) Radial perforations in crinoid stems from the Silurian of Gotland. Lethaia, 16 (4), 291 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1983. tb 02012. x","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 05.2.04","Mironov, A. N. (2019) See lilies of the genus Bathycrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea: Bathycrinidae) from the North-West Pacific hadal trenches. Zootaxa, 4604 (3), 401 - 427. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4604.3.1","Mironov, A. N. & Pawson, D. L. (2010) A new genus and species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Septocrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Bourgueticrinida). Zootaxa, 2449 (1), 49 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2449.1.2","Eleaume, M., Bohn, J. M., Roux, M. & Ameziane, N. (2012) Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3425 (1), 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3425.1.1","Mironov, A. N., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. P. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Crinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.11","Clark, A. H. (1908 d) New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34 (1607), 205 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1607.205"]}

Democrinus conifer (A.H. Clark, 1909a) Rhizocrinus conifer A.H. Clark, 1909a: 674. Bythocrinus intermedius A.H. Clark, 1915a: 205, fig. 136.���A.M. Clark 1977a: 168, 177. Bythocrinus conifer: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392.���H.L. Clark 1941: 7.��� Moore 1967: 7, fig. 12. Bythocrinus robustus: A.H. Clark 1917b: 392. Democrinus conifer: Gisl��n 1938a: 25, 27.��� Meyer et al. 1978: 426.��� Messing & Dearborn 1990: 5, 10 (key), 22, 28, fig. 5a��� g.��� Grimmer et al. 1984: 163���176. Tommasi et al. 1988a: 4, 8.��� Bohn & Heinzeller 1999: 247.��� Fernandes et al. 2002: 408 (list).��� Herrerra-Moreno & Betancourt-Fern��ndez 2004: 514 (table).��� Tommasi 2004: 161.��� Alvarado et al. 2008: 39 (list).��� Pawson et al. 2009: 1187.��� Oliveira et al. 2010: 2.��� Alvarado 2011: 265 (table).��� Benavides-Serrato et al. 2012: 31, 79���80 (two figures).��� Benavides-Serrato et al. 2013: 167.���Rodr��guez-Barrera & Messing 2013: 208.��� Sol��s-Marin et al. 2013: 603 (appendix).���Herrera-Moreno 2014: 3.��� Sandino et al. 2017: S293.��� Bueno et al. 2018: 183���138, fig. 15.��� Botero et al. 2020: 5. Democrinus robustus: A.H. Clark 1954: 374 (list). Rhizocrinus lofotensis: Tommasi 1965: 12, 13, figs. 26, 28; 1971a: 1, fig. 1. Type locality. Off Cear��, Brazil. Type material. USNM 22679 (Holotype). Geographic and bathymetric range. Amphi-atlantic. Western Atlantic (Bahamas, Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, Antillean Arc from Cuba to the Lesser Antilles, and Brazil), and Eastern Atlantic (Josephine Bank off Portugal), at depths from 160 to 1,750 m (Moore 1967; Meyer et al. 1978; Pawson et al. 2009; Alvarado 2011; Sol��s-Marin et al. 2013). It possibly also occurs in shallower water from at least 119 m and beyond (Meyer et al. 1978). Meyer et al. (1978) suggested that D. brevis and D. conifer should be treated as a single taxon after a preliminary analysis of material of both species. The disjunct range of D. brevis and the continuous range of D. conifer across the W.Atlantic increase the likelihood that they are the same (C.G. Messing, personal communication; see also Meyer et al. 1978: 426). Brazilian localities. Par��, Maranh��o, Cear��, Rio de Janeiro, S��o Paulo, Paran��, and Santa Catarina (Meyer et al. 1978; Tommasi 1971a; Tommasi et al. 1988a; Oliveira et al. 2010; Bueno et al. 2018; IZ Database)., Published as part of Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De & Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey, 2021, Catalogue of living crinoids (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from Brazil, pp. 27-55 in Zootaxa 4995 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5043626, {"references":["Clark, A. H. (1909 a) Four new species of the crinoid genus Rhizocrinus. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 36, 673 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.36 - 1693.673","Clark, A. H. (1915 a) A monograph of the existing crinoids. Volume 1. The Comatulids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 406. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7845161] https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.82. i","Clark, A. M. (1977 a) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2632177]","Clark, A. H. (1917 b) A revision of the recent genera of the crinoid family Bourgueticrinidae, with the description of a new genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 7 (12), 388 - 392. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2016825]","Moore, R. C. (1967) Unique stalked crinoids from upper Cretaceous of Mississippi. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 19, 1 - 35.","Gislen, T. (1938 a) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, Neue Folge, 34 (10), 1 - 30.","Meyer, D. L., Messing, C. G. & Macurda, Jr. D. B. (1978) Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28, 412 - 441.","Messing, C. G. & Dearborn, J. H. (1990) Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States Echinodermata: Crinoidea. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report NMFS, 91, 1 - 30.","Grimmer, J. C., Holland, N. D. & Messing, C. G. (1984) Fine structure of the stalk of the bourgueticrinid sea lily Democrinus conifer (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Marine Biology, 81 (2), 163 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00393115","Tommasi, L. R., Castro, S. M. & Sousa, E. C. P. M. (1988 a) Echinodermata coletados durante as campanhas oceanograficas do N / Oc. \" Almirante Saldanha \" no Atlantico Sul Ocidental. Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 21, 1 - 11.","Bohn, J. M. & Heinzeller, T. (1999) Morphology of the bourgueticrinid and isocrinid aboral nervous system and its possible phylogenetic implications (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 80, 241 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6395.1999.00022. x","Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Herrerra-Moreno, A. & Betancourt-Fernandez, L. (2004) Especies de equinodermos recientes (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Asteroidea: Ophiuroidea: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea) conocidas para la hispaniola. Ciencia y Sociedad, 29 (3), 506 - 533. [http: // www. redalyc. org / articulo. oa? id = 87029310] https: // doi. org / 10.22206 / cys. 2004. v 29 i 3. pp 506 - 533","Tommasi, L. R. (2004) Classes Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea & Echinoidea. Pp: In: Amaral, A. C. Z., Carmen, C. & Rossi-Wongtschowski, L. D. B (Eds.), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao Sudeste-Sul do Brasil, plataforma externa e talude superior. Serie documentos Revizee. Instituto Oceanografico - USP, Score Sul, Sao Paulo, pp. 161 - 163.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 37 - 55.","Pawson, D. L., Vance, D. J., Messing, C. G., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Mah, C. L. (2009) Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M Press, College Station, pp. 1177 - 1204.","Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Profº. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14.","Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Dias Sanchez, C. M. (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar 22. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras \" Jose Benito Vives de Andreis, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Cantera, J. R. K, Cohen-Rengifo, M. & Neira, R. (2013) Echinoderms of Colombia. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 145 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9 _ 5","Messing, C. G. (2013) A revision of the genus Atelecrinus PH Carpenter (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Zootaxa, 3681 (1), 1 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3681.1.1","Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., BenavidesSerrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A. & Marquez-Borras, F. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65 (Supplement 1), S 288 - S 298.","Bueno, M. L., Alitto, R. A. S., Guilherme, P. D. B., Domenico, M. D. & Borges, M. (2018) Guia ilustrado dos Echinodermata da porcao sul do Embaiamento Sul Brasileiro. Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciencias Exatas e da Natureza, 2 (2), 169 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.29215 / pecen. v 2 i 2.1071","Botero, C. M., Zielinski, S., Pereira, C. I., Leon, J. A., Duenas, L. F. & Puentes, V. (2020) The first report of deep-sea litter in the South-Western Caribbean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 157, 111327. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2020.111327","Clark, A. H. (1954) Echinoderms (other than holothurians) of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulettin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, 55 (89), 373 - 379. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3253106]","Tommasi, L. R. (1965) Lista dos crinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 9, 1 - 33.","Tommasi, L. R. (1971 a) Equinodermes da regiao entre o Amapa (Brasil) e a Florida (EUA). I - Crinoidea. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 23, 1 - 8."]}

Cherbonniericrinus requiensis n. sp. Fig. 16A���G Type material. 5 aboral cups, the best-preserved of which is designated holotype (MNHN.F. A82013) (Fig. 16E���G), the others are paratypes 1 to 4. Etymology. From the type locality R��qui near Montlaur (Val de Dagne, Aude). Type stratum. Base of the blue marls of the middle Ilerdian, above the Solenomeris limestones, late NP10, but maybe already NP11. Type locality. R��qui near Montlaur (Val de Dagne, Aude). Diagnosis. Small species; aboral cup an inverted truncated cone in shape, external surface slightly concave to convex; sutures between plates variable, weakly marked between basals; aboral end diameter equal to or slightly less than 0.5 Dc; adoral face of radial circlet with discrete interradial crests, muscular synarthries as wide as radials, broad central cavity. Description of type series (Fig. 16). Quantitative characters of aboral cups of type series given in Table 16. Holotype (Fig. 16E���G) with aboral cup almost twice as high as wide, slightly swollen in upper half of basal circlet, lower part of basal circlet moderately inverted conical, slight constriction at basal-radial transition, basals about three times higher than radials, sutures between basals discrete or inconspicuous, marked sutures between basal and radial circlets and between radials. Aboral end diameter half of the maximum diameter of cup (Dp���/Dc 0.49). Adoral face of radial circlet with slight marginal interradial tips but without conspicuous interradial ridges, muscular synarthries with reduced aboral ligament fossa and well-developed muscular fossae with lateral edges erected (Fig. 16G), broad central cavity (Dd/Dc 0.49); pattern similar to that of extant specimen (Fig. 16H). Paratypes with aboral cup of variable flare and height, lateral profile slightly convex (Fig. 16A) to markedly concave (Fig. 16D); sutures between basals conspicuous (Fig. 16A) to absent (Fig. 16B); distal face of radial circlet imperfectly preserved in largest paratype (Fig. 16C). Remarks. The aboral cup of the holotype of C. requiensis (Fig. 16E���G) is the closest to those of the extant species C. cherbonnieri (Roux, 1976) (Fig. 16H), both lacking sutures between basals. The paratypes (Fig. 16A���D) have an aboral cup general shape that is similar to those from the Danian of Denmark, attributed to? Cherbionniericrinus sp. (Roux et al. 2019), which differ, however, by a larger adoral cavity like in the extant species. Columnals are unknown. The extant species C. cherbonnieri is anchored to the substratum by rhizoids penetrating into the sediment (Roux 1977). Occurrence. Early Ypresian (middle Ilerdian) of Corbi��res; species known only from R��qui near Montlaur (Val de Dagne, Aude)., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizca��no, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbi��res, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on pages 230-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704, {"references":["Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la \" Thalassa \" dans le Golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparee des pedoncules et systematique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (3) 426, Zoologie, 296, 25 - 83."]}

Genus Democrinus Perrier, 1883 Type species. Democrinus parfaiti Perrier, 1883, Recent. Remarks. In the absence of precise information on brachials and columnals that could clearly be attributed to them, and in view of the great variability of known external morphology in extant species (Roux 1978b), the attribution of fossil species to this genus is based solely on the morphology of the proximal face of the radial circlet (Roux et al. 2019). We consider that this generic attribution needs confirmation, awaiting data on brachials and columnals; for this reason, we here use open nomenclature, as? Democrinus. Stratigraphical distribution. Ypresian–Recent, possibly already from Danian., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizcaïno, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbières, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1883) Sur un nouveau Crinoide fixe, le Democrinus parfaiti, provenant des dragages du \" Travailleur \". Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 96, 450 - 452.","Roux, M. (1978 b) Ontogenese, variabilite et evolution morphofonctionnelle du pedoncule et du calice chez les Millericrinida (Echinodermes, Crinoides). Geobios, 11 (2), 213 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (78) 80089 - 8","Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3"]}

Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi (Roux, 1978a) Figs. 5���7, 8A���F, J���Q Synonymy. Conocrinus pyriformis Doncieux, 1911: 157; Conocrinus thorenti Doncieux, 1911: 159; Conocrinus sp. Doncieux, 1911: 159; Conocrinus doncieuxi Roux, 1978a: 797���800, figs 1, 2a.���1978b: 219, 226, fig. 12a, pl. 2-2.��� Roux and Plaziat, 1978: 301; Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi Roux et al., 2019: 66���67, 79, fig. 8A���F, K���N. Type material. The type series is housed in the palaeontological collections of the Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, and comprises 20 aboral cups and 20 columnals (UCBL-FSL 170248 a) selected from a sample of 160 aboral cups and 460 columnals (UCBL-FSL 170248) with the mention ���Fontcouverte, sud-ouest du village��� (i.e., the outcrop here called Les Lanes Sud). The holotype is an aboral cup whose adoral face was illustrated in the original paper (Roux 1978a, fig. 2a). Material examined. Three aboral cups from the Bories Collection (Fig. 6A���F, I); 4 columnals from the Plaziat Collection (Fig. 8J���M, O���Q). Numerous columnals and aboral cups from various sites in the Martinez Collection (see Table 2), numerous brachials (Figs. 6J���T and 7) and rhizoid fragments from the Martinez Collection from the ancient Tuilerie de Fontcouverte and Ribaute; specimens here figured are housed at the MNHN (see catalogue numbers, Tables 1, 3���4). Type stratum. Lower blue marls of middle Ilerdian age (early Ypresian), NP10���lower NP11. Type locality. Les Lanes Sud, southwest of the village of Fontcouverte (Aude). Diagnosis. Aboral cup of highly variable shape (usually 1.21.5. Description. Roux (1978a, b) presented a brief description, outlining the main quantitative characters of the aboral cups and columnals belonging to historical specimens from MNHN and UCBL-FSL collections and more recent collections by J.C. Plaziat. Here we provide additional data on the aboral cups, particularly on their extremes in variation. Screenwashing at the ancient Tuilerie de Fontcouverte and its immediate surroundings has provided numerous other ossicles, notably brachials and rhizoids. Aboral cups (Figs. 5, 6A���I, 8A���F; Table 3): Hc up to 15.5 mm, but usually 1 mm, H and pinnule insertion> 0.6 mm; smallest Br (IIIBr?) with Wd1.2, usually 1.0P. lavadensis n. sp. Remarks. Most non-axillary brachials have a synostosial facet, which indicates that the arms were mainly composed of a succession of brachial pairs, like in most extant rhizocrinids, at least proximally. About a quarter of brachials collected do not have a pinnule socket, the first pinnule was carried by an IIBr which was likely located beyond the two proximal pairs. As IIBrax are relatively rare and small, second divisions appear to be occasional and also located beyond the second pair of IIBr. Within the morphospace describing the shape of aboral cups, a group of specimens is set aside and attributed herein to a new subspecies, P. doncieuxi suboblongus n. subsp. Aboral cups within this variety tends to be very elongated and display a general oblong shape. Moreover this is the only shape collected in some of the explored outcrops (Table 2, see below). Screenwashing at the Tuilerie de Fontcouverte has provided 387 columnals (excluding proxistele columnals) and 7 aboral cups, i.e., an average of 55 columnals per individual suggesting a stalk length of approximately 165 mm. Half of these columnals have well-developed rhizoid sockets and correspond to the distal stalk. The erect part should, on average, be in the order of 80 to 90 mm (about 30 columnals excluding proxistele). Gisl��n (1927) described a population of the extant rhizocrinid, Democrinus japonicus, with one phenotype converging with that of P. doncieuxi: highly variable aboral cup with Hc/Dc up to 4.5, proxistele restricted to the transition with the mesistele, rhizoids appearing near the thirtieth columnal for preserved stalk lengths varying from 50 to 100 mm with 35 to 61 columnals articulated by synarthries (H/D ~1.6���1.7). Occurrence. Early Ypresian (Ilerdian, NP10���11), north Pyrenean basin especially in Corbi��res (Roux and Plaziat 1978; present study) and south Pyrenean basin of Graus-Tremp (Gaemers 1978; Leturcq 1999)., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizca��no, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbi��res, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on pages 212-218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704, {"references":["Roux, M. (1978 a) Importance de la variabilite de la forme du calice chez les Bathycrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides): l'exemple de l'espece eocene Conocrinus doncieuxi nov. sp. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, D 287, 797 - 800.","Doncieux, L. (1911) Catalogue descriptif des fossiles nummulitiques de l'Aude et de l'Herault. Deuxieme partie (Fascicule II). Corbieres septentrionales. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, serie 1, 30, 1 - 161.","Roux, M. & Plaziat, J. C. (1978) Inventaire des Crinoides et interpretation paleobathymetrique de gisements du Paleogene pyreneen franco-espagnol. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, (7) 20 (3), 299 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. S 7 - XX. 3.299","Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Gislen, T. (1927) Japanese crinoids. Papers from Dr Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 37. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra det Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 83, 1 - 69.","Gaemers, P. A. M. (1978) Biostratigraphy, palaeoecology and palaeogeography of the mainly marine Ager Formation (Upper Paleocene - Lower Eocene) in the Tremp Basin, Central - South Pyrenees, Spain. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen, 51, 151 - 231.","Leturcq, T. (1999) Dynamique recifale a l'Ilerdien: exemple du bassin de Graus-Tremp (Pyrenees, Espagne). Unpubl. PhD thesis, Universite P. et M. Curie, Paris, n °: 99 PA 06 6303, 2 vol., 376 pp."]}

Genre Cherbonniericrinus Roux, Eléaume & Améziane, 2019 Type species. Conocrinus cherbonnieri Roux, 1976, Recent. Stratigraphical distribution. Danian–Recent., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizcaïno, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbières, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on page 230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704, {"references":["Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3"]}

Democrinus elongatus (Roux, 1978c) Fig. 8G���I Synonymy. Conocrinus elongatus Roux, 1978c: 265���266, fig. 1A; Roux et al. 2019: 66, 77; Bourgueticrinus sp. Zamora et al. 2018: 788, 791, fig. 10G;? Democrinus elongatus Roux et al. 2019: 67, fig. 8G���J. Type material. The holotype (UCBL-FSL 19210 A) is from the Bartonian at Biarritz (C��te des Basques, Villa Marbella). Material examined. 4 aboral cups from Lavade; specimen A (MNHN.F. A82010) is Fig. 8G���I, the other three are in the Martinez Collection. Locality. Lavade near Fontcouverte (middle Ilerdian, NP11). Description. Main variations in quantitative characters of aboral cups given in Table 13. Very elongated aboral cup, with H/D>3.1, except in specimen B, maximum D in upper third, progressive variation of D along height in smallest specimen (Fig. 8G), very weak in others; adoral face with wide, pentagonal central cavity (Dd/Dr ~0.40), muscular areas more developed than ligament areas, discrete interradial crest with marked bending of inner side of radials (Fig. 8H���I), stalk insertion occupying aboral face. Specimen C with additional circle of plates (H 1.25 mm) prolonging basals, likely resulting from regeneration. Remarks. Distal face of aboral cup of specimens here attributed to? Democrinus elongatus show same characters as those from Bartonian of Biarritz (Roux et al. 2019: fig. 8G���J). It can be distinguished from Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi suboblongus n. subsp. by radial circlet with adoral face having muscular areas more developed than ligament areas and interradial bending of the lateral edges of muscular fossae, absence of conspicuous interradial crests and wide, pentagonal to slightly star-shaped central cavity as observed in extant Democrinus (Roux et al. 2019). Lacking these characters, these two species cannot be separated when aboral cups are very elongated. Mesistele columnals from Lavade with no mid-height swelling and with H/D ~1.6 (Fig. 13) could belong to this species. Similarly, rare distal columnals from the Tuilerie de Fontcouverte show an extension of ligament depressions on either side of the fulcral crest (Fig. 8E) as observed in some extant species of Democrinus (Roux 1977); but no aboral cup of? D. elongatus has ever been identified at this site despite the abundance of material. Excess basals due to regeneration anomaly, as observed in specimen C, are frequent in extant Democrinus japonicus (Gisl��n, 1927). The aboral cup of? D. elongatus is easily distinguished from that of D. londinensis (Forbes, 1852), a Ypresian species from the London Clay whose sutures between plates are conspicuous and Hc/Dc et al. (2018) attributed to Bourgueticrinus sp. an elongated aboral cup from the middle Ilerdian of Puebla de Roda (Graus-Tremp basin, Spain). The distal face of this cup has the typical characters of? Democrinus elongatus, which attests to the presence of this species in the south Pyrenean Ilerdian basin. Klikushin (1982) referred to a fragment of an aboral cup from the Upper Eocene of Crimea as ��� Conocrinus ��� cf. elongatus, but failed to present any conclusive character to confirm such an attribution. Occurrence. Early Ypresian (Ilerdian) of the French-Spanish Pyrenean basin (gulfs of Languedoc and of Graus-Tremp); Bartonian of Biarritz (C��te des Basques, Villa Marbella)., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizca��no, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbi��res, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on pages 226-227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704, {"references":["Roux, M. (1978 c) Les crinoides pedoncules (Echinodermes) du genre Conocrinus provenant de l'Eocene des environs de Biarritz. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, D 296, 265 - 268.","Roux, M., Eleaume, M. & Ameziane, N. (2019) A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk. Zootaxa, 4560 (1), 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.1.3","Zamora, S., Aurell, M., Veitch, M., Saulsbury, J., Lopez-Horgue, M. A., Ferratges, F. A., Arz, J. A. & Baumiller, T. K. (2018) Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (4), 779 - 794. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 00520.2018","Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la \" Thalassa \" dans le Golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparee des pedoncules et systematique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (3) 426, Zoologie, 296, 25 - 83.","Gislen, T. (1927) Japanese crinoids. Papers from Dr Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 37. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra det Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 83, 1 - 69.","Forbes, E. (1852) Monograph of the Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries. Palaeontographical Society, London, 36 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11714","Rasmussen, H. W. (1972) Lower Tertiary Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea from northern Europe and Greenland. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selslab, Biologiske Skrifter, 19 (7), 1 - 83.","Klikushin, V. G. (1982) Cretaceous and Paleogene Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) of the USSR. Geobios, 15 (6), 811 - 843. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (82) 80034 - X"]}

Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi suboblongus n. subsp. Figs. 8A–F, 9 Type-material. Holotype (MNHN.F. A81998; Fig. 8A–C, Plaziat Collection), from Fontcouverte (à l’Estagnol); paratype A (MNHN.F. A81999; Fig. 8D–E), from Fontcouverte (Lavade); paratype B (MNHN.F. A81999; Fig. 8F) from Montlaur (Réqui). Etymology. In reference to the oblong shape of the aboral cup. Material examined. In addition to the type series, 10 aboral cups from the Tuilerie de Fontcouverte (in UCB-FSL 170248 b, and Martinez Collection); 125 aboral cups and 238 columnals from Réqui, some aboral cups and columnals from other sites (see Table 2) in the Martinez and Vizcaïno collections. Diagnosis. Variety with often very elongated aboral cup, Hc up to 155 mm, H/D most often> 2.5 and sometimes up to 5.7, Dc maximum located in central or adoral third, aboral third in inverted truncated cone with base corresponding to stalk insertion, adoral third truncated conical or subcylindrical in shape, distal face of radial circlet almost flat with marked star-shaped central depression in largest specimens, stalk insertion wide (Dp/Dr>050), columnals usually without marked bulge at mid-height. Description. Quantitative characters of the three aboral cups of the type series listed in Table 3. Holotype: aboral cup with maximum Dc in central swollen third (Fig. 8A); adoral third in truncated cone, distal surface flat entirely occupied by insertion of arms, strongly star-shaped central cavity (Fig. 8B); aboral third in inverted truncated cone with flat base entirely occupied by stalk insertion housing proximalmost discoid columnals (Fig. 8C). Paratype A: aboral cup similar in shape to holotype but more elongated (H/D 2.5) and illustrating general trend of aboral cups from the Lavade and Requi sites (Fig. 8D–E). Paratype B: exceptionnally well-preserved, almost flat adoral face showing moderately protruding interradial ridges, with large, slightly star-shaped central cavity, and aboral and inner ligament areas of synarthries better developed than muscular areas (Fig. 8F). Tables 5 and 6 list the general quantitative characters of aboral cups and columnals from the Réqui site where this variety strongly predominates; these specimens display a much smaller size than those of P. doncieuxi from the Tuilerie de Fontcouverte and a tendency towards greater and earlier elongation (Hc/Dc from 2.5 to 5.73 for 1.7 Remarks. Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi suboblongus n. subsp. is present at numerous sites, but with widely varying frequencies. In the particular environment of Réqui (see above), this variety strongly predominates in several of the marl layers sampled. Aboral cups with Dc> 1.7 mm have a much less variable shape than those with Dc>2.5 from the Tuilerie de Fontcouverte (Fig. 9). This suggests a tendency for elongation during ontogeny that was channeled by environmental factors early during growth. At Réqui, the absence of brachials and rhizoid segments, the abnormal relative abundance of aboral cups compared to columnals (about 3 columnals per 1 aboral cup), as well as the poor preservation due to attrition and biocorrosion indicate a displacement of the ossicles that does not allow us to estimate average stalk length. Occurrence. Early Ypresian (middle Ilerdian, NP 10–11), Corbières.

Detailed studies of the middle Ilerdian (lower Ypresian) blue marls of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbières, Aude, France), belonging to the north Pyrenean foreland basin, have revealed a more abundant and diverse crinoid fauna than previously documented from the Lower Eocene. Here we describe five species of stalked crinoids in the family Rhizocrinidae (Cherbonniericrinus requiensis n. sp., ?Democrinus elongatus, Globulocrinus amphoraformis n. gen., n. sp., Pseudoconocrinus doncieuxi and P. lavadensis n. sp.), one barnacle-like species in the stalkless family Holopodidae (Holopus plaziati n. sp.) and a single feather star in the family Conometridae (Amphorometra atacica). Several sites have yielded brachials and rhizoids in addition to abundant aboral cups and columnals indicating in situ fossilisation of the dissociated skeletal elements. P. lavadensis n. sp. and ?D. elongatus have been collected only from outcrops located in the upper part of the middle blue marls, while P. doncieuxi predominates, with a wide range of morphological variation, in the lower blue marls. The fossil assemblage at the locality of Réqui near Montlaur differs from the others in the smaller size of most individuals and the presence of H. plaziati n. sp., C. requiensis n. sp., G. amphoraformis n. gen., n. sp., and P. doncieuxi suboblongus n. subsp. This particular association with high juvenile mortality corresponds to an unstable environment with mixed substrates (muddy and rocky). The crinoid fauna of the Corbières appears to be the most diverse of Early Eocene age known to date. With the fauna of the London Clay, a boreal formation of the same age, it shares the presence of the genera Democrinus and Amphorometra in an open-sea environment. A comparison with extant faunas allows the depth of deposition at the Ypresian sites in the Gulf of Languedoc to be estimated between from 100 and 140 meters.

Pseudoconocrinus lavadensis n. sp. Figs. 10���13 Type material. The type series, deposited in the collections of the Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle de Paris (see Table 1), comprises a selection of 15 aboral cups, 7 of which are figured (Fig. 10), including the holotype (Fig. 10A���B), 7 brachials including 2 figured (Fig. 11A���C), 35 columnals of the proxistele, including 4 figured (Fig. 11D���G), 40 columnals of the mesistele and more distal ones, including 3 figured (Fig. 11H���L) and 10 fragments of rhizoids including 3 figured (Fig. 11M���O). Etymology. From Lavade near Fontcouverte (Aude), where the type series and abundant material were collected. Material examined. Numerous ossicles in sieving residues (20 kg of sediment) from Lavade (113 aboral cups, 3,656 columnals, numerous brachials), and 3 aboral cups and 29 columnals from La C��te (Moux). Those that were not selected to constitute the type series, are in the Martinez Collection. Diagnosis. Aboral cup often subspherical, more or less flattened both aborally and adorally, with distal face displaying a low to moderate relief, central star-shaped depression equal to or less than one third of distal diameter of radial circlet, ratio Dc/Hc between 0.64 and 1.33 (mean 0.88), ratio of diameter of stalk insertion to Dc most often between 0.30 and 0.50. IBr1 1.5 times wider than high, distal facet convex. IBr2ax pentagonal; proximal facet very concave with neural canal lumen subrectangular, distal muscular synarthries lateral edges juxtaposed to form very marked medial crest. IIBrax unknown; numerous brachial pairs. Well-differentiated proxistele; proximalmost discoid columnals with flat facets, becoming thicker distally with concave facets devoid of a fulcral ridge and maximum diameter at mid-height. Proximal mesistele columnals with external surface usually strongly convex and almost as high as wide (H/D Type stratum. Middle blue marls of middle Ilerdian age, upper NP11. Type locality. Lavade near Fontcouverte (Aude). Description of aboral cups of type series. Holotype (MNHN. A82001) (Fig. 10A���B) subspherical, slightly flattened along adoral-aboral axis (HC/Dc 0.81), smooth external surface, indistinct sutures; aboral diameter (stalk insertion) 1/3 Dc; distal face of radial circlet wide (Dr/Dc 0.90) and low relief with moderately developed central star-shaped cavity (Dr/Dc 0.26), discrete rectilinear interradial ridges and articular facets mainly occupied by ligament areas. Quantitative characters of the 15 aboral cups of type series given in Table 7. General shape varying from slightly pyriform (Fig. 10C, G) to strongly flattened (Fig. 10I), stalk insertion deeply concave with edges usually well-marked (Fig. 10E); relief of the distal face of radial circlet highly variable, occasionally almost flat (Fig. 10I) or with interradial ridges ending in strong widening at edge of central cavity forming more pronounced relief (Fig. 10F, J); central cavity circular (Fig. 10F), pentagonal (Fig. 10J), occasionally star shaped as in the holotype, most often Dd/DrDescription of brachials, columnals and rhizoids of type series. Quantitative characters of primibrachials of type series given in Table 8. Three IBr1 still attached to paratype 11 (Fig. 10K���L), two of them slightly dissociated from adjacent radials, convex and spindle-shaped outer surface, almost 1.5 times wider than high, very convex distal outer border, distal facet convex but poorly preserved. Thick, subpentagonal IBr2ax with rectilinear or slightly concave distal outer edges (Fig. 11A), proximal facet strongly concave with subrectangular neural canal (Fig. 11B), broad adoral axial gutter (Fig. 11C). Quantitative characters of the columnals of the proxistele given in Table 9. Most proximal columnals cylindrical and flat faced, occasionally with slightly raised perilumen (Fig. 11D���E), most frequent proximal columnals from a more distal position in the proxistele with higher values of H and displaying concave facets without a fulcral ridge and external surface usually markedly convex (Fig. 11F), proxistele-mesistele transition identified by appearance of rudimentary fulcral ridge (Fig. 11G) and H/D values reaching 1. Columnals articulated by synarthries showing lateral bulge at mid-height (Fig. 11I) or not (Fig. 11H); 8-shaped ligament fossa well developed without extension on either side of fulcral ridge, fulcral ridge with regular secondary crenulation and more or less marked axial groove (Fig. 11J���K). Distal columnals with rhizoid socket diameter Description of other ossicles. Variations of aboral cups collected at Lavade summarised in Table 10; general shape variations moderate (0.7P. doncieuxi. Washing of 20 kg of sediment provided 35 columnals of circular facets belonging to proxistele (0.96%) and 3,621 columnals articulated by oval synarthries of which 2,385 (65.23%) bearing one or more rhizoid sockets. Measurements were made on a randomly selected sample out of 263 columnals articulated by synarthry (Table 11; Fig. 13) with usually 0.85 1). 20, 28 % with d /D> 1.0); 70 % of synarthries with 1.15 2 insertions up to 5), maximum diameter 1.25 mm for columnal with D 2.9 mm and d 2.15 mm. Remarks. Sediment samples from Lavade have yielded 33 columnals (excluding proxistele) per aboral cup, 65% of which bear rhizoid sockets. This suggests a much shorter stalk (mean 92 mm) in P. lavadensis n. sp. than in P. doncieuxi (mean 165 mm). In P. lavadensis n. sp. the relatively high frequency of columnals from the proxistele indicates a more developed and well-differentiated proxistele composed of columnals with markedly concave facets and devoid of a fulcral ridge; these features are unknown in P. doncieuxi. The subspherical shape of aboral cups in P. lavadensis n. sp. corresponds to an increase in height delayed in favour of an increase in diameter during the ontogeny of the basal circlet (Fig. 12), which is the contrary of what is observed in P. doncieuxi (Fig. 5). The two species of Pseudoconocrinus from Corbi��res clearly differ in the opposite ontogenic trajectory of their aboral cup (Fig. 9). Table 12 summarises the main characters that distinguish P.lavadensis n. sp. from P. doncieuxi. Occurrence. Early Ypresian (middle Ilerdian, upper NP 11) in Corbi��res, only known from Lavade (Fontcouverte) and La C��te (Moux)., Published as part of Roux, Michel, Martinez, Alain & Vizca��no, Daniel, 2021, A diverse crinoid fauna (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Gulf of Languedoc (Corbi��res, Aude, southern France), pp. 201-242 in Zootaxa 4963 (2) on pages 220-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4700704

Genus Hirsutocrinus n. gen Type species. Hirsutocrinus duplex n. sp. Included species. Hirsutocrinus duplex n. sp. Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Latin word hirsutae (spinulated) in reference to the secundibrachials covered in small spines. Differential diagnosis. New genus differing from other genera in the family Bathycrinidae in having knobby processes both on IBr2 and Br1+2, and distinct side plates in pinnules. Remarks. In addition to Hirsutocrinus, the genus Monachocrinus is characterised by presence both cover and side plates. The side and cover plates in pinnules are strictly different from each other in their shape in Hirsutocrinus, and they are similar in Monachocrinus. See Table 1 and discussion below for comparison between Hirsutocrinus n. gen. and other bathycrinid genera., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N. & Fujita, Toshihiko, 2021, Hirsutocrinus duplex, a New Genus and Species of Sea Lilies (Crinoidea, Comatulida, Bathycrinidae) from the Western North Pacific, pp. 101-110 in Species Diversity 26 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.101, http://zenodo.org/record/5736810

Mironov, Alexandr N., Fujita, Toshihiko (2021): Hirsutocrinus duplex, a New Genus and Species of Sea Lilies (Crinoidea, Comatulida, Bathycrinidae) from the Western North Pacific. Species Diversity 26 (1): 101-110, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.101

Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872a Reports for the Azores: Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872 a— $ Koehler 1909: 254–255; A.M. Clark 1977: 164–167, figs. 1a–f; A.M. Clark 1980: 206–207, fig. 5; Mironov et al. 2014: 115. Type locality: off West coast of France (47°38’N, 12°08’W). See: Carpenter (1884); A.M. Clark (1977). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from SW of Ireland to Cape Finisterre (NW Spain) and the Azores (A.M. Clark 1977, 1980). Depth: 2,880 –5,275 m (Mironov et al. 2014); AZO: 5,005 m (Koehler 1909). Habitat: soft bottoms, on Globigerina ooze (Koehler 1909). Remarks: Bathycrinus gracilis is known from relatively few specimens, none of which was recovered complete, including the immature type material (presumably lost; Carpenter 1884; Koehler 1909; A.M. Clark 1977, 1980). Moreover, the only known record from Azorean waters is based on a single animal collected by Princesse Alice (sta 749: 38°54’00”N, 21°06’45”W, 5,005 m), only slightly larger than the type material (A.M. Clark 1977). Nevertheless, the paucity of available specimens can be explained by the great depths at which this species lives. Additionally, the West Atlantic species B. aldrichianus Thomson, 1876 is closely related to B. gracilis and Mironov et al. (2014) suggested that it might prove to be conspecific., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Thomson, W. (1872 a) On the crinoids of the \" Porcupine \" deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7 (1869 - 1872), 764 - 773. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037016460004308 X","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186.","Clark, A. M. (1980) Crinoidea collected by the Meteor and Discovery in the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 38 (4), 187 - 210.","Mironov, A. N., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. P. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated speciescheck-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Crinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.11","Carpenter P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part I. The Stalked Crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 11 (32), i-xii + 1 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11805","Thomson, W. (1876) Notice of new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 13, 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1876. tb 00208. x"]}

Erroneous— Democrinus rawsonii (Pourtalès, 1874) Reports for the Azores: non Rhizocrinus rawsoni Pourtalès, 1874 — Carpenter 1883b: 173–175, 1884: 262–269, pl. 9, figs. 3–5, pl. 10, figs. 3–20, pl. 53, figs. 7, 8 [misidentification of Democrinus parfaiti]; Koehler 1909: 255–256 [misidentification of Democrinus parfaiti]; Pérès 1992: 256 [misidentification of Democrinus parfaiti]; non Democrinus rawsonii (Pourtalès, 1874) — García–Diez et al. 2005: 46 [based on Koehler 1909]. Type locality: Barbados. See: A.M. Clark (1977: 177). Occurrence: Western Atlantic, in the Caribbean waters. Depth: 66–652 m. Remarks: Democrinus rawsonii was recorded in the Azores based on the erroneous assumption that D. parfaiti was conspecific with this species (for details see remarks under D. parfaiti). In view of this, all reports of this comatulid in the archipelago should be considered as D. parfaiti., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Pourtales, L. F. de (1874) On a new species of Rhizocrinus from Barbados. In: Agassiz, A. & Pourtales (Eds.), Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition: Echini, Crinoids, and Corals. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 8, pp. 27 - 31.","Carpenter, P. H. (1883 b) The Stalked Crinoids of the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of the Museum Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 10 (4), 165 - 181.","Carpenter P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part I. The Stalked Crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 11 (32), i-xii + 1 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11805","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186."]}

Democrinus parfaiti Perrier, 1883b Reports for the Azores: non Rhizocrinus rawsoni Pourtalès, 1874 — $ Carpenter 1883b: 173–175, 1884: 262–269, pl. 9, figs. 3–5, pl. 10, figs. 3–20, pl. 53, figs. 7–8 [misidentification]; $ Koehler 1909: 255–256 [misidentification];? $ Pérès 1992: 256; Democrinus parfaiti (Perrier, 1883b) — Mortensen 1927a: 20, fig. 8; $ A.M. Clark 1977: 172–177, fig. 3; A.M. Clark 1980: 205, fig. 1; $ Roux 1985: 480–481; Harvey et al. 1988: 157; Mironov et al. 2014: 116; non Democrinus rawsonii (Pourtalès, 1874) — García-Diez et al. 2005: 46 [based on Koehler 1909]. Type locality: Cape Blanc, NW Africa. See: Perrier (1883b); A.M. Clark (1977); Harvey et al. (1988). Occurrence: Northeast Atlantic, from the Azores eastwards between 24°N and 50°N including the archipelagos of Madeira and Canaries, as well as the Ormond Seamount (Roux 1985, Mironov et al. 2014). Depth: 870(?650)– 4,260 m (A.M. Clark 1977; Mironov 2014); AZO: 1,550 –1,919 (?2,950) m (Koehler 1909, Pérès 1992). Habitat: pteropod or Globigerina ooze, mud, gravel to rocky bottoms (A.M. Clark 1977). Remarks: almost as soon as it was described by Perrier (1883b) Democrinus parfaiti was considered by Carpenter (1883 a, 1884) as conspecific with the Caribbean Rhizocrinus rawsonii (= Democrinus rawsonii Pourtalès, 1874), based on inaccurate figures exchanged by the two authors (A.M. Clark 1977). The latter species was reported for the first time to the Azores by Carpenter (1883b, 1884) based on the material collected by H.M.S. Challenger (sta 76: 38°11’N, 27°09’W, 1,645 m). At the time, Carpenter (1883b) attributed deviations from the typical R. rawsonii observed in the Azorean material to water temperature differences. Following the previous author, Koehler (1909) identified Princesse Alice ’s material from the Azores as R. rawsonii, though observing that the cruise material was quite close to the specimens described by Perrier (1883b) as D. parfaiti. On the redescription of the later species, A.M. Clark (1977) re-examined the material from the Azores collected by H.M.S. Challenger and placed it under D. parfaiti (an East Atlantic species). Without material of the Caribbean species for comparison and based on the historical bibliography, A.M. Clark concluded that D. parfaiti was distinguished by the conical shape of the calyx, by the indistinct or faint sutures between the ossicles in the calyx and by the presence of an abrupt constriction across the radials. Recently, Mironov et al. (2014) remarked that Carpenter (1884) could have been correct in considering the species conspecific, but unfortunately did not give any further details. Regardless, the reports of D. rawsonii to the archipelago were based on the assumption that this species was conspecific with D. parfaiti, thus are considered herein to be erroneous. Additionally, during two dives made by the bathyscaphe Archimède north of S„o Miguel and West of Santa Maria, Pérès (1992) observed stalked crinoids that he believed to be D. rawsonii (= Rhizocrinus rawsoni), which were quite abundant at depths 2,630 and 2,950 m., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, M. E. (1883 b) On a new attached Crinoid, Democrinus Parfaiti, from the dredgings of the ' Travailleur'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 11 (63), 223 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459136","Pourtales, L. F. de (1874) On a new species of Rhizocrinus from Barbados. In: Agassiz, A. & Pourtales (Eds.), Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition: Echini, Crinoids, and Corals. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 8, pp. 27 - 31.","Carpenter, P. H. (1883 b) The Stalked Crinoids of the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of the Museum Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 10 (4), 165 - 181.","Carpenter P. H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part I. The Stalked Crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 11 (32), i-xii + 1 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11805","Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317.","Peres, J. M. (1992) Le bathyscaphe francais Archimede aux Acores: etude bionomique et ecologique du benthos profond. Acoreana, Suplemento, 237 - 264.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 31 (4), 159 - 186.","Clark, A. M. (1980) Crinoidea collected by the Meteor and Discovery in the NE Atlantic. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 38 (4), 187 - 210.","Roux, M. (1985) Les crinoides pedoncules (Echinodermes) de l'Atlantique N. E.: Inventaire, ecologie et biogeographie. In: Laubier, L. & Monniot, C. (Eds.), Peuplements profonds du golfe de Gascogne, Campagnes BIOGAS. IFREMER, Brest, pp. 479 - 489.","Harvey, R., Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Clark, A. M. & Paterson, G. L. J. (1988) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 3. Additional records. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 54, 153 - 198.","Mironov, A. N., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. P. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated speciescheck-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Crinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 112 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.11","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12","Carpenter, P. H. (1883 a) Note on Democrinus Parfaiti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 11 (65), 334 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459160","Verrill, A. E. (1884) Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England. American Journal of Science, 28, 213 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 28.165.213"]}

Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias, Ávila, Sérgio P. (2019): The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa 4639 (1): 1-231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1

Genus Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 Type species of the genus: Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872. Synonymy: Bathycrinus Thomson 1872: 772; Ilycrinus Danielssen & Koren 1877: 45; Bathycrinus A.H. Clark 1917: 389 –390; Gislén 1938: 14–15; Roux et al. 2002: 815, 818, 822; Mironov 2008: 135–136; Hess 2011: T153; Messing 2018. Included species: B. aldrichianus Thomson, 1876, B. australis Clark, 1907a, B. australocrucis McKnight, 1973, Ilicrinus carpenterii Danielssen & Koren, 1877, B. complanatus Clark, 1907b, B. equatorialis Clark, 1908, B. gracilis Thomson, 1872, B. kirilli Mironov n. sp., B. mendeleevi Mironov, 2008, B. pacificus Clark, 1907c, B. rozhnovi Mironov n. sp., B. longipinnus Mironov n. sp., B. volubilis Mironov, 2000. Remarks. Attribution of B. woodmasoni Clark, 1909 to Bathycrinus is questionable because it was known only from stalk fragments., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N., 2019, See lilies of the genus Bathycrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea: Bathycrinidae) from the North-West Pacific hadal trenches, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4604 (3) on page 402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2835991, {"references":["Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the \" Porcupine \" deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7, 764 - 773. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037016460004308 X","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1877) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition: Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23 (3), 45 - 83.","Clark, A. H. (1917) A revision of the recent genera of the family Bourgueticrinidae with the description of a new genus. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 7, 388 - 392.","Gislen, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, Neue Folge, 34 (10), 1 - 30.","Roux, M., Messing, C. G. & Ameziane, N. (2002) An artificial key to the genera of living stalked crinoids (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 70 (3), 799 - 830.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133 - 153.","Hess, H. (2011) Bourgueticrinina. In: Hess, H., Messing, C. G. & Ausich, W. I. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 (revised), Crinoidea. Vol. 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 146 - 158.","Messing, C. G. (2018) World List of Crinoidea. Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872. World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 123339 (23 October 2018)","Thomson, C. W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, 13, 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1876. tb 00208. x","McKnight, D. G. (1973) Stalked crinoids from the New Zealand region. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 1 (14), 199 - 210.","Clark, A. H. (1908) Notice of some crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51 (8), 233 - 248.","Clark, A. H. (1909) New recent Indian crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 143 - 152."]}

Bathycrinus rozhnovi n. sp. Figs 7 A–J, 8A–I, 9A–H Synonymy: Bathycrinus sp. D — Belyaev 1966: 119. Etymology: The species is named for Sergey V. Rozhnov, Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge on echinoderm evolution. Holotype. IO RAS, No. XV-63-8, RV Vityaz, St. 7499, aboral cup with arms and proximal stalk, RRD = 3.84 mm. Type locality. RV Vityaz, cruise 59, St. 7499, 21.06.1976, the Japan Trench, 37°85′5 N, 144°12′1E, 6480–6640 m. Material examined. RV Vityaz, cruise 59, St. 7499, TS, 21.06.1976, Japan Trench, 37°85′5 N, 144°12′1 E, 6480–6640 m, holotype and 17 paratypes, IO RAS Cat.no. Ech 00762– Ech 00764; RV Vityaz, cruise 19, St. 3114, TS, 27.08.1954, east of Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 48°43.2′ N, 160°55.9′ E, 5670–5680 m, 1 sp. + fr-ts, IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00759; RV Vityaz, cruise 19, St. 3214, TS, 24.10.1954, Japan Trench, TS, 38°10.9′ N, 143°56.2′ E, 6156–6207 m, 8 spms., IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00760; RV Vityaz, cruise 45, St. 6138, TS, 11.06.1969, south-east of Aleutian Trench, 53°11,0′ N, 163°12,0′ W, 5595–5660 m, 1 sp., paratype, IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00761. RV Sonne, KuramBio II, St. 86, AGT, 15.09.2016, east of Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 45°00.43′ N, 151°06.01′ E – 45°01.37′ N, 151°06.00′ E, 5493 m, paratype 18, SMF. Total: 15 aboral cups with proximal arms and stalks; 6 aboral cups with proximal arms; 7 RR-rings with proximal arms; arm and stalk fragments; RRD from 1.41 to 4.47 mm. Description of the holotype (Figs 7A, C, D). CH 2.37 mm, RRD 3.84 mm, BBd 1.44 mm; CH /RRD 0.62. RRring is slightly funnel-shaped, forming with BB evenly sloping line (Fig. 7A); RRH/RRD 0.42; BBH/RRH 0.49. Distinct sutures between BB; BBH/BBD 0.44. Surface of BB and RR smooth. Tegmen rising to base of Br3. Sides of tegmen without plates. Height of primibrachitaxis (IBr1+2ax) 3.48 mm. Ratio IBr1H/RRH 1.06, Br1H/Br2H 0.94, Br1H/W 0.72, Br2H/W 0.70. First and second primibrachs very short, with smooth surface and low longitudinal median convexity; their sides flattened into wide lateral flanges. All free arms incomplete. Best preserved arm about 44 mm in length and almost complete; it is composed of 65 Brs. Proximal IIBrs low, IIBr1H/W about 0.77. Their longitudinal median convexity low, rounded, with smooth surface. Outer sides of Brs 1–7 and inner sides of Brs 1–5 flattened into lateral flanges. Profile of arm (viewed from side) smooth. Proximal free arm pattern 1+2 4+5 7+8 10+11 13 (7 cases), 1+2 4+5 8+9 11+12 14 (2 cases) and 1+2 4+5 7+8 9+10 12 (1 case). P1 on Br8 (8 cases) and Br7 (2 cases). Pattern in distal arm similar to pattern in proximal arm with free brachials throughout the length. Every third brachial without pinnule. For example, pattern of arm on Fig. 7D: 24 26+27 29+30 32 with pinnule on Brs 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31. Number of pinnulars and length of Ps increase slowly from 7 pinnulars, 3.3 mm in P1 to 12 pinnulars and 7.04 mm in P7. More distal Ps are incomplete. Relative length of pinnulars slightly variable. In P2, length rations of pinnulars 2–7 to pinnular 1 are as successively: 1.02, 1.29, 1.31, 1.25, 1.11, 0.63, 0.29. In P4, the same rations (including pinnulars 2–9) are 1.14, 1.38, 1.30, 1.36, 1.25, 1.15, 0.90, 0.57, 0.31; in P7, the same rations (including pinnulars 2–12) are 1.02, 1.18, 1.29, 1.18, 1.18, 1.12, 1.00, 0.91, 0.80, 0.51, 0.39. Pinnulars V-shaped in cross section, with slightly sinuous edges in proximal Ps and with strongly sinuous edges in distal Ps. Cover plates from proximal Brs do not differing conspicuously from those on distal Brs and pinnules. Side plates absent. Ambulacral tube feet plates x-shaped. Preserved proxistele and mesistele attached to aboral cup composed of 44 columnals including 18 short proxistele columnals, 77 mm in length including 7.4 mm for proxistele (Fig. 7A). D decreases between 1 st and 22 th columnals from 1.44 mm to 0.96 mm, then increases slowly up to 1.41 mm in 44 th columnal. H increases between 1 st and 32 rd from 0.1 to 3.41 mm, then decreases. Maximum H/D 2.75 in 32–33 rd columnals. Columnals 16–22 barrel-shaped, with slight median thickening (visible from side); median constriction noticeable since 29 th columnal. Facets are round in proxistele and proximal mesistele, slightly elliptical with transverse position of fulcral ridge in mesistele (along the small facet diameter). Other specimens. RR-ring slightly funnel-shaped or conical, forming with BB evenly sloping line. Sutures between BB distinct or indistinct. Each radial plate with two long distal processes on its inner side (Fig. 8D); 10 distal processes of radials form a ring around axial depression. CH / RRD varies from 0.62 to 0.82; RRH / RRD 0.42–0.60; BBH/ RRH 0.39–0.58; BBH/ BBD 0.41–0.72. Tegmen rising to base of Br2 or Br3. Oral opening rounded by elevation of soft tissue. Ambulacral grooves approach circumoral elevation without reaching oral opening. Large (not cover) plates and tube feet (Fig. 9A) located along aboral margin of circumoral elevation. Anal sac low and well differentiated. IBr1H/ RRH 0.87–1.12; IBr1H/IBr2H 0.96–1.20; IBrH1/IBr1W 0.77–0.97; IBrH2/IBr2W 0.61–0.76. Number of knobby processes varies from 8 to 10; always absent on IBrs 1. Three of five IBrs 2 with well developed knobby processes; two other IBrs 2 with single knobby process (Fig. 8B), or second process rudimentary. Best preserved arms in specimen from St. 86, RRD 4.10 mm. Almost complete free arm 57 mm in length, composed of 70 Brs. P10 is the largest: 9.16 mm long with 15 pinnulars. Proximal pattern examined in 88 arms, and position of P 1 in 109 arms (excluding 10 arms of the holotype). Most frequent proximal arm pattern 1+2 4+5 7+8 10+11 13+ (49 cases or 56%) and 1+2 4+5 8+9 11+12 14+ (5 cases or 6%). P1 on Brs 6–11; most frequent positions on Br8 (68 cases or 62%) and Br7 (16 cases or 15%; see also Table 1). Successive alternation of free brachial and brachial pairs in middle and distal arm. Muscular synarthrial facets in free arms with large semicircular aboral ligament fossa (Fig. 8F). Nonmuscular (ligamentary) trifascial synarthry with bilateral symmetry through ambulacral — abambulacral axis; thick fulcral ridge interrupted by axial canal (Fig. 8E). Best preserved stalk in the specimen from St. 86. Preserved proxistele and mesistele attached to BB-ring composed of 66 columnals including 20 short proximal columnals, 153 mm long including proxistele length 6.8 mm, BBD 1.81 mm (Figs 7 E–G). Three other fragments (mesistele, mesistele — proximal-dististele and distal dististele, likely belonging to the same stalk (Fig. 7H, I), corresponding to the length of complete stalk likely more than 300 mm. Number of short proxistele columnals varies from 12 to 28, usually Remarks. The absence of pinnule on every third brachial in B. rozhnovi is unique feature within the family Bathycrinidae. Other species of the family are characterized by the absence of pinnule on every second brachial. In addition, in B. rozhnovi free brachials are present throughout the whole arm length, whereas in other Bathycrinus species they are absent or rare in distal arms. These features seem to be of great taxonomic value. Most other characters of B. rozhnovi are more similar to those of the bathyal and abyssal species (B. pacificus and B. complanatus) than to hadal Bathycrinus (Table 2). Distribution. Japan and Aleutian trenches, east of Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, south-east of Aleutian Trench; 5595–6865 m., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N., 2019, See lilies of the genus Bathycrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea: Bathycrinidae) from the North-West Pacific hadal trenches, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4604 (3) on pages 414-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2835991, {"references":["Belyaev, G. M. (1966) Benthic fauna of the ultraabyssal depths of the World Ocean. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, 248 pp. [in Russian, translated to English as: Belyaev G. M., 1972. Hadal bottom fauna of the World Ocean. Smithsonian Institution-NSF, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 199 pp.]"]}

Bathycrinus volubilis Mironov, 2000 Figs 1 A–G Synonymy: Bathycrinus sp. B. — Belyaev 1966: 118, 119, fig. 31; Bathycrinus volubilis –Mironov 2000: 714–719, figs 2–4. Non: Bathycrinus ? volubilis — Mironov 2000: 718, St. 3514 (= Bathycrinus sp. cf. B. longipinnus n. sp., see below). Holotype. IO RAS No. XV-63-1, RV Vityaz, St. 5612, 26.07.1966, aboral cup with arms and stalk, RRD = 2.6 mm. Type locality. RV Vityaz, cruise 39, St. 5612, 26.07.1966, TS, Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 45º 25′ N, 153º07′ E, 8185–8400 m. Material examined. RV Sonne 250, KuramBio II, St. 52,EBS, 0 6.09.2016, 45°29.77′ N, 153°12.16′ E – 45°29.18′ N, 153°11.13′ E, 8737 m, 1 specimen, SMF; RV Sonne 250, KuramBio II, St. 77, EBS, 13.09.2016, 45°13.71′ N 152°51.21′ E E– 45°14.21′ N 152°49.95′ E, 9584 m, 2 spms, SMF; RV Sonne 250, Expedition KuramBio II, St. 78, AGT, 13.09.2016, 45°13.979′ N, 152°48.980′ E – 45°14.482′ N, 152°47.736′ E, 9581.7– 9581.3 m, 50 spms, SMF; RV Sonne 250, KuramBio II, St. 103, AGT, 21.09.2016, 44°12.499′ N, 150°39.035′ E – 44°12.502′ N, 150°37.258′ E, 9292.9–9430.8 m, fragments of the stalks, SMF. RV Vityaz, cruise 14, St. 2217, 29. VI.1953, TS, 44°08′ N, 150°32′ E, 9000–9050 m, 90 spms, IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00717– Ech 00720; RV Vityaz, cruise 19, St. 3176, 0 6.10.1954, TS, 44°08.5′ N, 150°22.0′ E, 8175– 8840 m, 35 spms, IO RAS Cat. no Ech 00721–723; RV Vityaz, cruise 22, RV Vityaz, cruise 39, St. 5612, TS, 26.07.1966, 45°25′ N, 153°07′ E, 8185–8400 m, 254 spms, IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00724– Ech 00731; RV Vityaz, cruise 39, St. 5631, TG, 0 4.09.1966, 43°47′ N, 149°43′ E, 9070–9345 m, 4 spms, IO RAS Cat. no. Ech 00732; RV Vityaz, cruise 39, St. 5632, TG, 0 5.09.1966, 43°44′ N, 149°52′ E, 8240–8345 m, 1 sp., IO RAS Cat. no. Ech00733. Total: 438 specimens from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench; most of them represented by aboral cup with proximal arms and proxistele, upper diameter of RR-rings (RRD) from 1.4 to 3.7 mm. Remarks. Original detailed description of Bathycrinus volubilis was based on abundant material (Mironov 2000). Here I give some additional information on intra-species variability. Both BB-ring and RR-ring always strongly pentalobate (quinquelobate) in cross section (Fig. 1 A–B). Numerous small plates of different shape on sides of upper tegmen (Fig.1C). Proximal arm pattern and position of P1 were examined on 216 arms (Table 1); 49 different proximal patterns were found. Among them, 32 different cases were observed once only. Most frequent proximal patterns are 1+2 4+5 7+8 10+11 13 (41%) and 1+2 4+5 7+8 10+11 12 (20%). P1 on Brs 11–15; the most frequent positions on Br12 (31%) and Br11 (24%). Cover plates shape changes from proximal to distal arm. The cover plates on the proximal Brs are usually thick (not flattened) and with rough surface (Fig. 1D). On the Brs 4–12 they display two series of rough protuberances. The cover plates on distal Brs and pinnules are thin with a smooth surface (Fig. 1F). The number of short columnals forming the proxistele varies from 17 to 69, but in specimens from St. 2217 it varies from 5 to 24; This number does not exceed 31 in the other Bathycrinus species. Knobby processes on IBrs 1–2 are always absent. ......continued on the next page Distribution. Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 8175–9584 m. A specimen from the Izu-Bonin Trench (RV Vityaz, St. 3514) identified as Bathycrinus ? volubilis (Mironov 2000) is referred herein to Bathycrinus sp. cf. B. longipinnus n. sp., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N., 2019, See lilies of the genus Bathycrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea: Bathycrinidae) from the North-West Pacific hadal trenches, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4604 (3) on pages 402-405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2835991, {"references":["Belyaev, G. M. (1966) Benthic fauna of the ultraabyssal depths of the World Ocean. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, 248 pp. [in Russian, translated to English as: Belyaev G. M., 1972. Hadal bottom fauna of the World Ocean. Smithsonian Institution-NSF, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 199 pp.]"]}

Bathycrinus longipinnus n. sp. Figs 4 A–J, 5A–H, 6A–K Synonymy: Bathycrinus sp. A — Belyaev 1966: 119; Bathycrinus sp. E — Belyaev 1966: 119. Etymology: The species name is derived from the Latin longus (long) and pinna (feather), in reference to long pinnule. Holotype. IO RAS, No. XV-63-7, RV Vityaz, St. 3340, RR-ring with arms, RRD 4.16 mm. Type locality. RV Vityaz, cruise 20, St. 3340, TS, 0 1.06.1955, Aleutian Trench, 53°53.2′ N, 166°55.6′ E, 6410– 6757 m. Material examined. RV Vityaz, cruise 20, St. 3340, TS, 0 1.06.1955, Aleutian Trench, 53°53.2′ N, 166°55.6′ E, 6410–6757 m, holotype, 6 RR-rings with arms (paratypes), IO RAS Cat. no. Ech00751–Ech00755, RRD from 1.65 to 4.67 mm, fragments of arms and stalks; RV Vityaz, cruise 23, St. 3593, TG, 22.05 1957, Japan Trench, 40°54.9′ N, 144°53.0′ E, 6380 m, aboral cup with arms and RR-ring with proximal arms and stalk (paratypes), IO RAS Cat. no. Ech00756; RRD 1.87 and 2,48 mm. RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, cruise 22, St. 2294, TS, 25.07.1990, Aleutian Trench, 54°52.8′ N, 165°42.7’E – 54°52.2′ N, 165°36.4′ E, 6856–6865 m, RR-ring with arms, RRD 2.40 mm), IO RAS Cat. no. Ech00757; RV Sonne, KuramBio II expedition, St. 43, AGT, 30.08.2016, Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, 45°38.51′ N, 152°56.77′ E – 45°39.36′ N, 152°58.38′ E, 7241–7245 m, 4 RR-ring with arms, RRD 2.93–3.69 mm, SMF. Total: 13 RR-rings with arms, 1 aboral cup with arms and stalk, fragments of arms and stalks; RRD from 1.65 to 4.67 mm. Description of the holotype (Figs 4 A–E; 5A). RR-ring slightly funnel-shaped (Figs 4A, 5A); RRH/RRD 0.48. Surface of RR smooth. Tegmen rising to top of Br2–middle of Br3. Sides of tegmen without plates. Height of primibrachitaxis (IBr1+2ax) 4.35 mm. Ratio IBr1H/RRH 1.21, IBr1H/Br2H 1.26, IBr1H/Br1W 1.07, Br2H/Br2W 0.69. IBrs 1–2 with smooth surface and low longitudinal median convexity; their sides flattened into wide lateral flanges continuing on to secundibrachs up to Br5. Five calcite plaques (outgrowths) on interradial sutures between RR and IBr1; each plaque lies on upper corners of two adjacent radial plates and lower corners of two adjacent IBrs 1 (Fig. 4A). The plaque is not one-piece plate; it dissociates into numerous small pieces in 5% sodium hypochlorite. All arms incomplete. Best preserved arm about 48 mm in length and comprises 54 Brs, 11 Ps on side of arm. Arm fragments suggest that complete arm consisted of about 80 Brs. Profile of arm (view from side) smooth. Proximal IIBrs low, IIBr1H/Br1W about 0.83. Longitudinal median convexity low, rounded, with smooth surface. Five rounded calcite plaques along the proximal margin of IIBr1-ring. Each tubercle lies on lower corners of IIBrs 1 (Fig. 4A). All arms incomplete; secundibrachials 5 to 54. Proximal free arm pattern 1+2 4+5 7+8 9+10 11 (9 cases) and 1+2 4+? (1 cases). Successive brachial pairs in middle and distal arm. P1 on Br10 (6 cases), Br8 (3 cases) and lacking (1 case). P1 of 10 pinnulars, 5.37 mm in length; P2 of 11 pinnulars, 6.1 mm in length; PА2 of 12 pinnulars, 6.8 mm in length; more distal Ps are incomplete. Longest pinnule preserved on the arm fragment, likely belonging to holotype, is 10 th pinnule from top of arm (or about P8); it is 10.8 mm in length, comprises 15 pinnulars, and about 3–5 pinnulars were lost (Figs 4 C–-E). 6 th pinnule from top of arm (or about P12) is complete, 8.7 mm in length, 14 pinnulars. Pinnulars are V-shaped in cross section, their edges from slightly to strongly sinuous (Fig. 5G). Pinnulars 2 and 3 hemifused. Covering plates large and thin (Fig. 6D); ones from proximal Brs have local thickenings (Fig. 6C). Genital expansions without additional plates. Ambulacral tube-foot plates long and x-shaped (Fig. 6B). Other specimens. RRD from 1.65 to 4.67 mm. RR-ring slightly funnel-shaped, sometimes conical. In specimens with RRD> 2 mm RRH / RRD varies from 0.35 to 0.57, IBr1H/ RRH 1.00–1.53, IBr1H/ Br 2H 1.04–1.30, IBr1H/ Br 1W 0.801.11, Br 2H/ Br 2W 0.57–0.76. Two specimens with RRD 1 mm), and from 0.60 to 0.70 in small specimens (BBD 1 mm), and from 10 to 15 in small specimens (BBD Remarks. The knobby processes are totally absent in B. volubilis and B. kirilli, and rudimentary in B. longipinnus. Other species of the family Bathycrinidae have well developed knobby processes (Table 2). Presence of calcite plaques (outgrowths) on the suture between the RR-ring and IBrs as well as the plaques along the lower margin of IIBr1-ring in B. longipinnus are unique features within the family Bathycrinidae. Irregular relief on the fulclar ridge of the distalmost columnals is known in B. longipinnus, B. volubilis, B. kirilli and B. equatorialis (Roux & Messing 2017). Other species of Bathycrinus have regular relief. B. volubilis and B. kirilli differ from B. longipinnus in having most frequent proximal pattern 1+2 4+5 7+8 10+ 11 13, most frequent positions of P1 on Brs 11–12, thick (not flattened) cover plates on the Brs 4–12, right margins on pinnulars, distinctly multilobate areola in proximal columnal facets, and less elliptical facets on distal columnals. They also differ in lacking the circumoral ring of plates, knobby processes and the calcite plates on suture between RR and IBrs. B. equatorialis differs from B. longipinnus in having relatively higher aboral cup, barrel-shaped BB-ring, developed knobby processes with the spines at top of convergent stereom meshes, most frequent proximal arm pattern 1+2 3+4 5+6 7, fulcral ridge with parallel borders in distal mesistele, axis of fulcral ridge always corresponding to greatest facet diameter, small encrusting disk attached to hard substrate. Roux & Messing (2017) noted that there are no tube-foot plates observed in B. equatorialis. However x-shaped tube-foot plates are visible on the photo of distal end of pinnule (Roux & Messing 2017, fig. 3I). Distribution. Aleutian, Japan and Kuril-Kamchatka Trenches, 6380–7245 m., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N., 2019, See lilies of the genus Bathycrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea: Bathycrinidae) from the North-West Pacific hadal trenches, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4604 (3) on pages 409-414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2835991, {"references":["Belyaev, G. M. (1966) Benthic fauna of the ultraabyssal depths of the World Ocean. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, 248 pp. [in Russian, translated to English as: Belyaev G. M., 1972. Hadal bottom fauna of the World Ocean. Smithsonian Institution-NSF, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 199 pp.]","Roux, M. & Messing, C. G. (2017) Stalked crinoids collected off California with descriptions of three new genera and two new species of Hyocrinidae (Echinodermata). Pacific Science, 71 (3), 329 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 71.3.7"]}

Genus Pseudoconocrinus n. gen. Type species. Conocrinus doncieuxi Roux, 1978c. Diagnosis. Cup shape highly variable but never inverted conical, except in some juveniles; sutures between cup ossicles often conspicuous at least at base of basal circlet. Distal face of radial circlet with small central depression (ratio to radial ring diameter 0.20���0.30), long conspicuous interradial crests separating large subtrapezoidal synarthries about as wide as radials, muscular areas moderately concave with inner side slightly erect or not at all. Arms divided at IBr2ax, two kinds of axillaries found in association with cups, the larger wider than tall and the smaller substantially taller than wide, suggesting change through ontogeny or possible additional branching. Articulation IBr1+2 without trifascial pattern. Included species. Conocrinus doncieuxi Roux, 1978 (Ypresian), Democrinus maximus Br��nnich Nielsen, 1915 (Danian), Conocrinus tauricus Klikushin, 1982 (Thanetian). Remarks. The Thanetian species Conocrinus tauricus is known from a single aboral cup with distal face poorly preserved, columnals and primibrachials including one axillary that is as tall as it is wide; this may belong to Pseudoconocrinus n. gen. However, its syzygy of a radiate crenularium at IBr1+2 contrasts with the smooth synostosis observed in Eocene Conocrinus, Paraconocrinus n. gen. and Pseudoconocrinus n. gen., Published as part of Roux, Michel, El��aume, Marc & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2019, A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk, pp. 51-84 in Zootaxa 4560 (1) on page 79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2627372, {"references":["Roux, M. (1978 c) Importance de la variabilite de la forme du calice chez les Bathycrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides): l'exemple de l'espece eocene Conocrinus doncieuxi nov. sp. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 287, 797 - 800.","Nielsen, K. B. (1915) Rhizocrinus maximus n. sp. og nogle Bemaerkninger om Bourgueticrinus danicus Br. N. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 4, 391.","Klikushin, V. G. (1982) Cretaceous and Paleogene Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) of the USSR. Geobios, 15 (6), 811 - 843. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (82) 80034 - X"]}

Genus Carstenicrinus n. gen. Type species. Apiocrinus constrictus von Hagenow, in Quenstedt, 1876 Etymology. Genus dedicated to Carsten R. Kjaer (University of Aarhus), who provided Late Cretaceous and Danian crinoids from Denmark. Diagnosis. Theca with proximale usually substantially taller than basals; distal face of aboral cup of Pseudoconocrinus - type (see below) without interradial process or thorn, large subtrapezoidal arm insertion on cup as wide as radials, brachial axillary at IBr2, articulation IBr1+2 without visible trifascial pattern. Campanian- Paleocene. Included species. Apiocrinus constrictus von Hagenow, in Quenstedt, 1876 (= B. bruennichinielseni Ødum, in Jessen & Ødum, 1923 = Bourgueticrinus tenuis Rasmussen, 1961), Campanian-Maastrichtian; Bourgueticrinus baculatus Klikushin, 1982, lower Campanian; B. danicus Brünnich Nielsen, 1913, Danian. Remarks. According to Kjaer & Thomsen (1999), B. bruennichinielseni corresponds to a thecal architecture that is intermediate between B. constrictus and B. danicus. Distinction between species is difficult using only external morphology, because of the wide range of variation in the relative height of thecal ossicles, as in Bourgueticrinus.

Conocrinus cahuzaci n. sp. Fig. 5 I–K, Tables 5–6. Synonymy. Tormocrinus (g) Roux et al. 2006: 267, table 1. Etymology. Species dedicated to Bruno Cahuzac (University of Bordeaux), who collected a crinoid fauna (including the type series) that is more diversified than previously expected during his investigations of Eocene sediments in southwest France. Type locality and type stratum. Miretrain quarry; dark grey marls C6a of Roux et al. (2006), Bartonian (base NP17) at Angoumé near Dax, southwest France. Material. Four aboral cups, including the holotype (MNHN.F. A69935) and three paratypes (MNHN.F. A69936). Quantitative parameters are listed in Tables 5 and 6. Diagnosis. Species with an abrupt enlargement of cup diameter at the level of basal/radial transition, five conspicuous and stout hypermorphic interradial processes, coarse and well-developed interradial ribs, ratio of central depression to radial ring diameter 0.44; arm articulatiom of muscular synarthry oval to semi-circular in inner position, ratio of arm socket to distal radial width 0.29. Description of holotype and paratypes. Aboral cup of the holotype has an abrupt enlargement of diameter at the level of the presumed basal/radial transition, five conspicuous and stout hypermorphic interradial processes of equal size (Fig. 5I), coarse and well-developed interradial ribs and a hemispherical central depression (Fig. 5J); ratio of central depression to radial ring diameter 0.44; arm articulatiom of muscular synarthry, oval to semicircular in inner position regarding outer edge of the radial circlet (Fig. 5K), ratio of arm socket to distal radial width 0.29. Two paratypes (A and C) with five shorter interradial processes of equal size, and the third (B) with one interradial process substantially longer than others. Remarks. Cups of Conocrinus cahuzaci n. sp., one of the paratypes of C. duperrieri, C. thorenti and C. veronensis share a rounded to semi-circular arm socket in inner position. Conocrinus archiaci differs in having a trapezoidal socket adjacent to the outer edge of the radial circlet. Interradial processes are substantially less developed in C. duperrieri and C. thorenti.

Paraconocrinus pellati n. sp. Fig. 7 G���I, Table 7. Synonymy. Bourgueticrinus thorenti d���Archiac 1846: 200 ���201 (pars) Conocrinus thorenti Roux, 1978a: 266, fig. 1Bb; 1978b: 216, fig. 3. Etymology. Species dedicated to Edmond Pellat (1832���1907), who collected the holotype and five paratypes. Type locality and type stratum. Biarritz, upper part of Calcaires de Peyreblanque to lower part of Villa Marbella Member, dated as Bartonian (NP 17, rohri zone). The ���Rocher du Goulet��� of numerous previous authors is now named Gour��pe as a part of Calcaires de Peyreblanque (Mathelin and Sztr��kos 1993). Material. Six aboral cups belonging to Pellat���s Collection are housed in the palaeontological collections of the Universit�� Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universit�� (SU) in Paris. The best-preserved cup was selected as the holotype (catalogue number: SU.PAL.2018.0.74.1); the others are paratypes B to F(catalogue number: SU.PAL.2018.0.74.2-6). The most complete specimen from the Eocene of Biarritz, figured by Roux (1978a) and housed in the palaeontological collections of the British Museum (catalogue number E 6028) is here considered a paratype (paratype A). Unfortunately, its precise location and stratum are unknown. The main measurements of the seven specimens of the type series are listed in Table 7. Diagnosis. Aboral cup shape moderately elongated conical with maximum diameter in the upper part of the basal ring; thin sutures between cup ossicles on the external suface, sutures between basals more conspicuous at cup base; proxistele without constriction near cup base. Distal cup face with coarse interradial ribs, ratio of central depression to radial ring diameter ~0.6, muscular synarthries markedly elliptical, IBr1 short with external surface slightly concave and facets convexe. Descriptions of holotype and paratypes. Aboral cup shape of the holotype moderately elongated conical with maximum diameter in the upper part of the basal ring, slightly decreasing distally in the radial circlet (Fig. 7G); thin sutures between cup ossicles on the external suface, sutures between basals more conspicuous at depressed cup base; diameter of cup base relatively large (Db/Dc 0.53) suggesting absence of constriction in proximalmost stalk; ratio basal to cup height 0.8. Distal cup face with coarse interradial ribs, widely opened central depression (ratio of central depression to radial ring diameter 0.66), small axial plug, and muscular synarthries markedly elliptical (Fig. 7 H���I). Paratype A with proximal stalk, aboral cup and first brachial ring. Four cylindrical columnals preserved, the distalmost with a maximum diameter of 0.16 mm, a height of 1.5 mm and distal facet elliptical (rudimentary synarthry), other columnals with heights of c. 1 mm. Shape of aboral cup as in holotype, sutures inconspicuous or poorly visible on the basal circlet, ratio basal circlet to cup height 0.9, IBr1 of maximum height 0.2 mm with proximal and distal facets convex and external surface slightly concave. Paratype C with abnormal constriction in lower cup, 2.5 mm distal to the cup base. All other paratypes show some variation in cup shape and in distal central depression depth, but always have conspicuous sutures at the aboral cup base. Remarks. The specimen mentioned by d���Archiac (1846) and collected by Monsieur Thorent at the ���Rocher du Goulet��� (Biarritz) likely belonged to this species. Small specimens of P. pellati n. sp. (paratypes E and F) resemble P. handiaensis, but larger ones differ in having a more elongated aboral cup, frequently visible sutures between the basals and a distal cup face with widely opened central depression., Published as part of Roux, Michel, El��aume, Marc & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2019, A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk, pp. 51-84 in Zootaxa 4560 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2627372, {"references":["d'Archiac, A. (1846) Description des fossiles recueillis par M. Thorent dans les couches a Nummulites des environs de Bayonne. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France, 4 (2) 2, 189 - 217.","Roux, M. (1978 a) Les crinoides pedoncules (Echinodermes) du genre Conocrinus provenant de l'Eocene des environs de Biarritz. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 286, 265 - 268.","Mathelin, J. C. & Sztrakos, K. (1993) L'Eocene de Biarritz (Pyrenees atlantiques, SW France). Stratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Monographie des foraminiferes. Cahiers de Micropaleontologie, Nouvelle Serie, 8 (1), 5 - 85."]}

The genus Conocrinus d’Orbigny, 1850 (Crinoidea, Bourgueticrinina) was established on the basis of two aboral cups that had previously been described as Bourgueticrinus thorenti d’Archiac, 1846. One of these (now considered lost) came from the “Rocher du Goulet” at the base of the Biarritz section (Bartonian, Cote des Basques, southwest France). D’Archiac figured only the second cup; this belongs to the d’Orbigny Collection and is still housed in the palaeontological collection of the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris) as the lectotype of the species, C. thorenti . It appears that it was collected from Priabonian levels exposed near Castellane (Alpes de Haute Provence, southeast France). New observations on this cup, as well as a detailed study of the characters of aboral cups, columnals and proximal brachials in a few extant and fossil species classically attributed to Conocrinus or to closely related genera such as Democrinus , Rhizocrinus and Tormocrinus , have yielded arguments for a revision of the taxonomy and interrelationships of extant and fossil taxa in the family Bourgueticrinidae. Conocrinus (= Tormocrinus ), as here interpreted, includes six Eocene species: C. thorenti , C. archiaci , C. cahuzaci n. sp., C. duperrieri , C. cf. suessi and C. veronensis . Numerous extinct species previously attributed to Conocrinus or Democrinus are here transferred to two new genera which first occur in the lower Paleocene: Paraconocrinus n. gen. (type species: P. pyriformis ) and Pseudoconocrinus n. gen. (type species: P. doncieuxi ). Aboral cups from the “Rocher du Goulet” (Biarritz) are here assigned to Paraconocrinus pellati n. gen., n. sp., while the Danian species Democrinus maximus is transferred to Pseudoconocrinus n. gen. A new genus, Cherbonniericrinus , is created to accommodate a single extant species, Ch. cherbonnieri , previously attributed to Conocrinus , while the extant genus Rhizocrinus , closely related to Democrinus , is resurrected. Conocrinus and closely related genera are derived from a bourgueticrinine lineage the first record of which is from the lower Campanian, with the new genus Carstenicrinus . These are all attributed to the family Rhizocrinidae which is here considered distinct from the family Bourgueticrinidae. Rhizocrinids rapidly diversified immediately after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) event. Cretaceous taxa previously placed within the family Bourgueticrinidae now appear to be polyphyletic. Some of them do not belong to Bourgueticrinina, such as those of the Dunnicrinus lineage. Interrelationships of Rhizocrinidae and other post-Palaeozoic families having a xenomorphic stalk are discussed.

Discolocrinus iselini new species Figures 1���6 Etymology. This new species is named in honor of the late distinguished physical oceanographer Columbus O. Iselin (1904���1971), after whom the University of Miami���s research ship, the R/V Columbus Iselin was named. Diagnosis. Large species. Calyx conical with distinct sutures between BB. High tegmen with tube-like upper region. Most frequent proximal free arm pattern 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 6 7 + 8 9 10 (32 of 40 cases) with first pinnule on Brs 10���14. Pinnules in cross-section from V-shaped to crescentic, with overgrowth soft tissue containing numerous perforate plates and perforate and imperforate rods of different size and form. Rudimentary synarthrial characters remaining visible in pinnular articulations beyond pinnular 2. Proximal columnals circular, without thorns. Material examined. Holotype: R/V. Columbus Iselin, Cruise 80 -07, St. # 0 56, 18 September 1980, NE of Abaco Island, Bahamas, the Atlantic Ocean, 28 �� 18 ' N, 74 �� 12 ' W, 4383���4558 meters, collectors: K. Sulak, R.S. Carney and S. Robert; National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USNM E00048150. Paratypes: USNM 1229429, same locality data as holotype, four specimens and four fragments of arms. USNM Catalog number E00048151, R/V. Columbus Iselin, Cruise 80 -07, St. # 0 57, 19 September 1980, NE of Abaco Island, Bahamas, The Atlantic Ocean, 29 �� 20 ' N, 73 �� 19 'W, 4243���4253 meters, two specimens, Description of holotype (Figures 1 A, 2, 3, 4 B���C, C, 5 B���D): aboral cup with proximal arms and proxistele, total length 75.3 mm. Aboral cup conical, upper radial ring diameter 10.4 mm, diameter at base of basal ring 3.5 mm. Cup height 7.1 mm; ratio of BB and RR height 0.38 (Figure 1 A, 2). Tegmen high, rising interradially to top of Brs 7���9, and bearing small plates and spicules (Figure 3 C). Anal sac not found. IBr 1 and IBr 2 long, much longer than RR. Heigth of primibrachitaxis (IBr 1 + 2 ax) 17.8 mm; ratio of IBr 1 to RR height 1.79; ratio of IBr 1 to IBr 2 height 1.06; ratio of IBr 1 height to width 1.55; ratio of IBr 2 height to width 1.50. Expanded proximal ends of IBr 1 contiguous, whereas other areas of division series separated from each other. IBr 1 and IBr 2 with smooth surface and longitudinal median convexity; their sides flattened into lateral flanges continuing on to free arms; wide knobby processes on inner side. All arms incomplete; secundibrachials 7 to 25 in number. Profile of arms smooth (Figure 4 B). Lateral flanges in Brs 1���5. Proximal free arm pattern 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 6 7 + 8 9 10 + 11 (5 cases), 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 6 7 + 8 9 + 10 (1 case), 1 + 2 3 4 5 + 6 7 8 + 9 10 11 + 12 (1 case), 1 + 2 3 4 + regenerate Brs 5���12 (1 case), Brs less than 10 in number (2 cases). Successive brachial pairs in median and distal arms. Muscular synathries with classical feature and fulcral ridge never oblique (Figure 5 B). In some Brs, fulcral ridge disrupted in median aboral area (Figure 5 D). Transverse synarthry with symmorphy and relatively wide fulcral ridge at IIBr 1 + 2 like in paratype 6 (Fig. 5 A), symmorphy less developed and fulcral ridge much narrower in more distal IIBrs (Figure 5 C). All pinnules incomplete (Figure 4 B, C); best preserved pinnule (P 1 on Br 14) comprises 14 pinnulars. Maximum length estimation of complete pinnule 20 mm. P 1 on IIBr 12 (2 arms), Br 13 (1 arm), or Br 14 (3 arms). Pinnule length variable; pinnular 2 longer than pinnular 1 (ratio 1.05���1.37); pinnular 3 about 1.4���1.8 time longer than pinnular 1. Cross section of proximal pinnulars asymmetrical V-shaped, and cresent-shaped in distal pinnulars. Outer side larger than inner side in pinnular 1 and pinnular 2; both sides approximately equal in pinnular 3; inner side much larger than outer in pinnular 4 and beyond. Pinnular 3 also asymmetrical (with larger inner side) in distal pinnules. Muscular synarthry between pinnular 1 and pinnular 2; rudimentary synarthrial characters remaining visible in other pinnulars. Proximal pinnules usually with pores (?genital pores): one pore in central area of pinnulars 3���7. Overgrowth of soft tissue of Ps containing numerous perforated plate-like ossicles and irregular perforated or imperforate rod-like ossicles of differing size and form (Figure 3 A). Ossicles not regularly arranged. Cover and side plates absent, although some plates embedded in soft tissue resemble cover plates. Ambulacral feet contain x-shaped perforated plates (Figure 3 B). Ambulacral grooves of Ps are bordered by two high longitudinal folds (plicae) of soft tissue. Ambulacral feet coalescent with soft-tissue walls in their basal part. Ambulacral grooves in proximal arms bordered by series of distinctive soft-tissue structures resembling ambulacral lappets. Remaining proximal stalk attached to aboral cup of 11 complete and 2 incomplete columnals (Figure 2). Stalk diameter decreasing from proximalmost (3.5 mm) to 11 th columnal (3.1 mm); columnal height respectively increasing from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm. Other material (Figures 1 B���D, 4 A, D���E, 5 A, E, F, 6 A, D, E, F). Each paratype composed of aboral cup, bases of arms and short part of proxistele, except for paratype 4 consisting of RR and bases of arms. Main quantitative characters of the paratypes given in Table 1. Morphological variation is low and seems to be independent of growth stage. One primibrachitaxis and two free arms removed from paratype 6 to examine the top of the tegmen and inner face of knobby processes in IBrs 1���2 (Figure 1 B���C). Tegmen tapering (conical) from IIBr 1 to IIBr 3, then cylindrical (tube-shaped) up to IIBr 5 (Figure 1 B). All paratypes with well developed inner knobby processes on IBrs 1���2, looking similar to knobby soles of shoes (Figures 1 B���D, 6). Knobby processes extended along 2 / 3 of IBr 1 and throughout IBr 2 length. Most frequent proximal free arm pattern 1 + 2 3 4 + 5 6 7 + 8 9 10 (27 of 33 cases). Most frequent position of first pinnules on Br 11 (8 of 16 cases) (Table 1). Best preserved pinnule comprises 17 pinnulars; distal region lacking. Pinnulars 3���7 of proximal pinnules have usually a deep pit or pore (?genital pore) in central area (Figure 4 A, 5 E). Characters Holotype Paratypes *Other variants of proximal free 1 + 2 5 + 6 1 + 2 5 + 6 - - - 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 4 + 5 arm pattern 8 + 9 (1), 8 + 9 11 (1), 4 + 5 7 (1), 7 + 8 9 + 10 1 + 2 4 + 5 11 (2) 1 + 2 4 + 5 1 + 2 4 + 5 7 + 8 9 + 10 6 + 7 8 + 9 (2), 9 + 10 (1), (1) 1 + 2 4 + 5 + 6 1 + 2 4 + 5 7 + 8 (1) 7 + 8 9 + 10 (1) *IIBr bearing first pinnule 12 (2), 13 11 (1), 13 11 (5) 12 - - 11 (2) 12 10 (1) 13 (1), 14 (3) (1), 14 (1) (1) (1) (1) 14 (2) Proximal stalk preserved in paratype 1 with 16 columnals. Stalk diameter decreasing from columnal 1 (2.7 mm) to 16 (2.0 mm); columnal height respectively increasing from 0.36 mm to 0.88 mm. Columnals 1���12 with flat circular synostoses. Articulation facets of columnals 13���16 with small depressions, and two opposing areas show in-plane distortion and more compact stereom (Figure 5 F). These features typical of proxistele of Bathycrinidae, where semicircular fossae often begin as a group of small depressions, and rudimentary fulcral ridge shows opposing areas with more compact stereom and very low irregular relief (Mironov, 2000, Fig. 3). Pentagonal lumen occupies 22 % of facet diameter. Best preserved proxistele (paratype 2) 9.3 mm long, with 19 columnals; Ratio height/diameter of 19 th columnal 0.49. Mesistele and dististele are lacking. Remarks. Discolocrinus iselini n. sp. mainly differs from D. thieli in being of much larger size, with a different pattern of proximal arm articulations, pinnules not flattened, and smooth proximal columnals. The morphology of these two species is compared in Table 2. According to Mironov (2008), only IBrs 2 possess inner knobby processes in D. thieli. However, the single known specimen of this species was not dissociated, and the supposed absence of knobby processes on the IBrs 1 requires confirmation. Discolocrinus differs from other bathycrinids in having more elongated primibrachials (much longer than aboral cup height), and in lacking covering plates in ambulacral grooves. The conspicuous differences in D. thieli from other bathycrinids include circular (not oval) articulations in dististele, and anchoring by the expanded terminal columnal with two very short radicles. These differences may seem to be of taxonomic importance at the family level, but knowledge of the morphology and variability of both species of Discolocrinus is incomplete and, until a richer material becomes available, they should remain in the family Bathycrinidae. Distribution. The species is known off the Bahamas, western tropical Atlantic Ocean, from depths of 4,243 to 4,558 meters (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N. & Pawson, David L., 2014, A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 3873 (3) on pages 261-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/227355, {"references":["Mironov, A. N. (2000) New taxa of the stalked crinoids of the suborder Bourgueticrinina. Zoologichesky zhurnal, 79 (6), 712 - 728.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133 - 153."]}

Mironov, Alexandr N., Pawson, David L. (2014): A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks. Zootaxa 3873 (3): 259-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.3.5

Key to genera of the family Bathycrinidae 1 a. Primibrachials elongate, ratio height/width of IBr 2 varies from 1.50 to 1.69. Covering plates absent. Each primibrachial has two well-developed knobby processes (unknown for D. thieli)....................................... Discolocrinus 1 b. Primibrachials not elongate, ratio height/width of IBr 2 Monachocrinus 2 b. Side plates and sacculi absent. Tube feet with X-shaped plates. Knobby processes present on IBr 2.................... 3 3 a. Every second articulation between pinnulars beyond the first pair flexible. Non-elongate (in Cingocrinus radiculatus) or slightly elongate (in Cingocrinus sp.) columnals in mesistele; maximum ratio height/diameter of columnal Cingocrinus 3 b. Articulations between pinnulars beyond the first pair rigid. Elongate columnals in mesistele; maximum ratio height/diameter of columnal> 2.0. Abutting surface of the knobby processes with marked needlelike knobbles............... Bathycrinus, Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N. & Pawson, David L., 2014, A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 3873 (3) on pages 272-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/227355

Genus Discolocrinus Mironov, 2008 Discolocrinus thieli Mironov, 2008: 146; Hess, 2011: T 154. Type species of the genus: Discolocrinus thieli Mironov, 2008. Emended diagnosis. Calyx conical or slightly funnel-shaped. IBr 1 and IBr 2 elongated, much longer than calyx, with inner knobby processes. Expanded proximal region of IBr 1 in contact with that of adjacent IBr 1, whereas distal regions are separated. Tegmen high. Most frequent proximal arm pattern 1 +2,3+4,5+6,7 (D. theeli) or 1 +2,3,4+5,6,7+ 8,9, 10 (Discolocrinus iselini n. sp.); successive brachial pairs in median and distal arms. P 1 on Brs 10���14. Sutures between secundibrachs not oblique in dorsal view. Pinnules (as well as pinnularies) V-shaped in cross-section. Covering and side plates absent. Ambulacral tube feet with x-shaped plates. Proxistele composed of numerous low cylindrical columnals. Remarks. In D. thieli synarthries of distal columnals have irregular relief on fulcral ridge; distal stalk attachment by expanded terminal columnal with few short radicles. The mesistele and dististele not known in Discolocrinus iselini n. sp. Included species. Discolocrinus thieli Mironov, 2008 and Discolocrinus iselini n. sp., Published as part of Mironov, Alexandr N. & Pawson, David L., 2014, A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 3873 (3) on page 260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/227355, {"references":["Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133 - 153.","Hess, H. (2011) Suborder Bourgueticrinina. In: Hess, H., Messing, C. G. & Ausich, W. I. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 Revised, 1633 Crinoidea. Vol. 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 146 - 158."]}

Genus Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 Type species of the genus: Bathycrinus gracilis Thomson, 1872. Synonymy: Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872: 772; Ilycrinus Danielssen & Koren, 1877: 45; A.H. Clark, 1908 a: 236; 1915: 153���154; 1917: 389���390; Bathycrinus Gisl��n, 1938: 14 ���15; Roux, 1977: 27���28; Rasmussen, 1978: T 844; Roux et al., 2002: 815, 818, 822; Mironov, 2008: 135���136; Hess, 2011 a: T 153. Remarks. It is difficult to distinguish Atlantic species using only external morphological characters as proposed by A.H. Clark (1908 a) in his key to species in the genus Bathycrinus. B. aldrichianus Thomson, 1876 and B. gracilis Thomson, 1872 have similarly very serrated crowns profiles, and B. gracilis displays sharper median crests on the division series. However, A.M. Clark (1977: 160) suggested that ���possibly further material may indicate that only one species can be recognized���. Both B. carpenteri Danielssen & Koren, 1877 from the Norwegian Sea and the Arctic Ocean and B. australis A.H. Clark, 1907 b from the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean differ in having smooth rounded brachials. Characters other than external morphology are required to clearly distinguish among these different Bathycrinus species. As pointed out by Roux (1977), highly derived characters present in articulations of xenomorphic stalks allow a better distinction between taxa and can be used for taxonomic attribution of isolated stalks. The Bathycrinus stalk exhibits two divergent ontogenetic profiles of columnals: the first one develops rigidity in the mesistele, the second provides flexibility in the dististele (Duco & Roux 1981, Fig. 2). Below, we provide additional information on stalk synarthries and their ontogeny which can be used as discriminating characters in taxonomy. For details on characters of external morphology used to distinguish B. aldrichianus and B. australis, see Gisl��n (1956) and A.M. Clark (1977). Moreover, new distinctive characters in bathycrinids such as pinnule architecture have been proposed by Mironov (2000, 2008)., Published as part of El��aume, Marc, Bohn, Jens-Michael, Roux, Michel & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2012, Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 3425 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209419, {"references":["Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the crinoids of the \" Porcupine \" deep-sea dredging expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 7, 764 - 773.","Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1877) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition: Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 23, 3, 45 - 83.","Clark, A. H. (1908 a) Notice of some Crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 51, 8, 233 - 248.","Gislen, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift N. F., 34, 10, 1 - 30.","Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la \" Thalassa \" dans le golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparee des pedoncules et systematique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, serie 3, 426, 325 - 384.","Rasmussen, H. W. (1978) Crinoidea, Articulata, In: R. C. Moore & Teichert C., Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, 1, Geological Society of America (Ed.), Boulder, Colorado, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, T 813 - 928.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153.","Hess, H. (2011 a) Bourgueticrinina. In: Seldon P. (ed), Ausich W. I. (coordinating author) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T (Echinodermata 2, Revised), University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 3: T 146 - 158.","Thomson, C. W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 13, 47 - 55.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159 - 186.","Clark, A. H. (1907 b) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554.","Duco, A. & Roux, M. (1981) Modalites particulieres de croissance liees au milieu abyssal chez les Bathycrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules), Oceanologica Acta, 4, 389 - 394.","Gislen, T. (1956) Crinoids from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report, 2, 61 - 62.","Mironov, A. N. (2000) New taxa of stalked crinoids from the suborder Bourgueticrinina (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 79, 6, 712 - 728 (in Russian)."]}

Eléaume, Marc, Bohn, Jens-Michael, Roux, Michel, Améziane, Nadia (2012): Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica. Zootaxa 3425: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209419

Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876 Figure 1; Table 1. Synonymy: Bathycrinus aldrichianus Thomson, 1876: 47 ���51, fig. 1; Bathycrinus campbellianus P. H. Carpenter, 1884: 238 ���240, fig. 15; Bathycrinus serratus A.H. Clark, 1908 b: 205 ���207, fig. 1; Bathycrinus aldrichianus Gisl��n, 1938: 15 ���16; 1951: 51���52, pl. (figs 1 ���2, 5); Macurda & Meyer, 1976: 647���667, figs. 1���5; pl. 1���5; A.M. Clark, 1977: 159���162, fig. 1g; Mironov, 2008: 143; Hess, 2011 a: T 153, fig. 75 (1m ���n). Material examined. Specimens from Pillsbury expedition, 1965, station P- 292 (Table 1), housed in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., catalogue number USNM E 17896. Complementary description of stalk articulations. In B. aldrichianus, the transition from relatively rigid mesistele to flexible dististele is rapid and restricted to the distalmost stalk. The ratio of columnal height to maximum diameter is> 2.8 (up to 3.6) in the mesistele and B. gracilis (Roux 1987: fig. 15 E) confirming that the two species are very closely related. As usual in bathycrinids, dististele synarthries are strongly oval with the longest diameter corresponding to a narrow fulcral ridge and wide ligamentary depressions (Fig. 1 F). The axial canal separates the fulcral ridge into two segments with sharp inner ends, and with dense calcite and regular rows of small crenulae (up to 15���18 on each segment) along their axes. Occurrence. B. aldrichianus is known from NW, central and SW Atlantic at depths ranging from 3317 to 5850 m, possibly from 3305 to 5860 m (Table 1)., Published as part of El��aume, Marc, Bohn, Jens-Michael, Roux, Michel & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2012, Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 3425 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209419, {"references":["Thomson, C. W. (1876) Notice on new living crinoids belonging to the Apiocrinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 13, 47 - 55.","Carpenter, P. H. (1884) Report upon the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1874 - 1876. Part I - General morphology, with description of the stalked crinoids, 11, 1 - 442.","Clark, A. H. (1908 b) New stalked crinoids from the eastern coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 34, 205 - 208.","Gislen, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift N. F., 34, 10, 1 - 30.","Macurda, D. B. & Meyer, D. L. (1976) The morphology and life habits of the abyssal crinoids Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyville Thomson and its paleontological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 4, 647 - 667.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159 - 186.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153.","Hess, H. (2011 a) Bourgueticrinina. In: Seldon P. (ed), Ausich W. I. (coordinating author) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T (Echinodermata 2, Revised), University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 3: T 146 - 158.","Roux, M. (1987) Evolutionary ecology and biogeography of recent stalked crinoids as a model for the fossil record. In: Jangoux M. & Lawrence J. M. (Ed.) Echinoderm Studies. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 2, 1 - 53."]}

Bathycrinus australis A.H. Clark, 1907 b Figure 2; Tables 2���3. Synonymy: Bathycrinus aldrichianus Carpenter, 1884: 241 ���243, pl. 7, pl. 7 a (figs. 1���21), pl. 7 b, pl. 8 a (figs 4���5); Bathycrinus australis A.H. Clark, 1907 b: 553 ���554; D��derlein, 1912: 9���10, pl. 5 (fig. 1), pl. 6 (fig. 7); Ilycrinus australis A.H. Clark, 1915: 154 ���155; Vaney & John, 1939: 661; Bathycrinus australis Gisl��n, 1938: 16; 1956: 61���62, pl. 1 (figs. 1���6); Mc Knight, 1973: 204���205; A.M. Clark, 1977: 162���164; Bathycrinus cf. aldrichianus Bohn, 2006: 7 ���9, fig. 2 A; Bathycrinus australis Mironov, 2008: 141,143. Material examined. External morphological features of specimens examined (Table 2) fall within the range of variation described by A.M. Clark (1977), especially with a flared radial ring and smooth flanged arms (Fig. 2 A���B). Bohn (2006) reported only stalk fragments and a single incomplete juvenile crown from DIVA stations and attributed them to B. cf. aldrichianus mainly on biogeographical evidence. These specimens are attributed here to B. australis based the analysis of their stalk articulations. Description of stalk articulations. The distal end of the stalk varies from several fused columnals bearing radicules that penetrate soft sediment (Fig. 2 C) to robust ramification that encrust rocks or pebbles (Fig. 2 E). Usually, the transition is gradual (Fig. 2 D) between the mesistele which has columnals significantly higher than wide (ratio height to maximum diameter> 3 in mid mesistele), and the dististele in which columnals are nearly as high as wide (Fig. 2 C, E). In the largest specimens, distal synarthries have a large extension of deep ligament fossae; each segment of the fulcral ridge is bottle-shaped and has two rows of 35���40 small crenulae underlining its axis (Fig. 2 F���G). In the dististele of young specimens, synarthries resemble those of B. aldrichianus (Fig. 2 H). Mesistele synarthries are well developed in juveniles and have larger and deeper ligamentary depressions (Fig. 2 K���L), and medium-sized specimens have strongly rounded oval facets with the longest diameter perpendicular to the fulcral ridge. As growth increases, the fulcral ridge becomes relatively narrower around axial canal with convex lateral sides (Fig. 2 I���J). Stalk articulations in B. australis and B. aldrichianus differ significantly, especially in their mesistele synarthries. Occurrence. B. australis occurs in the South Atlantic with northern records from the deep Argentina plateau and Angola basin. It is also known from the Southern Ocean and the southern Indian Ocean from east of the Antarctic Peninsula to the Kermadec Trench and New Zealand (Tables 2���3). The depth range is large and extends from 1525 m to 8210 m, possibly from 1488 to 8300 m. cruises. *: after Bohn (2006). Scotia 62 �� 10 ���S ��� 41 �� 20 ���W 3246 Vaney & John, 1939 1 specimen, Published as part of El��aume, Marc, Bohn, Jens-Michael, Roux, Michel & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2012, Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 3425 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209419, {"references":["Clark, A. H. (1907 b) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554.","Carpenter, P. H. (1884) Report upon the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1874 - 1876. Part I - General morphology, with description of the stalked crinoids, 11, 1 - 442.","Doderlein, L. (1912) Die gestielten Crinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wiss. Ergebnisse deutsche Tiefsee-Exped. \" Valdivia \" 1898 - 1899. Jena, G. Fischer, 17, 1, 34.","Clark, A. H. (1915) Die crinoden der Antarktis. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 16, Zoologie, 8, 101 - 209.","Vaney, C. & John, D. D. (1939) Scientific results of the voyage of S. Y. Scotia, 1902 - 04: The Crinoidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburg, 59, 661 - 672.","Gislen, T. (1938) A revision of the recent Bathycrinidae, with a study of their phylogeny and geographical distribution. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift N. F., 34, 10, 1 - 30.","Mc Knight, D. G. (1973) Stalked crinoids from the New Zealand region. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Records, 1, 14, 199 - 210.","Clark, A. M. (1977) Notes on deep-water Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 31, 4, 159 - 186.","Bohn, J. M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin - Results of the DIVA- 1 expedition of FS \" Meteor \" (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa, 1276, 1 - 31.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153."]}

Family Bathycrinidae Bather, 1899 Remark. The family Bathycrinidae is here accepted sensu stricto following Mironov (2008)., Published as part of El��aume, Marc, Bohn, Jens-Michael, Roux, Michel & Am��ziane, Nadia, 2012, Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 3425 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209419, {"references":["Bather, F. A. (1899) A phylogenic classification of the Pelmatozoa. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report 1898, 916 - 923.","Mironov, A. N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5, 2: 133 - 153."]}

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Bathycrinidae gen. sp. Material. M 48 / 1­327: 1 stalk fragment (ZSM 20043082). 48 / 1­334: 3 stalk fragments (ZSM 20043081). M 48 / 1­337: 8 stalk fragments (ZSM 20043085), 1 stalk fragment (ZSM 20020069). M 48 / 1­339: 7 stalk fragments (ZSM 20043083). M 48 / 1­344: 1 stalk fragment (ZSM 20043084). Remarks. The available stalk fragments only allowed identification to family level.

Bohn, Jens Michael (2006): Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin—Results of the DIVA­ 1 expedition of FS " Meteor " (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa 1276: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173337

A new species in the family Bathycrinidae is described from abyssal depths from the Bahamas. It is referred to the recently established genus Discolocrinus, which formerly comprised a single species D. thieli Mironov, 2008 from the Eastern Pacific. Discolocrinus iselini n. sp. is characterized by large body size, high tegmen with tube-like upper region, extremely elongated IBr1 and IBr2, large knobby processes on primibrachials, and overgrowth of soft tissue on the pinnules, the tissue containing numerous perforated or imperforate ossicles of varying size and form. Differences between Discolocrinus and other bathycrinids may seem to be of taxonomic importance at the family level, but knowledge of the morphology and variability of both species of Discolocrinus is incomplete and, until a richer material becomes available, the genus should remain in family Bathycrinidae. Representatives of five families with xenomorphic stalks were examined to characterize the genera on the basis of number or form of knobby processes. These processes occur in two families with differing external morphology: ten-armed Bathycrinidae and five-armed Bourgueticrinidae. They also occur in the comatulid family Atelecrinidae. This similarity might seem to indicate a close relationship between the three families. However, morphological analysis supports the separation of the families Caledonicrinidae and Septocrinidae from Bathycrinidae despite the fact that they share a xenomorphic stalk and IBr2ax. These conclusions are in agreement with results of recent molecular studies.