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1. Source Attribution and Interannual Variability of Arctic Pollution in Spring Constrained by Aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and Satellite (AIRS) Observations of Carbon Monoxide

Author

Fisher, J. A, Jacob, D. J, Purdy, M. T, Kopacz, M, LeSager, P, Carouge, C, Holmes, C. D, Yantosca, R. M, Batchelor, R. L, Strong, K, Diskin, G. S, Fuelberg, H. E, Holloway, J. S, McMillan, W. W, Warner, J, Streets, D. G, Zhang, Q, Wang, Y, and Wu, S

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003-2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month-1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.1 for European anthropogenic, 4.2 for North American anthropogenic, 9.3 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 21 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Synoptic pollution influences in the Arctic free troposphere include contributions of comparable magnitude from Russian biomass burning and from North American, European, and Asian anthropogenic sources. European pollution dominates synoptic variability near the surface. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS is capable of observing pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003-2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Nino Index, suggesting a link between El Nino and northward pollution transport. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007-2008 La Nina. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Nino conditions.

Published
2009

2. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances

Author

Kohlhepp R., Ruhnke R., Chipperfield M.P., de Maziere M., Notholt J., Barthlott S, Batchelor R. L., Blatherwick R. D., Blumenstock T., Coffey M., Demoulin P., Fast H., Feng W., Goldman A., Griffith D.W.T., Hamann K., Hannigan J., Hase F., Jones N.B., Kagawa A., Kaiser I., Kasai Y., Kirner O., Kouker W., and Lindenmaier R.

Published
2012

3. Validation of ACE and OSIRIS ozone and NO2 measurements using ground-based instruments at 80° N

Author

Adams, C., Strong, K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Brohede, S., Boone, C., Degenstein, D., Daffer, W. H., Drummond, J. R., Fogal, P. F., Farahani, E., Fayt, C., Fraser, A., Goutail, Florence, Hendrick, F., Kolonjari, F., Lindenmaier, R., Manney, G., Mcelroy, C. T., Mclinden, C. A., Mendonca, J., Park, J.-H., Pavlovic, B., Pazmino, Andrea, Roth, C., Savastiouk, V., Walker, K. A., Weaver, D., Zhao, X., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, NCAR Earth Systems Laboratory (NESL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Norfolk], Old Dominion University [Norfolk] (ODU), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Air Quality Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, York University [Toronto], Full Spectrum Science Inc. [Toronto], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Belgian PRODEX SECPEA and A3C projects, European Commission, European Project: GEOMON, European Project: 284421,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,NORS(2011), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, lcsh:TA170-171, lcsh:Environmental engineering
Abstract

The Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red Imager System (OSIRIS) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) have been taking measurements from space since 2001 and 2003, respectively. This paper presents intercomparisons between ozone and NO2 measured by the ACE and OSIRIS satellite instruments and by ground-based instruments at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), which is located at Eureka, Canada (80° N, 86° W) and is operated by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC). The ground-based instruments included in this study are four zenith-sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments, one Bruker Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and four Brewer spectrophotometers. Ozone total columns measured by the DOAS instruments were retrieved using new Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) guidelines and agree to within 3.2%. The DOAS ozone columns agree with the Brewer spectrophotometers with mean relative differences that are smaller than 1.5%. This suggests that for these instruments the new NDACC data guidelines were successful in producing a homogenous and accurate ozone dataset at 80° N. Satellite 14-52 km ozone and 17-40 km NO2 partial columns within 500 km of PEARL were calculated for ACE-FTS Version 2.2 (v2.2) plus updates, ACE-FTS v3.0, ACE-MAESTRO (Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation) v1.2 and OSIRIS SaskMART v5.0x ozone and Optimal Estimation v3.0 NO2 data products. The new ACE-FTS v3.0 and the validated ACE-FTS v2.2 partial columns are nearly identical, with mean relative differences of 0.0 ± 0.2% for ozone and -0.2 ± 0.1% for v2.2 minus v3.3 NO2. Ozone columns were constructed from 14-52 km satellite and 0-14 km ozonesonde partial columns and compared with the ground-based total column measurements. The satellite-plus-sonde measurements agree with the ground-based ozone total columns with mean relative differences of 0.1-7.3%. For NO2, partial columns from 17 km upward were scaled to noon using a photochemical model. Mean relative differences between OSIRIS, ACE-FTS and ground-based NO2 measurements do not exceed 20%. ACE-MAESTRO measures more NO2 than the other instruments, with mean relative differences of 25-52%. Seasonal variation in the differences between partial columns is observed, suggesting that there are systematic errors in the measurements, the photochemical model corrections, and/or in the coincidence criteria. For ozone spring-time measurements, additional coincidence criteria based on stratospheric temperature and the location of the polar vortex were found to improve agreement between some of the instruments. For ACE-FTS v2.2 minus Bruker FTIR, the 2007-2009 spring-time mean relative difference improved from -5.0 ± 0.4% to -3.1 ± 0.8% with the dynamical selection criteria. This was the largest improvement, likely because both instruments measure direct sunlight and therefore have well-characterized lines-of-sight compared with scattered sunlight measurements. For NO2, the addition of a ±1° latitude coincidence criterion improved spring-time intercomparison results, likely due to the sharp latitudinal gradient of NO2 during polar sunrise. The differences between satellite and ground-based measurements do not show any obvious trends over the missions, indicating that both the ACE and OSIRIS instruments continue to perform well.

Published
2012
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4. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author

Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, Gwenaël, Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., Burrows, J. P., Catoire, Valéry, Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., Funke, B., Fussen, D., Goutail, Florence, Griffith, D. W. T., Haley, C. S., Hendrick, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, Nathalie, Jones, N., Kar, J., Kramer, I., Llewellyn, E. J., López-Puertas, M., Manney, G., Mcelroy, C. T., Mclinden, C. A., Melo, S., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Nichitiu, F., Notholt, J., Nowlan, C., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Randall, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Richter, A., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Silicani, M., Stiller, G. P., Taylor, James, Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Vanhellemont, F., Warneke, T., Zawodny, J. M., Zou, J., Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica [Bologna], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Service d'aéronomie ( SA ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Wollongong, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), Canadian Space Agency ( CSA ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] ( ATOC ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Università di Bologna [Bologna] ( UNIBO ), Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), and Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGE III, POAM III, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACE-FTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.

Published
2008

5. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances

Author

Kohlhepp, R, Ruhnke, R, Chipperfield, M P, De Maziere, M, Notholt, J, Barthlott, S, Batchelor, R L, Blatherwick, R D, Blumenstock, Th, Coffey, M T, Demoulin, P, Fast, H, Feng, W, Goldman, A, Griffith, D W. T, Hamann, K, Hannigan, J W, Hase, F, Jones, N B, Kagawa, A, Kaiser, I, Kasai, Y, Kirner, O, Kouker, W, Lindenmaier, R, Mahieu, E, MITTERMEIER, R L, Monge-Sanz, B, Morino, I, Murata, I, Nakajima, H, Palm, M, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Raffalski, U, Reddmann, Th, Rettinger, M, Rinsland, C P, Rozanov, E, Schneider, M, Senten, C, Servais, C, Sinnhuber, B M, Smale, D, Strong, K, Sussmann, R, Taylor, J R, Vanhaelewyn, G, Warneke, T, Whaley, C, Wiehle, M, Wood, S W, Kohlhepp, R, Ruhnke, R, Chipperfield, M P, De Maziere, M, Notholt, J, Barthlott, S, Batchelor, R L, Blatherwick, R D, Blumenstock, Th, Coffey, M T, Demoulin, P, Fast, H, Feng, W, Goldman, A, Griffith, D W. T, Hamann, K, Hannigan, J W, Hase, F, Jones, N B, Kagawa, A, Kaiser, I, Kasai, Y, Kirner, O, Kouker, W, Lindenmaier, R, Mahieu, E, MITTERMEIER, R L, Monge-Sanz, B, Morino, I, Murata, I, Nakajima, H, Palm, M, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Raffalski, U, Reddmann, Th, Rettinger, M, Rinsland, C P, Rozanov, E, Schneider, M, Senten, C, Servais, C, Sinnhuber, B M, Smale, D, Strong, K, Sussmann, R, Taylor, J R, Vanhaelewyn, G, Warneke, T, Whaley, C, Wiehle, M, and Wood, S W

Abstract

Time series of total column abundances of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) were determined from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra recorded at 17 sites belonging to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and located between 80.05° N and 77.82° S. By providing such a near-global overview on ground-based measurements of the two major stratospheric chlorine reservoir species, HCl and ClONO2, the present study is able to confirm the decrease of the atmospheric inorganic chlorine abundance during the last few years. This decrease is expected following the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, where restrictions and a subsequent phase-out of the prominent anthropogenic chlorine source gases (solvents, chlorofluorocarbons) were agreed upon to enable a stabilisation and recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. The atmospheric fluorine content is expected to be influenced by the Montreal Protocol, too, because most of the banned anthropogenic gases also represent important fluorine sources. But many of the substitutes to the banned gases also contain fluorine so that the HF total column abundance is expected to have continued to increase during the last few years. The measurements are compared with calculations from five different models: the two-dimensional Bremen model, the two chemistry-transport models KASIMA and SLIMCAT, and the two chemistry-climate models EMAC and SOCOL. Thereby, the ability of the models to reproduce the absolute total column amounts, the seasonal cycles, and the temporal evolution found in the FTIR measurements is investigated and inter-compared. This is especially interesting because the models have different architectures. The overall agreement between the measurements and models for the total column abundances and the seasonal cycles is good. Linear trends of HCl, ClONO2, and HF are calculated from both measurement and model t

Published
2012

6. Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide

Author

Fisher, J A, Jacob, D J, Purdy, M T, Kopacz, M, Le Sager, P, Carouge, C C, Holmes, C D, Yantosca, R M, Batchelor, R L, Strong, K, Diskin, G S, Fuelberg, H E, Holloway, J S, Hyer, E J, McMillan, W. W, Warner, J, Streets, D G, Zhang, Q, Yang, Y, Wu, S, Fisher, J A, Jacob, D J, Purdy, M T, Kopacz, M, Le Sager, P, Carouge, C C, Holmes, C D, Yantosca, R M, Batchelor, R L, Strong, K, Diskin, G S, Fuelberg, H E, Holloway, J S, Hyer, E J, McMillan, W. W, Warner, J, Streets, D G, Zhang, Q, Yang, Y, and Wu, S

Abstract

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003– 2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month−1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for European anthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Russian biomass burning makes little contribution to mean CO (reflecting the long CO lifetime) but makes a large contribution to CO variability in the form of combustion plumes. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS can successfully observe pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003–2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Niño Index, suggesting a link between El Niño and Asian pollution transport to the Arctic. AIRS shows lowerthan-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007–2008 La Niña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Niño conditions.

Published
2010

7. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author

Jones, Nicholas B, Griffith, David W, Wolff, M, Llewellyn, L, Blumenstock, T, McElroy, Christopher, Hopfner, M, Kerzenmacher, T, Kramer, I, Strong, K, Haley, Cassandra, Taylor, J R, Warneke, Thorsten, Murtagh, D, Dupuy, E, Catoire, V, Huret, N, Brogniez, C, Manney, G L, Piccolo, C, Randall, C, Tetard, C, Lopez-Puertas, M, Drummond, James, Boone, C, Funke, B, Schneider, M, Mikuteit, S, Stiller, G P, Walker, K A, Bernath, P, Schrems, O, Raspollini, P, McLinden, C, Brohede, S, Toohey, M, Ridolfi, M, Dodion, J, Vanhellemont, F, Batchelor, R L, Burrows, J P, kar, J, Amekudzi, L K, Melo, S, Goutail, F, Bramstedt, C, Dufour, D G, Silicani, M, Zawodny, J M, Richter, A, Berthet, G, Nichitiu, F, Pommereau, J-P, Nowlan, C, Fussen, D, Zou, J, Pakula, Irwin S, Notholt, Justus, Jones, Nicholas B, Griffith, David W, Wolff, M, Llewellyn, L, Blumenstock, T, McElroy, Christopher, Hopfner, M, Kerzenmacher, T, Kramer, I, Strong, K, Haley, Cassandra, Taylor, J R, Warneke, Thorsten, Murtagh, D, Dupuy, E, Catoire, V, Huret, N, Brogniez, C, Manney, G L, Piccolo, C, Randall, C, Tetard, C, Lopez-Puertas, M, Drummond, James, Boone, C, Funke, B, Schneider, M, Mikuteit, S, Stiller, G P, Walker, K A, Bernath, P, Schrems, O, Raspollini, P, McLinden, C, Brohede, S, Toohey, M, Ridolfi, M, Dodion, J, Vanhellemont, F, Batchelor, R L, Burrows, J P, kar, J, Amekudzi, L K, Melo, S, Goutail, F, Bramstedt, C, Dufour, D G, Silicani, M, Zawodny, J M, Richter, A, Berthet, G, Nichitiu, F, Pommereau, J-P, Nowlan, C, Fussen, D, Zou, J, Pakula, Irwin S, and Notholt, Justus

Abstract

Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGEIII, POAMIII, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGEII (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACEFTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO.

Published
2008

8. Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO<sub>3</sub> column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011

Author

Lindenmaier, R., primary, Strong, K., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Daffer, W. H., additional, Drummond, J. R., additional, Duck, T. J., additional, Fast, H., additional, Feng, W., additional, Fogal, P. F., additional, Kolonjari, F., additional, Manney, G. L., additional, Manson, A., additional, Meek, C., additional, Mittermeier, R. L., additional, Nott, G. J., additional, Perro, C., additional, and Walker, K. A., additional

Published
2012
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9. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO<sub>2</sub>, and HF total column abundances

Author

Kohlhepp, R., primary, Ruhnke, R., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, De Mazière, M., additional, Notholt, J., additional, Barthlott, S., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Blatherwick, R. D., additional, Blumenstock, Th., additional, Coffey, M. T., additional, Demoulin, P., additional, Fast, H., additional, Feng, W., additional, Goldman, A., additional, Griffith, D. W. T., additional, Hamann, K., additional, Hannigan, J. W., additional, Hase, F., additional, Jones, N. B., additional, Kagawa, A., additional, Kaiser, I., additional, Kasai, Y., additional, Kirner, O., additional, Kouker, W., additional, Lindenmaier, R., additional, Mahieu, E., additional, Mittermeier, R. L., additional, Monge-Sanz, B., additional, Morino, I., additional, Murata, I., additional, Nakajima, H., additional, Palm, M., additional, Paton-Walsh, C., additional, Raffalski, U., additional, Reddmann, Th., additional, Rettinger, M., additional, Rinsland, C. P., additional, Rozanov, E., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Senten, C., additional, Servais, C., additional, Sinnhuber, B.-M., additional, Smale, D., additional, Strong, K., additional, Sussmann, R., additional, Taylor, J. R., additional, Vanhaelewyn, G., additional, Warneke, T., additional, Whaley, C., additional, Wiehle, M., additional, and Wood, S. W., additional

Published
2012
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10. Validation of ACE and OSIRIS ozone and NO2 measurements using ground-based instruments at 80° N

Author

Adams, C., primary, Strong, K., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Bernath, P. F., additional, Brohede, S., additional, Boone, C., additional, Degenstein, D., additional, Daffer, W. H., additional, Drummond, J. R., additional, Fogal, P. F., additional, Farahani, E., additional, Fayt, C., additional, Fraser, A., additional, Goutail, F., additional, Hendrick, F., additional, Kolonjari, F., additional, Lindenmaier, R., additional, Manney, G., additional, McElroy, C. T., additional, McLinden, C. A., additional, Mendonca, J., additional, Park, J.-H., additional, Pavlovic, B., additional, Pazmino, A., additional, Roth, C., additional, Savastiouk, V., additional, Walker, K. A., additional, Weaver, D., additional, and Zhao, X., additional

Published
2012
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11. Supplementary material to "Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011"

Author

Lindenmaier, R., primary, Strong, K., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Daffer, W. H., additional, Drummond, J. R., additional, Duck, T. J., additional, Fast, H., additional, Feng, W., additional, Fogal, P. F., additional, Kolonjari, F., additional, Manney, G. L., additional, Manson, A., additional, Meek, C., additional, Mittermeier, R. L., additional, Nott, G. J., additional, Perro, C., additional, and Walker, K. A., additional

Published
2012
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12. Analysis of ozone and nitric acid in spring and summer Arctic pollution using aircraft, ground-based, satellite observations and MOZART-4 model: source attribution and partitioning

Author

Wespes, C., primary, Emmons, L., additional, Edwards, D. P., additional, Hannigan, J., additional, Hurtmans, D., additional, Saunois, M., additional, Coheur, P.-F., additional, Clerbaux, C., additional, Coffey, M. T., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Lindenmaier, R., additional, Strong, K., additional, Weinheimer, A. J., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Crounse, J. D., additional, and Wennberg, P. O., additional

Published
2012
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13. A study of the Arctic NOybudget above Eureka, Canada

Author

Lindenmaier, R., primary, Strong, K., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Bernath, P. F., additional, Chabrillat, S., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Daffer, W. H., additional, Drummond, J. R., additional, Feng, W., additional, Jonsson, A. I., additional, Kolonjari, F., additional, Manney, G. L., additional, McLinden, C., additional, Ménard, R., additional, and Walker, K. A., additional

Published
2011
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14. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances

Author

Kohlhepp, R., primary, Ruhnke, R., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, De Mazière, M., additional, Notholt, J., additional, Barthlott, S., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Blatherwick, R. D., additional, Blumenstock, Th., additional, Coffey, M. T., additional, Demoulin, P., additional, Fast, H., additional, Feng, W., additional, Goldman, A., additional, Griffith, D. W. T., additional, Hamann, K., additional, Hannigan, J. W., additional, Hase, F., additional, Jones, N. B., additional, Kagawa, A., additional, Kaiser, I., additional, Kasai, Y., additional, Kirner, O., additional, Kouker, W., additional, Lindenmaier, R., additional, Mahieu, E., additional, Mittermeier, R. L., additional, Monge-Sanz, B., additional, Murata, I., additional, Nakajima, H., additional, Morino, I., additional, Palm, M., additional, Paton-Walsh, C., additional, Raffalski, U., additional, Reddmann, Th., additional, Rettinger, M., additional, Rinsland, C. P., additional, Rozanov, E., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Senten, C., additional, Servais, C., additional, Sinnhuber, B.-M., additional, Smale, D., additional, Strong, K., additional, Sussmann, R., additional, Taylor, J. R., additional, Vanhaelewyn, G., additional, Warneke, T., additional, Whaley, C., additional, Wiehle, M., additional, and Wood, S. W., additional

Published
2011
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15. The NOy Budget Above Eureka, Nunavut From Ground-based FTIR Measurements, Space-based ACE-FTS Measurements, and the CMAM-DAS, GEM-BACH, and SLIMCAT Models

Author

Lindenmaier, R., primary, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Strong, K., additional, Beagley, S., additional, Ménard, R., additional, Jonsson, A. I., additional, Neish, M., additional, Chabrillat, S., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Manney, G. L., additional, Daffer, W. H., additional, Polavarapu, S., additional, Shepherd, T. G., additional, Bernath, P. F., additional, and Walker, K. A., additional

Published
2011
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18. Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide

Author

Fisher, J. A., primary, Jacob, D. J., additional, Purdy, M. T., additional, Kopacz, M., additional, Le Sager, P., additional, Carouge, C., additional, Holmes, C. D., additional, Yantosca, R. M., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Strong, K., additional, Diskin, G. S., additional, Fuelberg, H. E., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Hyer, E. J., additional, McMillan, W. W., additional, Warner, J., additional, Streets, D. G., additional, Zhang, Q., additional, Wang, Y., additional, and Wu, S., additional

Published
2009
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19. Validation of NO<sub>2</sub> and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author

Kerzenmacher, T., primary, Wolff, M. A., additional, Strong, K., additional, Dupuy, E., additional, Walker, K. A., additional, Amekudzi, L. K., additional, Batchelor, R. L., additional, Bernath, P. F., additional, Berthet, G., additional, Blumenstock, T., additional, Boone, C. D., additional, Bramstedt, K., additional, Brogniez, C., additional, Brohede, S., additional, Burrows, J. P., additional, Catoire, V., additional, Dodion, J., additional, Drummond, J. R., additional, Dufour, D. G., additional, Funke, B., additional, Fussen, D., additional, Goutail, F., additional, Griffith, D. W. T., additional, Haley, C. S., additional, Hendrick, F., additional, Höpfner, M., additional, Huret, N., additional, Jones, N., additional, Kar, J., additional, Kramer, I., additional, Llewellyn, E. J., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, Manney, G., additional, McElroy, C. T., additional, McLinden, C. A., additional, Melo, S., additional, Mikuteit, S., additional, Murtagh, D., additional, Nichitiu, F., additional, Notholt, J., additional, Nowlan, C., additional, Piccolo, C., additional, Pommereau, J.-P., additional, Randall, C., additional, Raspollini, P., additional, Ridolfi, M., additional, Richter, A., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Schrems, O., additional, Silicani, M., additional, Stiller, G. P., additional, Taylor, J., additional, Tétard, C., additional, Toohey, M., additional, Vanhellemont, F., additional, Warneke, T., additional, Zawodny, J. M., additional, and Zou, J., additional

Published
2008
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22. Validation of ACE and OSIRIS ozone and NO2 measurements using ground-based instruments at 80° N.

Author

Adams, C., Strong, K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Brohede, S., Boone, C., Degenstein, D., Daffer, W. H., Drummond, J. R., Fogal, P. F., Farahani, E., Fayt, C., Fraser, A., Goutail, F., Hendrick, F., Kolonjari, F., Lindenmaier, R., Manney, G., McElroy, C. T., and McLinden, C. A.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, OPTICAL spectroscopy, SPECTRUM analysis, ATMOSPHERIC nitrous oxide, RESEARCH institutes
Abstract

The article presents a study that compares the optical spectrograph and infrared imager system (OSIRIS) and the atmospheric chemistry experiment (ACE) ozone and NO2 measurements from the space since 2001 to 2003 using ground-based instruments at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Canada. The study uses four kinds of zenith-sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy. The result indicates that both ACE and OSIRIS continue to perform well.

Published
2012
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23. Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011.

Author

Lindenmaier, R., Strong, K., Batchelor, R. L., Chipperfield, M. P., Daffer, W. H., Drummond, J. R., Duck, T. J., Fast, H., Feng, W., Fogal, P. F., Kolonjari, F., Manney, G. L., Manson, A., Meek, C., Mittermeier, R. L., Nott, G. J., Perro, C., Walker, K. A., and Harris, N.

Subjects
OZONE, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, HYDROCHLORIC acid, NITRIC acid, METEOROLOGICAL research, STRATOSPHERE, FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy
Abstract

As a consequence of dynamically variable meteorological conditions, springtime Arctic ozone levels exhibit significant interannual variability in the lower stratosphere. In winter 2011, the polar vortex was strong and cold for an unusually long time. Our research site, located at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (80.05° N, 86.42° W), was mostly inside the vortex from October 2010 until late March 2011. The Bruker 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in- stalled at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Lab- oratory at Eureka acquired measurements from 23 February to 6 April during the 2011 Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Validation Campaign. These measurements showed unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns compared to the previous 14 yr. To remove dynamical effects, we normalized these total columns by the HF total column. The normalized values of the ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns were smaller than those from previous years, and confirmed the occurrence of chlorine activation and chemical ozone depletion. To quantify the chemical ozone loss, a three-dimensional chemical transport model, SLIMCAT, and the passive subtraction method were used. The chemical ozone depletion was calculated as the mean percentage difference between the measured ozone and the SLIMCAT passive ozone, and was found to be 35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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24. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances.

Author

Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., Chipperfield, M. P., De Mazière, M., Notholt, J., Barthlott, S., Batchelor, R. L., Blatherwick, R. D., Blumenstock, Th., Coffey, M. T., Demoulin, P., Fast, H., Feng, W., Goldman, A., Griffith, D. W. T., Hamann, K., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Jones, N. B., and Kagawa, A.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, HYDROCHLORIC acid, HYDROGEN fluoride, CHLORINE nitrate, FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy, SIMULATION methods & models, RESAMPLING (Statistics)
Abstract

Time series of total column abundances of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) were determined from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra recorded at 17 sites belonging to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and located between 80.05° N and 77.82° S. By providing such a near-global overview on ground-based measurements of the two major stratospheric chlorine reservoir species, HCl and ClONO2, the present study is able to confirm the decrease of the atmospheric inorganic chlorine abundance during the last few years. This decrease is expected following the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, where restrictions and a subsequent phase-out of the prominent anthropogenic chlorine source gases (solvents, chlorofluorocarbons) were agreed upon to enable a stabilisation and recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. The atmospheric fluorine content is expected to be influenced by the Montreal Protocol, too, because most of the banned anthropogenic gases also represent important fluorine sources. But many of the substitutes to the banned gases also contain fluorine so that the HF total column abundance is expected to have continued to increase during the last few years. The measurements are compared with calculations from five different models: the two-dimensional Bremen model, the two chemistry-transport models KASIMA and SLIMCAT, and the two chemistry-climate models EMAC and SOCOL. Thereby, the ability of the models to reproduce the absolute total column amounts, the seasonal cycles, and the temporal evolution found in the FTIR measurements is investigated and inter-compared. This is especially interesting because the models have different architectures. The overall agreement between the measurements and models for the total column abundances and the seasonal cycles is good. Linear trends of HCl, ClONO2, and HF are calculated from both measurement and model time series data, with a focus on the time range 2000-2009. This period is chosen because from most of the measurement sites taking part in this study, data are available during these years. The precision of the trends is estimated with the bootstrap resampling method. The sensitivity of the trend results with respect to the fitting function, the time of year chosen and time series length is investigated, as well as a bias due to the irregular sampling of the measurements. The measurements and model results investigated here agree qualitatively on a decrease of the chlorine species by around 1%yr-1. The models simulate an increase of HF of around 1%yr-1. This also agrees well with most of the measurements, but some of the FTIR series in the Northern Hemisphere show a stabilisation or even a decrease in the last few years. In general, for all three gases, the measured trends vary more strongly with latitude and hemisphere than the modelled trends. Relative to the FTIR measurements, the models tend to underestimate the decreasing chlorine trends and to overestimate the fluorine increase in the Northern Hemisphere. At most sites, the models simulate a stronger decrease of ClONO2 than of HCl. In the FTIR measurements, this difference between the trends of HCl and ClONO2 depends strongly on latitude, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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25. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances.

Author

Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., Chipperfield, M. P., De Mazière, M., Notholt, J., Barthlott, S., Batchelor, R. L., Blatherwick, R. D., Blumenstock, Th., Coffey, M. T., Demoulin, P., Fast, H., Feng, W., Goldman, A., Griffith, D. W. T., Hamann, K., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Jones, N. B., and Kagawa, A.

Abstract

Time series of total column abundances of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) were determined from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra recorded at 17 sites belonging to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and located between 80.05° N and 77.82° S. These measurements are compared with calculations from five different models: the two-dimensional Bremen model, the two chemistry-transport models KASIMA and SLIMCAT, and the two chemistry-climate models EMAC and SOCOL. The overall agreement between the measurements and models for the total column abundances and the seasonal cycles is good. Trends of HCl, ClONO2, and HF are calculated from both measurement and model time series data, with a focus on the time range 2000-2009. Their precision is estimated with the bootstrap resampling method. The sensitivity of the trend results with respect to the fitting function, the time of year chosen and time series length is investigated, as well as a bias due to the irregular sampling of the measurements. For the two chlorine species, a decrease is expected during this period because the emission of their prominent anthropogenic source gases (solvents, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)) was restricted by the Montreal Protocol 1987 and its amendments and adjustments. As most of the restricted source gases also contain fluorine, the HF total column abundance was also influenced by the above-mentioned regulations in the time period considered. The measurements and model results investigated here agree qualitatively on a decrease of the chlorine species by around -1% yr-1. The models simulate an increase of HF of around +1% yr-1. This also agrees well with most of the measurements, but some of the FTIR series in the Northern Hemisphere show a stabilisation or even a decrease in the last few years. In general, for all three gases, the measured trends vary more strongly with latitude and hemisphere than the modelled trends. Relative to the FTIR measurements, the models tend to underestimate the decreasing chlorine trends and to overestimate the fluorine increase in the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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27. Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide.

Author

Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Purdy, M. T., Kopacz, M., Le Sager, P., Carouge, C., Holmes, C. D., Yantosca, R. M., Batchelor, R. L., Strong, K., Diskin, G. S., Fuelberg, H. E., Holloway, J. S., Hyer, E. J., McMillan, W. W., Warner, J., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., and Wu, S.

Subjects
CARBON monoxide, EMISSIONS (Air pollution), AERONAUTICS, FIRE insurance
Abstract

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003-2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month-1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for European anthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Russian biomass burning makes little contribution to mean CO (reflecting the long CO lifetime) but makes a large contribution to CO variability in the form of combustion plumes. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS can successfully observe pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003-2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Niño Index, suggesting a link between El Niño and Asian pollution transport to the Arctic. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007-2008 La Niña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Niño conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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28. Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide.

Author

Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Purdy, M. T., Kopacz, M., Le Sager, P., Carouge, C., Holmes, C. D., Yantosca, R. M., Batchelor, R. L., Strong, K., Diskin, G. S., Fuelberg, H. E., Holloway, J. S., Hyer, E. J., McMillan, W. W., Warner, J., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., and Wu, and S.

Abstract

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003-2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month-1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.1 for European anthropogenic, 4.2 for North American anthropogenic, 9.3 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 21 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Synoptic pollution influences in the Arctic free troposphere include contributions of comparable magnitude from Russian biomass burning and from North American, European, and Asian anthropogenic sources. European pollution dominates synoptic variability near the surface. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS is capable of observing pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003-2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Niño Index, suggesting a link between El Niño and northward pollution transport. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007-2008 La Niña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Niño conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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29. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE).

Author

Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, G., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., Burrows, J. P., Catoire, V., Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., and Funke, B.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, SCIENTIFIC apparatus & instruments, SCIENTIFIC observation, SPECTROMETERS, MEASUREMENT
Abstract

Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGEIII, POAMIII, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGEII (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACEFTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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30. Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide

Author

Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Purdy, M. T., Kopacz, M., Le Sager, P., Carouge, C., Christopher Holmes, Yantosca, R. M., Batchelor, R. L., Strong, K., Diskin, G. S., Fuelberg, H. E., Holloway, J. S., Hyer, E. J., Mcmillan, W. W., Warner, J., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., and Wu, S.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003–2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month−1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for European anthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where European anthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Russian biomass burning makes little contribution to mean CO (reflecting the long CO lifetime) but makes a large contribution to CO variability in the form of combustion plumes. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraft demonstrates that AIRS can successfully observe pollution transport to the Arctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003–2008 record of CO from AIRS shows that interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small. AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean Niño Index, suggesting a link between El Niño and Asian pollution transport to the Arctic. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska during April 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Low hindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007–2008 La Niña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic may be particularly large under strong El Niño conditions.

31. Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author

Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, G., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., John Philip Burrows, Catoire, V., Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., Funke, B., Fussen, D., Goutail, F., Griffith, D. W. T., Haley, C. S., Hendrick, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, N., Jones, N., Kar, J., Kramer, I., Llewellyn, E. J., López-Puertas, M., Manney, G., Mcelroy, C. T., Mclinden, C. A., Melo, S., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Nichitiu, F., Notholt, J., Nowlan, C., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, J. -P, Randall, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Richter, A., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Silicani, M., Stiller, G. P., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Vanhellemont, F., Warneke, T., Zawodny, J. M., and Zou, J.

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