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The scope and breadth of the COVID-19 pandemic were unprecedented. This is especially true for business continuity and the related area of cybersecurity. Historically, business continuity and cybersecurity are viewed and researched as separate fields. This paper synthesizes the two disciplines as one, thus pointing out the need to address both topics simultaneously. This study identifies blind spots experienced by businesses as they navigated through the difficult time of the pandemic by using data collected during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. One major shortcoming was that most continuity and cybersecurity plans focused on single-axis threats. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in multi-axes threats, pointing out the need for new business strategies moving forward. We performed multiple regression analysis and constructed a correlation matrix to capture significant relationships between percentage loss of revenue and levels of concern for different business activities moving forward. We assessed the most pervasive issues Florida small businesses faced in October 2020 and broke these down by the number of citations, the total number of impacts cited, and industry affectedness. Key security risks are identified and specific mitigation recommendations are given.

Study abroad programs have been used as significant experiential learning events. Owing to the short nature of some of these programs, it is important to prepare students in advance to take advantage of the experiential learning opportunity. During a study abroad trip to Ireland, 15 students were given a flipped class approach to learning. Results of student engagement were compared between the flipped class and the previous year nonflipped class in which student questions significantly increased. Discussion of how to create such a course and future research is included.

Experiential learning activities have been used for over 40 years with the hope that they increase students learning. However, a definitive study that showed their overall effectiveness has not been produced. The purpose of this study is to address this gap in the literature. This meta-analysis examined a 43-year span and identified 13,626 journal articles, dissertations, thesis articles, and conference proceedings written about experiential learning and found only 89 of these studies contained empirical data with both a treatment and control group. Meta-analysis of these studies show that students experienced superior learning outcomes when experiential pedagogies were employed. Further, learning outcomes were almost a half standard deviation higher (d = 0.43) in classes employing experiential learning pedagogies versus traditional learning environments. This review definitively, and quantitatively, shows the importance of experiential learning activities. We use these results to discuss future research areas that need to be addressed based on our analysis of potential moderators and provide recommendations on how to best employ experiential learning pedagogies.

College campus life is changing based on pressures to create safe environments for students to learn. Much of this change has been outlined in an article by Lukianoff and Haidt entitled "The Coddling of the American Mind." The authors of the present article asked 188 students from two universities if microaggressions, trigger warnings, emotional reasoning, and mental filtering are prevalent on campus and whether colleges are promoting these concepts. The results show that the majority of students believe that universities must change the way these concepts are addressed to prevent intellectual homogeneity and to adequately prepare them for their business professions.

Despite purportedly acting in the best interests of the organization, many Information Technology (IT) managers succumb to desires for control and power that result in behavior that is detrimental to employees and, ultimately, the organization as a whole. Drawing from Ashforth's seminal work on petty tyranny, we highlight the unique dynamics of IT-related tyranny, characterized by micromanagement and arbitrary control over user activities. Employing models that both illustrate petty tyranny emergence and delineate the lifecycle of IT petty tyranny, this work describes how individual predispositions and organizational factors catalyze and perpetuate tyrannical behaviors. In addition, we examine the harmful effects of IT petty tyranny on employee morale, productivity, and even organizational cybersecurity. We conclude with practical advice on how organizations can recognize and mitigate IT petty tyranny to avoid negative outcomes for employees and the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of creating a culture of security within organizations to protect against cyber attacks and information security breaches. It emphasizes the need to address employee fear of reprimand for security policy violations. It discusses the Model of Employee Fear, and suggests that a moderate amount of fear, related to cyber security behaviors, is optimal to motivate employees to engage in secure behaviors and build a strong security culture.

Individual differences in general mental ability ("g") have important implications across multiple disciplines. Research suggests that the variance in "g" may be due to a general fitness factor. If this is the case, a relationship should exist between "g" and other reliable indicators of fitness. Some empirical results indicate a relationship between "g" and fluctuating asymmetry. However, there have been inconsistencies in the results, some of which may be due to random sampling error, and some of which may be due to moderating variables, publication bias, and methodological issues. To help clarify the literature, a meta-analysis was conducted on the relationship between "g" and fluctuating asymmetry. Based on 14 samples across 1871 people, estimates of the population correlation ranged from -0.12 to -0.20. There was a difference in the magnitude of the correlation between published studies and unpublished studies with published studies showing larger magnitude negative correlations and unpublished studies yielding results closer to zero. The implications for our understanding of "g" and its relationship with fluctuating asymmetry are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

The current study provides a second step in the development of an alternative, twodimensional conceptualization of person-organization fit. This conceptualization distinguishes between two motivations known to influence the way individuals define and pursue goals--promotion focus and prevention focus. Based on empirical support, we conclude that the Organizational Culture Profile's original seven dimensions, when used to profile individual value preferences, reflect different underlying motivations that are likely to be important in predicting specific work behaviors such as speed, creativity, attention to detail, and safety performance. Our conclusion challenges the common practice within person-organization fit research of predicting generic effects across any and all combinations of shared values between an individual and the respective organization. We suggest that partitioning P-O fit into two dimensions supported by regulatory focus theory will result in improved predictive power on specific work behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of business continuity planning (BCP) in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses. The goals of a BCP include mitigating the risk and reducing the effects of a crisis. The steps involved to accomplish such goals are identifying factors that may lead to business interruptions, developing a plan to reduce the effects of a risk, and training employees on implementing a BCP. It cites the benefit of a conceptual approach to BCP.

This paper offers a fresh perspective on executive compensation by offering a new paradigm for choosing executive compensation structure based on environmental factors and firm size. This new perspective uses agency theory as a theoretical foundation. The availability of information, primarily information related to the agent, has typically been of utmost concern in the compensation selection process. However, a predominant focus on cognitive or behavioral information of the agent neglects the relative importance and impact of environmental forces in this process. This study evaluates the composition of the compensation contract using fluctuating environmental dimensions as the primary determinant. Specifically, we examine environmental munificence, dynamism, and complexity and the influence of varying levels of each of these variables and their interaction on the optimal choice of compensation contract utilized for both large firms and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This externally focused view of compensation contract creation underscores the significance of environmental factors in determining contract selection while also acknowledging the necessity of principals utilizing information related to both the agent and the environment. Furthermore, we argue that top executive compensation structures for large organizations and non-adaptive SMEs should differ from those of adaptive SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the nature and number of administrative reporting requirements have increased substantially for most universities. As a result, faculty find themselves devoting increasingly large amounts of time to these needs (Gardiner, 2002) often at the expense of time devoted to teaching, scholarship, and service. One major driver for administrative reporting is embedded in the assessment of learning process. This paper uses Critical Policy Analysis to examine assessment policies and processes at four universities through the viewpoints of the authors who serve in the roles of administrators, faculty, and students to determine policy "winners" and " losers." In this process we identify why many faculty resist the assessment process and make recommendations on how universities can develop assessment policies and processes that meet the real requirements for assessment of learning while meeting the demands of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme response style (ERS) refers to the tendency to prefer responding using extreme endpoints on rating scales. We use meta-analysis to summarize the correlates of ERS. Our findings present how one's tendency to engage in extreme responding is related to demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, education, and race), intelligence, acquiescence, and number of points and items in a scale. We also identified a non-linear relationship between age and extreme responding. Thus, this article should be read by anyone using Likert type scales when using data from a diverse set of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion regarding questionable research practices (QRPs) in management as well as the broader natural and social sciences has increased substantially in recent years. Despite the attention, questions remain regarding research norms and the implications for both theoretical and practical advancements. The aim of the current article is to address these issues in a question-and-answer format while drawing upon both past research and the results of a series of new studies conducted using a mixed-methods design. Our goal is to encourage a systematic, collegial, and constructive dialogue regarding QRPs in management research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of 114 entrepreneurs, predictors of financial performance outcomes were tested related to founding status and gender. Significant differences were found for founding status indicating that entrepreneurs who founded their ventures were more likely to experience higher financial performance than non-founding entrepreneurs. Hypotheses relating to gender with founding status and financial performance were not supported. Further, gender was not supported as a moderator of the relationship between founding status and financial performance. Implications of these findings are discussed and avenues for future research on this topic are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is designed to enhance understanding about how job characteristics motivate entrepreneurs. This is an important area of research because entrepreneurs invest so much time and money into the creation and development of their business ventures and it is important to understand how the work they do relates to their motivation. We applied the organizational behavior concepts of the Job Characteristics Model developed by Hackman and Oldham (1975) to entrepreneurship in order to better understand the work of entrepreneurs and raise awareness of this important gap in the literature. Our hope is that the proposed research agenda will spark interest in and contribute to the legitimacy of entrepreneurship as a field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we argue that entrepreneurship is a fruitful pursuit for creative individuals. Using a sample of 152 undergraduate students, we investigated to see if individual creativity predicts one's intentions to enter into the field of entrepreneurship. Specifically, we looked at one's ability to think divergently (the generation and elaboration upon ideas) and creative personality in our conceptualization of what it means to be "creative." Our findings show that divergent thinking was able to predict entrepreneurial intentions alone and that creative personality was best used to increment what is explained by divergent thinking. These findings are discussed along with implications for practitioners and academics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial organizations are "opaque" regarding the information necessary to evaluate the likelihood of their survival (Rutherford, Buller, & Stebbins, 2009). Compared to publicly traded corporations, there is little information available to individuals when making judgments about private entrepreneurial organizations. To overcome this problem, entrepreneurs should strive to establish themselves as legitimate organizations in the eyes their stakeholders. Here, legitimacy serves as an evaluative tool, analogous to bond ratings. With AAA rated bonds, there is no guarantee the bonds will not decrease in value but the rating does show that there is a consensus that they are of highest quality. The same can be said of entrepreneurs that are perceived to be legitimate by their stakeholders. This study tests whether this legitimacy manifests itself as financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of traits that separate entrepreneurs from the general population has proven unfruitful, leading to favor for a behavioral approach toward the study of entrepreneurship (Gartner, 1988). This approach views the entrepreneur as a role where an individual plays the part of an entrepreneur. In this sense, an entrepreneur becomes a category, composed of individuals, with its own set of defining characteristics. The purpose of this article is to assist in determining the ethical perceptions people hold of individuals characterized as entrepreneurs compared to their self evaluations. We investigate how these differences affect employer preference, likelihood of new venture creation, and whether prior entrepreneurial exposure influences ethical perceptions. Further, demographic characteristics are explored, implications for practice are discussed, and recommendations for future research are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ethical perceptions of business students towards entrepreneurs and business managers, and the factors that influence them. It was found that business students typically felt entrepreneurs were more likely to engage in ethical behavior than traditional managers. Differences in perceptions were found such that minorities consistently rated entrepreneurs and managers as less ethical than their Caucasian peers. Additionally, female students viewed entrepreneurs as more ethical than males, but no gender differences were found with regard to perceptions of business managers. Research findings and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]