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Phenolic compounds play a crucial role as secondary metabolites due to their substantial biological activity and medicinal value. These compounds are present in various parts of plant species. This study focused on solid-liquid batch extraction to recover total phenolic compounds from Azadirachta indica leaves. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L16 array, considering four independent factors: extraction time, temperature, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Among these factors, the particle size exerted the maximum influence. Particle size inversely affects the yield of total phenolic content (TPC), while temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio have a direct impact. The process factors concerned were investigated both experimentally and through machine learning techniques. Support vector regression (SVR) and random forest method (RFM) algorithms were utilized for predicting TPC, while a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to derive optimal process parameters. The GA predicts the optimal extraction factors, yielding the maximum TPC. During this study, these factors were the following: particle size of 0.15 mm, extraction time of 40 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL, and a temperature of 55 °C, with a predicted value of 23.039 mg GAE/g of plant material. Notably, in this study, the SVR values of TPC yield closely matched the experimental values for the training and test data set when compared with the random forest method values.

The extraction of xylanase was performed using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on polyethylene glycol (PEG1540) and various salts. Preliminary studies in a batch extractor showed that the highest extraction efficiency, E = 79.63 ± 5.21%, and purification factor, PF = 1.26 ± 0.25, were obtained with sodium citrate dihydrate-H2O-PEG1540-based ATPS for an extraction time of 10 min. The process was optimized using the experimental Box-Behnken design at three levels with three factors: extraction time (t), xylanase concentration (γ), and mass fraction of PEG in the ATPS (wPEG). Under optimal process conditions (γ = 0.3 mg/mL, wPEG = 0.21 w/w, and t = 15 min), E = 99.13 ± 1.20% and PF = 6.49 ± 0.05 were achieved. In order to intensify the process, the extraction was performed continuously in microextractors at optimal process conditions. The influence of residence time, different feeding strategies, and channel diameter on extraction efficiency and purification factor was further examined. Similar results were obtained in the microextractor for a residence time of τ = 1.03 min (E = 99.59 ± 1.22% and PF = 6.61 ± 0.07) as in the experiment carried out under optimal conditions in the batch extractor. In addition, a batch extractor and a continuous microextractor were used for the extraction of raw xylanase produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus on solid supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional herbs are investigated for their medicinal properties and feasible large scale low cost extraction techniques. The extraction of phenolic content from different plant matrices has been a huge challenge and largely depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of selected extraction methods. The estimation of total phenolic content from Syzygium Cumin.L (Jamun bark) and its optimisation of extraction conditions with respect to nature of solvent, solvent ratios, particle size and solid to solvent ratio were carried out in this study. Room temperature based batch mode of extraction of Syzygium Cumini L bark has been performed and compared with conventional Soxhlet extraction. The total phenolic extraction rate for different ratios of methanol–water and ethanol–water were investigated where methanol–water ratio of 70:30 yields high phenolic extraction rate of 49.22 ± 5.3 mg GAE/g. The particle size of 0.05–0.06 mm, solvent to solid ratio of 3:1 yielded higher total phenolic content of 47.22 ± 3.35 mg GAE/g. The extraction followed second-order kinetics with 98% goodness of fit. Feasible optimised mode of extraction of total phenolic compound shows promising directions towards industrial extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wood ash may be self-hardened to alter physical and chemical properties. • Ash may be exposed to acidity during disposal, storage or use as a soil amendment. • Acidification increases leachability of many trace elements of concern. • Self-hardening reduces leachability of many trace elements over a wide pH range. Bioenergy systems that utilize clean wood feedstocks are becoming more common in western Canada to produce heat and electricity. But, wood combustion leads to ash residuals that need to be managed. Although there is growing interest in value-added uses for these wood ashes, large quantities of wood ashes are currently stockpiled or landfilled. Wood ash may be self-hardened as a pretreatment strategy to improve handling and reduce reactiveness prior to land application. This study determined aqueous concentrations of constituents released from wood bottom ash (BA) and hardened wood bottom ash (HBA) when subjected to increasing levels of acidity (pH 10 to 4). Such acidic conditions are not common but may exist during some storage, landfilling or land reclamation scenarios. Acidification of BA and HBA increased aqueous concentrations of B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and Zn, whereas Cr, Hg and Mo showed decreased concentrations. Hardening reduced aqueous concentrations of As, Ca, Co, Fe, Ni, P, and Pb, in HBA compared to BA over a pH range. When properly managed, hardened and non-hardened bottom ashes generated from the combustion of clean wood should pose minimal risk to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aegle marmelos is a prominent tree in Indian Ayurveda and occupies an important place in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha system of Indian medicine due to its ethnomedicinal values. The current work demonstrates the use of three-phase partitioning (TPP) for the first time to isolate and purify a potent bioactive compound marmelosin from A. marmelos fruit. Marmelosin exhibits antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity. Here, various experimental conditions were optimized for TPP, and comparison was made between conventional techniques like Soxhlet and batch extraction. The impact of various TPP parameters such as ammonium sulphate concentration, solute to solvent ratio, time, slurry to t-butanol, and pH on the yield of marmelosin was studied. TPP shows maximum marmelosin yield of 0.494 mg/g at the optimized condition as solute to solvent ratio 1:50 , time 2.5 h, ammonium sulphate concentration 30 w/v %, slurry to t- butanol ratio 1:1, pH 5. Conventional techniques, i.e., Soxhlet and batch extraction, resulted in yield of 0.250 mg/g in 7 h and 0.150 mg/g respectively in 4 h. Thus, TPP enhances the yield as well as reduces the extraction time that shows it is a simple, effective, promising, and cost-effective technique for the extraction of marmelosin thereby reducing the processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuminoids, the active components of dried rhizome of Curcuma longa have been extracted using batch extraction and three-phase partitioning (TPP) process. The effect of different processing parameters, namely different solvents, extraction time, ammonium sulfate concentration, slurry to tert-butanol ratio, and solute to aqueous ratio on extraction efficiency of TPP, was studied to attain maximum extraction yield. The highest yield of 58.38 mg/g was achieved at 40±2 °C in 150 min, with saturated ammonium sulfate 30% (w/v), slurry to tert-butanol ratio 1:1 (v/v), and turmeric powder to water ratio 1:40 (w/v) in TPP. However, batch extraction using ethanol as a solvent yielded 52.77 mg/g in 180 min extraction time at 40±2 °C with 1:40 (w/v) turmeric powder to water ratio and 400 rpm agitation speed. In view of reference method, i.e., Soxhlet extraction (100%), TPP showed 65.63% yield in 150 min and batch exhibited 59.92% in 180 min. The turmeric extracts obtained by different methods exhibited excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities equivalent to their respective reference standards. Hence, TPP extraction process assures a rapid and improved recovery of curcuminoids with excellent therapeutic properties. Curcuminoids, the active components of dried rhizome of Curcuma longa has been extracted using batch extraction and three-phase partitioning (TPP) process. Batch and three phase partitioning (TPP) methods were successfully studied and compared for curcuminoids extraction. Influence of different processing parameters on TPP and batch were optimized. Three phase partition gives more yield than the batch extraction process. The extracts obtained showed excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. TPP was found to be rapid method of extraction compared to batch process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste dried Mangifera indica (mango) leaves were utilized as a promising source of mangiferin, a valuable biomolecule. Different extraction procedures like three-phase partitioning and batch extraction were evaluated to get an optimum yield of mangiferin. Various parameters affecting the extraction process like salts, time, slurry to t-butanol ratio, ammonium sulfate, pH 6 and solute to solvent ratio were optimized. In three-phase partitioning, the yield of mangiferin obtained was 28 mg/g at a concentration of 40% w/v ammonium sulfate, pH 6, slurry to t-butanol ratio 1:1, solute to solvent ratio 1:40 and time 2 h. Conventional batch extraction using water as solvent resulted in a yield of 23 mg/g in 2 h 40 min, while Soxhlet extraction, as a reference method, yielded 57 mg/g in 5 h. Thus, conventional batch extraction with water can be used for large-scale operations of mangiferin extraction.

Phenolic compounds play a crucial role as secondary metabolites due to their substantial biological activity and medicinal value. These compounds are present in various parts of plant species. This study focused on solid-liquid batch extraction to recover total phenolic compounds from Azadirachta indica leaves. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L 16 array, considering four independent factors: extraction time, temperature, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Among these factors, the particle size exerted the maximum influence. Particle size inversely affects the yield of total phenolic content (TPC), while temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio have a direct impact. The process factors concerned were investigated both experimentally and through machine learning techniques. Support vector regression (SVR) and random forest method (RFM) algorithms were utilized for predicting TPC, while a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to derive optimal process parameters. The GA predicts the optimal extraction factors, yielding the maximum TPC. During this study, these factors were the following: particle size of 0.15 mm, extraction time of 40 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL, and a temperature of 55 °C, with a predicted value of 23.039 mg GAE/g of plant material. Notably, in this study, the SVR values of TPC yield closely matched the experimental values for the training and test data set when compared with the random forest method values., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Dr. Umesh B. Deshannavar reports was provided by DR MS Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology. Dr. Umesh B. Deshannavar reports a relationship with DR MS Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology that includes: employment., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Mechanisms of uranium (U) transfer from soil to plants remain poorly understood. The kinetics of supply of U to the soil solution from solid phases could be a key point to understand its phytoavailability and implications for environmental risk assessment. Root activity, particularly the continuous release of organic acids in the rhizosphere, could have an effect on this supply. We tested the impact of citrate exudation by roots of Lupinus albus , either P-sufficient (P+) or P-deficient (P-), on the phytoavailability of U from a naturally contaminated soil (total content of 413 mg U kg −1 ) using a rhizotest design. Combined effects of P (P-/P+ used to modulate plant physiology) and citrate (model exudate) on the solubilization of U contained in the soils were tested in closed reactors (batch). The batch experiment showed the existence of a low U available pool (0.4% total U) and high accessibility (k d ’ around 20 L kg −1 ) which was not significantly affected by P treatment or citrate concentrations. Analysis of U, Fe, Ca, P and citrate concentrations in the batches suggested a complex combination of mechanisms and factors including desorption, resorption, precipitation, co-sorption. On rhizotest, L. albus plants extracted 0.5–0.75% of the total U and between 25 and 40% of the estimated available U present in the rhizotest in 5 days. Uranium accumulation at the whole plant level (20 mg U kg −1 d.w. , shoot to root ratio around 10 −3 ) seemed to be dependent neither on the plant P nutrition status nor citrate exudation level, possibly in relation with the equivalent accessibility of U whatever the growth conditions. Yet differential translocation to shoots seemed to be positively correlated to citrate exudation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work establishes the application of ultrasund for intensification of extraction of acetyl 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), a potent anti-inflammatory agent fromBoswellia serrata. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) yield is also compared with Soxhelt and batch extraction techniques. The optimized batch extraction showed 4.8 ± 0.04 mg/g yield of AKBA with extraction time of 120 min. On the other hand, UAE required only irradiation time of 10 min for obtaining a highest extraction yield of 6.5 ± 0.05 mg/g AKBA under optimized conditions. UAE reduced operation time and enhanced extraction yield of AKBA. Therefore, UAE could be the best alternative to intensify extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of betulinic acid from leaves ofVitex Negundo Linnwas carried out in a series of solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and water). Methanol gave maximum yield of extraction and therefore was used to investigate influence of particle size, speed of agitation, solid loading, and temperature, etc., on the rate and recovery in a stirred batch reactor. Effective intra-particle diffusivity of the acid in each solvent at different temperatures was estimated using an unsteady state mass diffusion model. The diffusivity of betulinic acid through the cellulose matrix of leaves is in the range 1.7 x 10−13to 9.23 x 10−11m2/sec and is strongly influenced by the temperature of the extraction. The Response Surface Methodology was used to estimate optimal conditions for betulinic acid extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the release of Cd from purple soil was investigated in 13 purple soil samples, which were collected from a wide range of cadmium (Cd) contaminated vegetable fields and forestlands, and total Cd concentrations and physicochemical forms in soils was also analyzed in the study. The chemical speciation of Cd, soil properties, soil water contact time and soil/water ratio were investigated in order to understand how these characteristics can affect the Cd release behavior. In both bath extractions and column leaching testes, Cd was primarily present in exchangeable, carbonate- and organically- bound fractions. Moreover, prolonged waterlogging soil conditions can enhance the release of Cd from soils, and increased their transport potential correspondingly. Multiple regression analysis also indicated that the release of Cd from soils was related to pH, organic matter and total Cd in native soil, which could explain 86% and 95% of the variation of Cd release in batch extractions and column leaching, respectively. It may provide a more convenient way to evaluate the potential ecological risk of Cd in purple soils from determination of some conventional soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on extraction of chrysin is crucial for theoretical purposes and for food industrial bioprocesses. Optimization and kinetics of chrysin extraction from seeds of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. were analyzed using agitated solid-liquid extractions with ethanol and water mixtures. The influence of extraction process parameters was investigated. Optimized conditions for chrysin extraction were a 0.2 mole fraction of ethanol as an extraction solvent, a temperature of 318 K, an agitation speed 1,400 rpm, and a solid to solvent ratio of 1:30. The extraction kinetic behavior of chrysin followed first order kinetics. The kinetic expression developed by Spiro and Siddique was used and the model was in agreement with experimental results. The diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.38×10 to 19.43×10 m·s and the activation energy for extraction kinetics was 21.85 kJ·mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far little research has been carried out on the process of FY-3A/VIRR data which has a huge amount of data. Current commercial remote sensing image processing softwares can not accomplish the pre-processing work directly. So it brings great difficulties in subsequent image processing and the spread of FY-3A/VIRR data. In order to solve this problem, we combine a modified normalized difference snow index (NDSI) and the comprehensive threshold method with IDL and VB mixed technology, and design a snow information batch extraction software. We achieve the snow information extraction and accuracy validation of a single image or multiple images for FY-3A/VIRR data. Experimental results show that the proposed software is fast and real-time, and it can do batch extraction of snow information, thus saving great human resources and improving the ability of dispatching and sharing the VIRR data. It can be extended in industrial production and automation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical activities of polydatin and resveratrol have been proven to own considerable medicinal potential. However, the extraction processes are yet to be fully characterized. This study explores particularly the optimization and kinetics of polydatin and resveratrol extraction from Rhizoma Et Radix Polygoni Cuspidati (the root of Polygonum cuspidatum) in agitation extractions by ethanol and water mixtures. The effects of the parameters on several extraction processes have been fully investigated. The optimized condition for polydatin was found at 0.4 mole fraction of ethanol as the extraction solvents, temperature 323 K, agitation speed 500 rpm and solid to solvent ratio of 1:90. However, the optimized condition for resveratrol was 0.4 mole fraction of ethanol, temperature 323 K, agitation speed 800 rpm, solid to solvent ratio of 1:120. Furthermore, the extraction kinetics behavior of polydatin and resveratrol follows a first order kinetics with diffusion coefficient ranging from 3.59 × 10-11 to 7.53 × 10-11 m² s-1 and 3.90 × 10-11 to 10.10 × 10-11 m² s-1 for polydatin and resveratrol respectively. The values of activation energy for the extraction were found to be 3.96 kJ mol-1 for polydatin and 17.83 kJ mol-1 for resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A separation methodology of rosmarinic acid (RA) using GRAS solvents was developed. [•] The recovery of rosmarinic acid from rosemary waste was assessed. [•] A process to obtain bioactive compounds from rosemary leafs was proposed. [•] The cost of manufacturing of RA from rosemary growing in Brazil was evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cadmium (Cd), through human activities, has severely accumulated in purple soil. Purple soil is considered as one of the most important types of agricultural soil in Southern China. In this study, we investigated the release of Cd from 13 purple soils with a wide range of total Cd content collected from vegetable fields and forestlands in Sichuan Basin. Soil batch extraction and column leaching experiments were conducted to determine the influence of chemical speciation, soil properties, soil water contact time, and soil/water ratio on the release characteristics of Cd from soil. Results indicate that Cd release was primarily present in exchangeable, carbonate-bound, and organically bound fractions. Moreover, precipitation-induced, long-term saturated conditions enhance the release of Cd from soil to water. Multiple regression analysis also shows that the release of Cd from soil is related to pH level, organic matter amount, and total Cd content in native soil. This finding explains the Cd release variation of 86% and 95% during batch extraction and column leaching experiments, respectively. Finally, this investigation provides a more convenient way of evaluating potential ecological risks of Cd in purple soil by determining the properties of several common soil types. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solid coconut waste was produced after coconut milk extraction process and may still contain up to 24wt.% oil content. In this work, extraction of oil from coconut waste using batch and soxhlet extractor was studied. Effect of particle size diameter, type of solvent and solvent to solid ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters; entropy, enthalpy and free energy of extraction were investigated. The maximum oil yields for soxhlet and batch reactor were 23.6% at 80°C and 21.9% at 65°C, respectively for particle size diameter <0.5mm when hexane was used as solvent. The kinetic of coconut waste oil extraction was found to be a first order mass transfer model. The ΔG, ΔS and ΔH values were 10.94–13.35kJ/mol, 33.10–39.57J/molK and 0.12–1.25kJ/mol, respectively shows that the extraction process was spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic based on thermodynamic parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene compound which shows significant biological potential. This study deals with the optimization and kinetics of UA extraction from Ocimum sanctum (OS) leaves in a stirred batch extraction. The influ-ence of various extraction parameters on the extraction yield has been studied. The optimum extraction conditions were extraction time 40min, speed of agitation 1000 rpm, temperature 323 K, solute to solvent ratio of 1:120. This resulted in 11.21 mg of UA/g of dried leaf powder of OS. The extraction kinetics behavior of UA from OS revealed that the extraction of UA followed a first order kinetics. The kinetic expression developed by Spiro and Siddique was used and the model is in good agreement with the experimental results. The diffusion coefficient determined ranged from 2 x 10-11 to 6.10 x 10-11 m2/s for the all set of experiments. The activation energy for the extraction of UA was found to be Ea = 10.45 kj/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work deals with the intensification of extraction process of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice using ultrasound. Various process parameters such as extraction time, solvent to solute ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasound frequency which affect the extraction yield are optimized. The maximum yield of 36.4mg of GA/g of licorice is obtained at optimized parameters of 10min time, 30:1 solvent to solute ratio, 40°C temperature and 25kHz frequency. The yield obtained with ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) is compared with that of Soxhlet and batch extraction of GA. It is observed that the ultrasound assisted extraction not only gives higher yield but also reduces the extraction time as compared to conventional method. Temperature has no effect on ultrasound assisted extraction while higher frequency of ultrasound gives slightly better extraction yield. Further the kinetics of this extraction process is also investigated based on the second order rate equation available in the literature. Extraction rate constant, initial extraction rate and equilibrium concentration for different solvent to solute ratio and temperatures are predicted. Model validation is done successfully by plotting experimental and predicted values of concentration of GA in extract. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) were first applied to extraction of succinic acid in simulated media (feed solution) where concentration of succinic acid was as high as that in an actual fermentation broth producing succinic acid. In order to develop an ELM system where a high degree of extraction of succinic acid can be obtained, in the beginning we investigated the effects of several operating variables of the ELM system, i.e. surfactant composition in the membrane phase, stripping agent type and its concentration in the stripping phase and feed solution type, on its degree of extraction for a low initial succinic acid concentration, which was sensitive to the operating variables. The optimal values of the operating variables were used in the ELM system with a high initial concentration of succinic acid. Finally, extraction of succinic acid in the feed phase with the high initial succinic acid concentration was carried out varying 1-octanol and Amberlite LA-2 concentrations in the membrane phase, initial Na2CO3 concentration in the stripping phase, and initial volume ratio of emulsion phase to feed phase. Under a specific operating condition, the degree of extraction of succinic acid was as high as 98%, and its enrichment ratio reached about 1.3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Molecular imprinting technology offers the unique opportunity to tailor chiral stationary phases with predefined chiral recognition properties by employing the enantiomers of interest as binding-site-forming templates. Added advantages, such as ease of preparation, chemical robustness, low-cost production, and the possibility of shaping molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in various self-supporting formats, render them attractive materials for a broad range of chiral recognition applications. In this review a critical overview on recent developments in the field of MIP-based chiral recognition applications is given, focusing on separation techniques and molecular sensing. Inherent limitations associated with the use of enantioselective MIP materials in high-performance separation techniques are outlined, including binding site heterogeneity and slow mass transfer characteristics. The prospects of MIP materials as versatile recognition elements for the design of enantioselective sensor systems are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their appreciable protein content apricot kernels could be used as a good source of food. However, their wide use for human or animal nutrition is dependent on their adequate detoxification. This is because apricot kernels have a strong bitter flavour that is caused by the presence of amygdalin, a toxic cyanogenic glycoside. The aim of the present work was to investigate an unusual method of detoxifying apricot kernels by soaking them in water. The method was energetically relatively inexpensive as uncrushed kernels and cold water were used. Furthermore, the use of intact kernels minimized the loss of nutritious soluble matter during the detoxification. On the basis of a simple but adequate mechanistic model, a mathematical description of the extractive detoxification of apricot kernels is proposed. The two-resistance mass transfer system is based on external film mass transfer and an effective solid diffusion. A linear equilibrium curve arises from the assumption that the concentration profile inside the solid phase can be well approximated with a second order polynomial calculation, this then leads to an analytical formulation of the mathematical model. The liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient and the internal diffusion coefficient in the kernels can be then determined. Finally, the model is used to describe extractor behaviour and predict process performance under real operation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]