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This study aimed to assess the degree of openness to change among the faculties of educational sciences in Jordanian universities and its correlation with academic freedom, as perceived by faculty members. Additionally, it sought to identify whether there were statistically significant differences in the levels of openness to change and academic freedom based on variables such as gender, academic rank, university, and country of graduation. The study employed a descriptive correlational approach, involving 407 faculty members from the faculties of educational sciences in Jordanian universities during the first semester of the academic year 2021/2022. The study found a moderate level of openness to change and academic freedom, with a strong correlation between the two. No significant gender-based differences were identified, but Arab university graduates displayed higher levels. Hashemite University professors and associate professors emphasized these aspects more than counterparts at other Jordanian universities and different academic ranks. The results highlight the need for increased societal awareness, particularly within the educational community, about the importance of various freedoms. Additionally, the study recommends heightened awareness of the role of unions and institutions for Jordanian university faculty members, aiming to improve their scientific and social conditions.

Let GG be a group and RR be a GG-graded commutative ring with nonzero unity 1. In this article, we introduce the concept of graded weakly 1-absorbing primary ideals which is a generalization of graded 1-absorbing primary ideal. A proper graded ideal PP of RR is said to be a graded weakly 1-absorbing primary ideal of RR if whenever nonunit elements x,y,z∈h(R)x,y,z\in h\left(R) such that 0≠xyz∈P0\ne xyz\in P, then xy∈Pxy\in P or zn∈P{z}^{n}\in P, for some n∈Nn\in {\mathbb{N}}. Several properties of graded weakly 1-absorbing primary ideals are investigated.

As an organizational behaviour, job performance can be described from two perspectives, namely organizational citizenship behaviour and task performance. To enhance the concept of job performance, especially in servicing jobs (e.g., nursing), recent literature has considered the construct of adaptive performance. Thus, the major purpose of this research is to analyze the nexus between inclusive leadership (IL) and adaptive performance (AP) among private hospital nurses in Jordan using innovative work behaviour (IWB) as a mediating variable. Our study uses questionnaires to collect data from 169 nurses who work in different private hospitals in Jordan. The nature of the study is quantitative and cross-sectional, with individuals as the unit of analysis. The survey questionnaires, which consist of measures of IL, AP, and IWB, were distributed to the full-time nurses in the hospitals. The empirical outcomes show that IL has a direct and significant predictive effect on AP, and an indirect predictive effect through innovative work behaviour. This study discusses the practical and theoretical implications of the empirical results. The outcomes of this study could help practitioners and policy makers to create effective IL and IWB that can enhance employees' adaptability towards their organization with a view to boosting their AP.

Thekraiat M Al Quran,1 Ziad A Bataineh,2 Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi,1 Anas M Zein Alaabdin,1 Hadeel Allan,1 Anood Al Qura’an,3 Shatha M Weshah,1 Anfal A Alanazi,4 Yousef S Khader1 1Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan; 4Family Medicine Academy, E1-Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Thekraiat M Al Quran, Department of Public Health and Family medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 7 9014 1425, Email tmalquran@just.edu.joBackground: Dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are growing health problems, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among patients with T2DM.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with T2DM attending Family Medicine Clinics in Jordan between August 2017 and March 2019. The socio-demographics, clinical features, medications, and laboratory findings were collected. These laboratory findings included high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs).Results: A total of 870 patients with T2DM were included. The prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with T2DM was 91.4%. The most common patterns of dyslipidemia were low HDL-C (66.2%), high LDL-C (62.1%), and hypertriglyceridemia (58.2%). Female gender, obesity, and hypertension were associated with diabetic dyslipidemia patterns. T2DM duration and poor glycemic control were associated with high LDL-C and hypercholesterolemia. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with poor glycemic control and smoking.Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among patients with T2DM. Evidence –based interventions are needed to prevent and control dyslipidemia among patients with T2DM in Jordan.Keywords: dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, triglycerides, prevalence

The current study aims to identify Jordanian mothers' perspectives on their intellectually disabled daughters receiving hysterectomies. A qualitative methodology was employed; for the study sample, twelve mothers were chosen using a snowballing technique. Semi-structured interviews were carried out, and thematic analysis was utilized. Two main themes arose from the data analysis process: the reasons why mothers made the decision for their daughters to have hysterectomies -- which included fears about unwanted pregnancy and keeping family honor -- despite this conflicting with their religious and cultural values, and their concerns about their daughters having hysterectomies. Based on these findings, some implications and suggestions for future research were provided.

Let G be a group with identity e, R be a G-graded commutative ring with a nonzero unity 1, I be a graded ideal of R, and M be a G-graded R-module. In this article, we introduce the concept of graded I-second submodules of M as a generalization of graded second submodules of M and achieve some relevant outcomes.

This research aimed at identifying the impact of psychological capital dimensions (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience) on team performance at advertising agencies operating in Amman city. Moreover, the study examines the moderating role of leadership behavior on the relationship between the psychological capital and team performance. The researchers rely on descriptive and analytical approach, where the research population consists of all employees working in thirteen advertising agencies operating in Amman city. Convenience sampling technique was applied to distribute (250) questionnaires on the research sample. To analyze the research data; the researchers used a set of statistical methods including Cronbach's alpha along with a normality test, standard deviation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, interactive hierarchical regression and process procedures methods using SPSS-V20 and AMOS-V23. The results indicate that there was a statistically impact of psychological capital dimensions (self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience) on team performance in advertising agencies operating in Amman city. There was also a significant and role for leadership behavior as moderating variable between psychological capital dimensions and team performance.

The research aims to identify the impact of tax revenues on the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) in Jordan during the period 2000-2018. The research reaches a set of results, which is that the greater the value of tax revenues by one unit, the greater the value of the GDP in Jordan by 7.257 units during the same period. There is also a positive effect of tax revenues on the growth and increase of the GDP in Jordan, however, there is no common integration between tax revenues and the GDP in Jordan. Moreover, there is a correction from the short term to the long term and there is an effect of the long-term correction of the relationship between tax revenues and the GDP during the study period. The study recommends the need to work to facilitate the procedures for individuals to pay taxes through modern technological means, work to develop and simplify tax services and raise the level of transparency in tax dealings with all individuals, the need to make amendments to the tax law in order to match the living conditions of individuals and achieve the highest efficiency in collecting due taxes, increasing tax exemptions that are offered to foreign investment to encourage them for investments in all economic, commercial, service and industrial fields in Jordan, working to diversify sources of income for the Jordanian economy and not to rely entirely on tax revenues as a primary source of income.

This paper aims to examine the impact of short and long-term active Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPI) on Jordan Economic Growth (EG) thru (1996-2017) by employing some econometric methods like ARDL and Error Correction Models to reach the study results. Findings reveal that FPI have a long-term statistical positive impact on EG at level (5%) and also have a short-term negative impact on EG at level (5%), where EG needs about ten years to reach a full adjustment.

Noor Al Mortadi,1 Khaled Bataineh,2 Mohammad Al Janaideh2 1Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: Noor Al MortadiDepartment of Applied Dental Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box (3030), Irbid 22110, JordanTel +9627201000Email naalmortadi@just.edu.joPurpose: The aim of the study was to compare the fatigue lifetime of thin-walled molar crowns made of all-ceramic CAD/CAM materials under three different cyclic load conditions.Methods: The crowns were fatigued using a range of forces similar to which crowns in the molar region might be subjected. Crowns of two thin-walled thicknesses (0.7 mm and 1.1 mm) were prepared from Zirconia and lithium disilicate. Numerical methodologies to simulate the behavior of a restored tooth were applied to evaluate the fatigue lifetimes under multiple cyclic loading; 50 N, 100 N, 150 N. An 8 mm hemispherical indenter was used to simulate the mechanical stress of opposing teeth during mastication, and applied the fatigue load at the center of the crowns.Results: The results show that the predicted survival rates for 0.7 mm and 1.1 mm Zirconia crowns were not significantly different. The number of life cycles predicted for Zirconia under all fatigue loads indicates that these crowns can live longer than five clinical years (when crowns are in service). However, crowns made from lithium disilicate also can be predicted to survive longer than five clinical years (under load up to 100 N). Crowns made of lithium disilicate should have 1.1 mm thickness to survive longer than five clinical years (when crowns are in service).Conclusion: Zirconia crowns exhibit significantly higher fracture resistance compared with lithium disilicate crowns, making them better suited to handle higher masticatory loads encountered in the posterior region of the mouth. Lithium disilicate can survive more than five clinical years (when their thickness is 1.1 mm).Keywords: dental materials, restored crown, CAD/CAM, all-ceramics, mechanical loads, mastication

We investigate the abelian sandpile group on modified wheels Wˆn{\hat{W}}_{n} by using a variant of the dollar game as described in [N. L. Biggs, Chip-Firing and the critical group of a graph, J. Algebr. Comb. 9 (1999), 25–45]. The complete structure of the sandpile group on a class of graphs is given in this paper. In particular, it is shown that the sandpile group on Wˆn{\hat{W}}_{n} is a direct product of two cyclic subgroups generated by some special configurations. More precisely, the sandpile group on Wˆn{\hat{W}}_{n} is the direct product of two cyclic subgroups of order an{a}_{n} and 3an3{a}_{n} for n even and of order an{a}_{n} and 2an2{a}_{n} for n odd, respectively.

This action research project is intended to determine the effects of Chromebook technology on student engagement in the secondary classroom. The study involved a classroom of first-year students enrolled in a health course. These students used Chromebooks for the first time as part of the one-to-one (1:1) initiative. Chromebooks were utilized as a part of the curriculum, incorporating daily lessons, teaching tools, applications, and various activities for student learning. Data collection methods included observations, teacher journals, and field notes. On-task and off-task behaviors were noted, and the results of the data analysis showed the level of engagement involved when using Chromebooks in the classroom. Levels of engagement were explored through a six-week study in a 9th-grade classroom comprised of 28 students using Chromebook one-to-one. Engagement included focus, interest, participation in the lesson and activity, and positive social interactions between the teacher and classmates. This action research investigation indicated that incorporating Chromebook technology into lessons effectively increased student engagement and motivation.

Mohamad I Jarrah,1 Nizar M Mhaidat,2 Karem H Alzoubi,2 Nasr Alrabadi,3 Enas Alsatari,2 Yousef Khader,4 Moath F Bataineh5 1Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 4Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 5Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan Background: Decreased levels of vitamin D were associated with increased risk of multiple diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. However, there seem to be some discrepancies among the results obtained from different studies. The aim of the present study was to explore the importance of having sufficient serum levels of vitamin D in reducing the incidence and the progression of coronary artery stenosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Serum levels of vitamin D were measured using radioimmunoassay in 186 Jordanian patients who underwent investigative coronary catheterization. Of these patients, 133 were suffering from coronary artery stenosis. The association between vitamin D levels, coronary stenosis and many risk factors was determined using SPSS software. Results and conclusions: Interestingly, the current results did not show an association between vitamin D abnormalities and the incidence or the reoccurrence of coronary artery stenosis. Moreover, significant differences were detected in the prevalence of vitamin D abnormalities based on the patient’s gender, and there was a significant association between vitamin D abnormalities and both body mass index and dyslipidemia. However, current results did not show any significant association with other risk factors for IHD. For instance, no association was found with smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stable and unstable angina or with acute recent myocardial infarction. Keywords: vitamin D, ischemic heart disease, IHD, coronary artery stenosis, cardiovascular system

We define a new algebraic structure for singular knots and links. It extends the notion of a bikei (or involutory biquandle) from regular knots and links to singular knots and links. We call this structure a singbikei. This structure results from the generalized Reidemeister moves representing singular isotopy. We give several examples on singbikei and we use singbikei to distinguish several singular knots and links.

This White Paper presents an overview of the current status and future perspective of QCD research, based on the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the 2022 Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting. We present the progress made in the last decade toward a deep understanding of both the fundamental structure of the sub-atomic matter of nucleon and nucleus in cold QCD, and the hot QCD matter in heavy ion collisions. We identify key questions of QCD research and plausible paths to obtaining answers to those questions in the near future, hence defining priorities of our research over the coming decades.

This paper aims to analyze gender representation in English for Nursing 1: Vocational English Course Book (Ros et al., 2012) used to teach English for Specific Purposes courses to nursing students at the University of Buraimi in Oman. Quantitative and qualitative content analyses were used to investigate the following categories: images, occupational roles, names, pronouns, and gender firstness. Study findings show that women, in general, are more visible than men in the following categories: images, gender firstness, terms of address, and names. Pronouns are the only category in which men outnumbered women. Although traditional gender norms in the workplace are still evident in the textbook in some categories, this study shows that the gender gap between men and women is closing. The current study's findings provide a light of hope for gender balance in school textbooks. Gender equality should be a top focus for textbook authors and designers. Keywords: Education, Textbooks, Gender bias, Gender balance, Education, Nursing, Oman, Arab/Islamic world, Introduction Gender representation in textbooks is important to analyze to develop a critical understanding of gender and its impact on society (Lee, 2018; Tajeddin & Enayat, 2010). Gender representation in [...]

The objective of this research was to observe any correlation between the implementation of social-emotional learning in the classroom and the social behaviors exhibited by students. Social-emotional programs, such as Responsive Classroom, have been observed to demonstrate positive effects on students' academic, behavioral, and social-emotional outcomes, as well as on the classroom climate. The relationships between social-emotional learning and student behaviors inside of the classroom was examined. This study shows positive impact related to utilizing the Responsive Classroom elements such as Closing Circle and Morning Meeting on students, teachers, and the classroom environment. This reflective and responsive time of the school day is a sacred time for students and teachers to connect, learn, and grow together.

This study examines the potential effect of mind mapping-based instruction on Jordanian EFL tenth-grade students' use of additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunctions. A purposeful sample of two tenthgrade sections was drawn from a public school in Mafraq, Jordan. The two sections were randomly assigned into an experimental group of 14 students, taught through mind mapping, and a control group of 13 students, taught per the guidelines of the prescribed Teacher's Book. Following an eight-week treatment, the data were collected by means of a post-test. The findings revealed that the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group in the use of the four types of conjunctions and overall. The study concludes with several pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research.

This study examines the potential effect of service-learning training on 38 EFL teachers from the public schools of the North-Eastern Badia Directorate of Education, Mafraq, Jordan. A quasi-experimental design was used, and the participants were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n=18) and a control group (n=20). As part of the treatment, the participants of the experimental group were asked to serve their community through collecting paper waste, recycling, and planting trees. They were then asked to videotape their activities to use them in their writing tasks in the classroom. The control group did not receive any treatment and taught the writing tasks per the guidelines of the prescribed Teacher's Book. The findings revealed statistically significant differences in the overall writing performance of both the experimental and control groups, in favor of the former. The findings also revealed that the use of service-learning training helped teachers form positive attitudes towards EFL writing.

The objective of this research was to observe any correlation between the implementation of social-emotional learning in the classroom and the social behaviors exhibited by students. Social-emotional programs, such as Responsive Classroom, have been observed to demonstrate positive effects on students' academic, behavioral, and social-emotional outcomes, as well as on the classroom climate. The relationships between social-emotional learning and student behaviors inside of the classroom was examined. This study shows positive impact related to utilizing the Responsive Classroom elements such as Closing Circle and Morning Meeting on students, teachers, and the classroom environment. This reflective and responsive time of the school day is a sacred time for students and teachers to connect, learn, and grow together.

For any two graphs F1 and F2, the graph Ramsey number r(F1, F2) is the smallest positive integer N with the property that every graph on at least N vertices contains F1 or its complement contains F2 as a subgraph. In this paper, we consider the Ramsey numbers for theta-complete graphs. We determine r(θn,Km) for m = 2, 3, 4 and n > m. More specifically, we establish that r(θn,Km) = (n − 1)(m − 1) + 1 for m = 3, 4 and n > m

Students from economically disadvantaged nations (EDN) face significant challenges in accessing high-quality education and securing global internships due to inadequate resources, funding, and infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of online platforms for providing accessible, remote education and internship opportunities, aligning with UNESCO's sustainability education objectives. Using the SWOT analysis tool within the context of the experiential learning-driven integrated reflective cycle model (IRC), the research compares onsite and online internship types in higher education to identify areas where interventions can be applied to enhance the online internship experience. The study analyzed 42 interns, both on-site (OSIs) and online (ONIs), to evaluate the constructs of 'experience,' 'action,' 'preparation,' and 'theory". The findings suggest that OSIs have weaknesses such as poor goal planning, a lack of awareness of relevance, and low communication confidence, while ONIs include a lack of exposure to teamwork and in-person experiences.

The objective of this study was to create a psychometrically valid and reliable toxic leadership scale (TLS) for use in higher education workplace environments. The TLS was administered to a sample of 482 faculty members employed by three public universities in Jordan. Another aim of the study was to determine the level of toxic leadership based on the perceptions of faculty members. In addition, the current study sought to ascertain how perceptions of toxic leadership varied according to differences in gender, level of education, experience, and academic rank. The findings of the study revealed that the TLS is composed of 15 items spread over three factors named managerial harassment, falsified show, and dictatorship. Results also indicated the presence of toxic leadership in public higher education with a low degree for the managerial harassment factor. However, moderate degrees of toxic leadership were found for the falsified show and dictatorship factors. Regarding the demographics of faculty members, the findings showed that lower academic ranks and less experienced faculty members had lower views of toxic leadership, while men had greater perceptions of toxic leadership. The study provided numerous recommendations for theory development and practitioners in higher education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed one of the most challenging situations for the academicians as well as the students all around the world. Students being the biggest stake holders of the education process, their challenges during this pandemic become even more pivotal. These challenges vary in intensity and type depending on multiple items. In this paper, we analyse and document the challenges particular to the courses of mathematics and statistics in higher education. A survey was carried out for students, who have taken mathematics/statistics courses at universities mainly in UAE, to analyse various items affecting the learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the survey showed that a significant portion of students are satisfied with distance education.

As schools strive to instill college and career readiness within students, the academic success of students continues to be a priority of educators and administrators alike. The classroom learning environment utilized by students was examined throughout this study. Specifically, this study examined how the spaces within the classroom are utilized by students and how classroom spaces impact interactions between students and teachers. This qualitative study employed classroom maps and recording logs to gather data from students in second and fifth grade classrooms. With the data collected, the relationship between classroom environment and student engagement was examined. From the research, many common trends emerged. Common themes included that students prefer a specific seating choice in the classroom, flexible seating options were selected more than traditional seating options, and some students needed teacher directed instruction on modifications needed with seating choice or reminders how to sit in a specific choice. With these findings, it promoted a more collaborative work environment in the classroom.

We define some new numerical invariants for knots with zero winding number in the solid torus. These invariants explore some geometric features of knots embedded in the solid torus. We characterize these invariants and interpret them on the level of the knot projection. We also find some relations among some of these invariants. Moreover, we give lower bounds for some of these invariants using Vassiliev invariants of type one. We connect our invariants to the bridge number in the solid torus. We give a lower bound and an upper bound of the wrap of a knot in the solid torus in terms of our new invariants.