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A mid-century net zero target creates a challenge for reducing the emissions of emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors with high cost mitigation options. These sectors include aluminium, cement, chemicals, iron and steel, lime, pulp and paper and petroleum refining. Available studies agree that decarbonization of these sectors is possible by mid-century if more ambitious policies are implemented soon. Existing carbon pricing policies have had limited impact on the emissions of these sectors because their marginal abatement costs almost always exceed the tax rate or allowance price. But emissions trading systems with free allowance allocations to emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors have minimized the adverse economic impacts and associated leakage. Internationally coordinated policies are unlikely, so implementing more ambitious policies creates a risk of leakage. This paper presents policy packages a country can implement to accelerate emission reduction by these sectors with minimal risk of leakage. To comply with international trade law the policy packages differ for producers whose goods compete with imports in the domestic market and producers whose goods are exported. Carbon pricing is a critical component of each package due its ability to minimize the risk of adverse economic impacts on domestic industry, support innovation and generate revenue. The revenue can be used to assist groups adversely impacted by the domestic price and production changes due to carbon pricing and to build public support for the policies.

Abstract Background Breaking bad news is one of the most difficult aspects of communication in medicine. The objective of this study was to assess the relevance of a novel active learning course on breaking bad news for fifth-year students. Methods Students were divided into two groups: Group 1, the intervention group, participated in a multidisciplinary formative discussion workshop on breaking bad news with videos, discussions with a pluri-professional team, and concluding with the development of a guide on good practice in breaking bad news through collective intelligence; Group 2, the control group, received no additional training besides conventional university course. The relevance of discussion-group-based active training was assessed in a summative objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) station particularly through the students’ communication skills. Results Thirty-one students were included: 17 in Group 1 and 14 in Group 2. The mean (range) score in the OSCE was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (10.49 out of 15 (7; 13) vs. 7.80 (4.75; 12.5), respectively; p = 0.0007). The proportion of students assessed by the evaluator to have received additional training in breaking bad news was 88.2% (15 of the 17) in Group 1 and 21.4% (3 of the 14) in Group 2 (p = 0.001). The intergroup differences in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Jefferson Scale of Empathy scores were not significant, and both scores were not correlated with the students’ self-assessed score for success in the OSCE. Conclusion Compared to the conventional course, this new active learning method for breaking bad news was associated with a significantly higher score in a summative OSCE. A longer-term validation study is needed to confirm these exploratory data.

Particle flow structure and associated heat transfer coefficient are examined as a function of temperature in a single-tube fluidized bed solar receiver operating in upward particle flow mode. It is found that temperature has a strong effect on both fluidization regimes and wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient that varies in the range 800-1200 W/(m2.K). Turbulent fluidization regime results in the most intense heat transfer between the irradiated wall and the fluidized particle.

Abstract The extent of aerial flows of insects circulating around the planet and their impact on ecosystems and biogeography remain enigmatic because of methodological challenges. Here we report a transatlantic crossing by Vanessa cardui butterflies spanning at least 4200 km, from West Africa to South America (French Guiana) and lasting between 5 and 8 days. Even more, we infer a likely natal origin for these individuals in Western Europe, and the journey Europe-Africa-South America could expand to 7000 km or more. This discovery was possible through an integrative approach, including coastal field surveys, wind trajectory modelling, genomics, pollen metabarcoding, ecological niche modelling, and multi-isotope geolocation of natal origins. The overall journey, which was energetically feasible only if assisted by winds, is among the longest documented for individual insects, and potentially the first verified transatlantic crossing. Our findings suggest that we may be underestimating transoceanic dispersal in insects and highlight the importance of aerial highways connecting continents by trade winds.

Abstract Introduction In 2013, rituximab was approved in France for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). The aim of the study was to compare the treatment and health events of adult incident patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), included before rituximab approval (over 2010–2012, Group 1) and those included after rituximab approval (over 2014–2017, Group 2). Method Data were extracted from the French National Health Insurance database (SNDS) including outpatient health care consumption and hospital discharge forms. Comparisons between inclusion periods were performed using Wilcoxon and χ² tests. Kaplan-Meier method was used to model the duration of treatment induction, maintenance, and off-drug periods. Fine and Gray tests were used to compare treatment phase durations. Results A total of 694 GPA and 283 MPA patients were included in Group 1, while 668 GPA and 463 MPA patients were included in Group 2. Between the two inclusion periods, the proportions of patients treated with rituximab increased in the induction and maintenance phases whereas treatment with azathioprine declined. These proportions remained stable in the case of methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and glucocorticoid-treated patients. Frequency of first-time hospitalized infections, diabetes and renal failure during the first year after inclusion increased for both groups. Limitations of the study This is a retrospective study based on claims data including only 76% of people covered by health insurance in France. The period studied includes the learning phase of using rituximab. This study lacks biological data and precise quantitative analysis for the use of steroids, therefore the criteria for establishing diagnosis and therapeutic choice were unknown. Conclusions Introduction of rituximab reduced the use of azathioprine without affecting the use of glucocorticoids or cyclophosphamide.

Recycling Li-ion batteries is a delicate but strategic operation that can be performed by either pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy or a combination of methods. This paper presents, for the first time, an innovative solar pyrometallurgical route that consists in three steps. They are pyrolysis, mechanical separation and smelting. The process is applied to LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathode material. After pyrolysis at 580°C and smelting at 1000°C, the final product is a Ni-based alloy containing Co, Li and Mn.

Abstract We document the arrival of seismic energy in the core shadow zone up to large distances beyond 150° more than 100 s prior to the core phases. Numerical simulations of the energy transport in an established heterogeneity model show that scattering throughout the entire mantle explains these observations. Diffraction at the core‐mantle boundary is unlikely in our 1–2 Hz frequency band and is not required indicating misleading terminology with reference to Pdiff for the scattered P∗P‐energy. Records of the largest deep earthquakes at low‐noise stations are key to the observation of the faint precursory signal which changes appearance with increasing distance from a coda‐like decay over a constant amplitude level around 130° to an emergent wave train. According to our simulations, different depth layers in the mantle dominate different time‐distance windows of the scattered wave train, providing the opportunity to improve the depth resolution of mantle heterogeneity models.

ObjectiveThe long-term impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been thoroughly investigated yet. This study aimed to assess the long-term impact of T2DM after AMI.Research design and methodsWe analyzed the data of three nationwide observational studies from the French Registry of Acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI) program, conducted over a 1-month period in 2005, 2010, and 2015. Patients presenting T2DM were classified as diabetic, and patients presenting type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded. We identified factors related to all-cause death at 1-year follow-up and divided 1,897 subjects into two groups, paired based on their estimated 1-year probability of death as determined by a logistic regression model.ResultsA total of 9,181 AMI patients were included in the analysis, among them 2,038 (22.2%) had T2DM. Patients with diabetes were significantly older (68.2 ± 12.0 vs. 63.8 ± 14.4, p

RÉSUMÉLe projet HOMONIM phase 3 est mené par MétéoFrance et le Shom sous la maîtrise d’ouvrage de la Direction Générale de la Prévention des Risques (DGPR). Il vise à améliorer les capacités opérationnelles de modélisation des niveaux marins et des vagues à la côte pour aider la gestion du risque de submersion marine. Les principaux travaux de R&D en cours et à venir dans le projet HOMONIM3 sont abordés dans cet article : configuration de façade Manche – Atlantique du nouveau modèle de niveau marin TOLOSASW, calibration de la prévision d’ensemble (PE) de surcotes, mise en place d’une PE des vagues en côtier, modélisation couplée vagues/niveaux/courants à très haute résolution, pour le littoral Nord-Aquitain, et la modélisation non hydrostatique. Ces résultats sont susceptibles de servir aux modèles de prévision des inondations à proximité des estuaires ou des fleuves près de leur embouchure, en leur fournissant, sur leur frontière maritime, une condition limite plus réaliste, et cohérente avec les prévisions utilisées pour le dispositif de la Vigilance Vagues-Submersion (VVS), ainsi qu’une information, pour un jour donné, sur la prévisibilité des modèles ou sur l’existence de scénarios océaniques alternatifs.

The AR5 was published in 2014. The Paris Agreement and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015.An increasing number of countries have since announced ambitions to be carbon neutral by 2045–2060. The COVID-19 pandemic shocked the global economy in 2020 and motivated economic stimulus with demands for green recovery and concerns for economic security. All this has created a new context and a growing recognition that all industry, including the energy and emissions intensive industries, need to reach net zero GHG emissions. There is an ongoing mind shift around the opportunities to do so, with electrification and hydrogen emerging among key mitigation options as a result of renewable electricity costs falling rapidly. On the demand side there has been renewed attention to end-use demand, material efficiency, and more and better-quality recycling measures. This chapter takes its starting point in this new context and emphasises the need for deploying innovative processes and practices in order to limit the global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C (IPCC 2018a).

Abstract Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin condition and prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 71 associated loci. In the current study we conducted the largest AD GWAS to date (discovery N = 1,086,394, replication N = 3,604,027), combining previously reported cohorts with additional available data. We identified 81 loci (29 novel) in the European-only analysis (which all replicated in a separate European analysis) and 10 additional loci in the multi-ancestry analysis (3 novel). Eight variants from the multi-ancestry analysis replicated in at least one of the populations tested (European, Latino or African), while two may be specific to individuals of Japanese ancestry. AD loci showed enrichment for DNAse I hypersensitivity and eQTL associations in blood. At each locus we prioritised candidate genes by integrating multi-omic data. The implicated genes are predominantly in immune pathways of relevance to atopic inflammation and some offer drug repurposing opportunities.