Search

The digital divide in Indonesia is rather big. This study aims to investigate the demographic and socioeconomic determinants affecting the quantity of uses of the Internet in Indonesia. The data used are based on the National Socioeconomic Survey in 2021. The object of the analysis is population aged 15 years and above possessing at least one digital gadget. The dependent variable is the purpose of the Internet use. The independent variables included gender, age, number of household members, marital status, education, employment status, place of dwelling, island of residence, and number of types of digital gadgets owned. A binary logistic regression model was employed in the analysis. The results of the study indicate that a higher quantity of uses of the Internet is associated with a female sex, younger age, smaller number of household members, unmarried status, higher education, dwelling in urban areas, living in Java Island, and owning more than one type of digital gadgets. These findings suggest the need to improve access to the Internet among men, older people, ever-married individuals, rural dwellers, and Outer Java inhabitants, to promote family planning, to improve education and accessibility of more types of digital gadgets in order to bridge the digital divide and to boost the global competitiveness index 4.0 in Indonesia.

Fertilizers, pesticides and global warming are threatening freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Most of these are shallow ponds or slow-flowing streams or ditches dominated by submerged macrophytes, periphyton or phytoplankton. Regime shifts between the dominance of these primary producers can occur along a gradient of nutrient loading, possibly triggered by specific disturbances influencing their competitive interactions. However, phytoplankton dominance is less desirable due to lower biodiversity and poorer ecosystem function and services. In this study, we combined a microcosm experiment with a process-based model to test three hypotheses: 1) agricultural run-off (ARO), consisting of nitrate and a mixture of organic pesticides and copper, differentially affects primary producers and enhances the risk of regime shifts, 2) warming increases the risk of an ARO-induced regime shift to phytoplankton dominance and 3) custom-tailored process-based models support mechanistic understanding of experimental results through scenario comparison. Experimentally exposing primary producers to a gradient of nitrate and pesticides at 22°C and 26°C supported the first two hypotheses. ARO had direct negative effects on macrophytes, while phytoplankton gained from warming and indirect effects of ARO like a reduction in the competitive pressure exerted by other groups. We used the process-based model to test eight different scenarios. The best qualitative fit between modeled and observed responses was reached only when taking community adaptation and organism acclimation into account. Our results highlight the importance of considering such processes when attempting to predict the effects of multiple stressors on natural ecosystems.

Multiple stressors pose potential risk to aquatic ecosystems and are the main reasons for failing ecological quality standards. However, mechanisms how multiple stressors act on aquatic community structure and functioning are poorly understood. This is especially true for two important stressors types, hydrodynamic alterations and toxicants. Here we perform a mesocosm experiment in hydraulic flumes connected as a bypass to a natural stream to test the interactive effects of both factors on natural (inoculated from streams water) biofilms. Biofilms, i.e., the community of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in association with substratum, are key players in stream functioning. We hypothesized (i) that the tolerance of biofilms toward toxicants (the herbicide Prometryn) decreases with increasing hydraulic stress. As EPS is known as an absorber of chemicals, we hypothesize (ii) that the EPS to cell ratio correlates with both hydraulic stress and herbicide tolerance. Tolerance values were derived from concentration-response assays. Both, the herbicide tolerance and the biovolume of the EPS significantly correlated with the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), while the diversity of diatoms (the dominant group within the stream biofilms) increased with flow velocity. This indicates that the positive effect of TKE on community tolerance was mediated by turbulence-induced changes in the EPS biovolume. This conclusion was supported by a second experiment, showing decreasing effects of the herbicide to a diatom biofilm (Nitzschia palea) with increasing content of artificial EPS. We conclude that increasing hydrodynamic forces in streams result in an increasing tolerance of microbial communities toward chemical pollution by changes in EPS-mediated bioavailability of toxicants.

The digital divide in Indonesia is rather big. This study aims to investigate the demographic and socioeconomic determinants affecting the quantity of uses of the Internet in Indonesia. The data used are based on the National Socioeconomic Survey in 2021. The object of the analysis is population aged 15 years and above possessing at least one digital gadget. The dependent variable is the purpose of the Internet use. The independent variables included gender, age, number of household members, marital status, education, employment status, place of dwelling, island of residence, and number of types of digital gadgets owned. A binary logistic regression model was employed in the analysis. The results of the study indicate that a higher quantity of uses of the Internet is associated with a female sex, younger age, smaller number of household members, unmarried status, higher education, dwelling in urban areas, living in Java Island, and owning more than one type of digital gadgets. These findings suggest the need to improve access to the Internet among men, older people, ever-married individuals, rural dwellers, and Outer Java inhabitants, to promote family planning, to improve education and accessibility of more types of digital gadgets in order to bridge the digital divide and to boost the global competitiveness index 4.0 in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizers, pesticides and global warming are threatening freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Most of these are shallow ponds or slow-flowing streams or ditches dominated by submerged macrophytes, periphyton or phytoplankton. Regime shifts between the dominance of these primary producers can occur along a gradient of nutrient loading, possibly triggered by specific disturbances influencing their competitive interactions. However, phytoplankton dominance is less desirable due to lower biodiversity and poorer ecosystem function and services. In this study, we combined a microcosm experiment with a processbased model to test three hypotheses: 1) agricultural run-off (ARO), consisting of nitrate and a mixture of organic pesticides and copper, differentially affects primary producers and enhances the risk of regime shifts, 2) warming increases the risk of an ARO-induced regime shift to phytoplankton dominance and 3) custom-tailored process-based models support mechanistic understanding of experimental results through scenario comparison. Experimentally exposing primary producers to a gradient of nitrate and pesticides at 22°C and 26°C supported the first two hypotheses. ARO had direct negative effects on macrophytes, while phytoplankton gained from warming and indirect effects of ARO like a reduction in the competitive pressure exerted by other groups. We used the process-based model to test eight different scenarios. The best qualitative fit between modeled and observed responses was reached only when taking community adaptation and organism acclimation into account. Our results highlight the importance of considering such processes when attempting to predict the effects of multiple stressors on natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Claustrum/dorsal endopiriform cortex complex (CLA) is an enigmatic brain region with extensive glutamatergic projections to multiple cortical areas. The transcription factor Nurr1 is highly expressed in the CLA, but its role in this region is not understood. By using conditional gene-targeted mice, we show that Nurr1 is a crucial regulator of CLA neuron identity. Although CLA neurons remain intact in the absence of Nurr1, the distinctive gene expression pattern in the CLA is abolished. CLA has been hypothesized to control hallucinations, but little is known of how the CLA responds to hallucinogens. After the deletion of Nurr1 in the CLA, both hallucinogen receptor expression and signaling are lost. Furthermore, functional ultrasound and Neuropixel electrophysiological recordings revealed that the hallucinogenic-receptor agonists’ effects on functional connectivity between prefrontal and sensorimotor cortices are altered in Nurr1-ablated mice. Our findings suggest that Nurr1-targeted strategies provide additional avenues for functional studies of the CLA.

Abstract Reward processing dysfunctions e.g., anhedonia, apathy, are common in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, and there are currently no established therapies. One potential therapeutic approach is restoration of reward anticipation during appetitive behavior, deficits in which co-occur with attenuated nucleus accumbens (NAc) activity, possibly due to NAc inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signaling. Targeting NAc regulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuron responsiveness to reward cues could involve either the direct or indirect—via ventral pallidium (VP)—pathways. One candidate is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52, expressed by DA receptor 2 NAc neurons that project to VP. In mouse brain-slice preparations, GPR52 inverse agonist (GPR52-IA) attenuated evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents at NAc-VP neurons, which could disinhibit VTA DA neurons. A mouse model in which chronic social stress leads to reduced reward learning and effortful motivation was applied to investigate GPR52-IA behavioral effects. Control and chronically stressed mice underwent a discriminative learning test of tone-appetitive behavior-sucrose reinforcement: stress reduced appetitive responding and discriminative learning, and these anticipatory behaviors were dose-dependently reinstated by GPR52-IA. The same mice then underwent an effortful motivation test of operant behavior-tone-sucrose reinforcement: stress reduced effortful motivation and GPR52-IA dose-dependently restored it. In a new cohort, GRABDA-sensor fibre photometry was used to measure NAc DA activity during the motivation test: in stressed mice, reduced motivation co-occurred with attenuated NAc DA activity specifically to the tone that signaled reinforcement of effortful behavior, and GPR52-IA ameliorated both deficits. These findings: (1) Demonstrate preclinical efficacy of GPR52 inverse agonism for stress-related deficits in reward anticipation during appetitive behavior. (2) Suggest that GPR52-dependent disinhibition of the NAc-VP-VTA-NAc circuit, leading to increased phasic NAc DA signaling of earned incentive stimuli, could account for these clinically relevant effects.

Abstract Isomalto/malto-polysaccharides (IMMPs) are a novel type of soluble dietary fibres with a prebiotic potential promoting growth of beneficial microbes in the gut. However, the mode of action of IMMPs remains unknown. Previous studies on IMMPs showed an increase in total bacteria, especially lactobacilli, and higher production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) when IMMPs were fed to rats or used during in vitro fermentation. Here we used metatranscriptomics to investigate how IMMPs with different amounts of α − (1 → 6) glycosidic linkages affected microbial function during incubation with human fecal inoculum. We showed that active microbial community dynamics during fermentation varied depending on the type of IMMP used and that the observed changes were reflected in the community gene expression profiles. Based on metatranscriptome analysis, members of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were the predominant degraders of IMMPs, and the increased gene expression in these bacteria correlated with high amounts of α − (1 → 6) glycosidic linkages. We also noted an increase in relative abundance of these bacteria and an activation of pathways involved in SCFA synthesis. Our findings could provide a baseline for more targeted approaches in designing prebiotics for specific bacteria and to achieve more controlled modulation of microbial activity towards desired health outcomes.

Abstract Whilst reward pathologies are major and common in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, their neurobiology and treatment are poorly understood. Imaging studies in human reward pathology indicate attenuated BOLD activity in nucleus accumbens (NAc) coincident with reward anticipation but not reinforcement; potentially, this is dopamine (DA) related. In mice, chronic social stress (CSS) leads to reduced reward learning and motivation. Here, DA-sensor fibre photometry is used to investigate whether these behavioural deficits co-occur with altered NAc DA activity during reward anticipation and/or reinforcement. In CSS mice relative to controls: (1) Reduced discriminative learning of the sequence, tone-on + appetitive behaviour = tone-on + sucrose reinforcement, co-occurs with attenuated NAc DA activity throughout tone-on and sucrose reinforcement. (2) Reduced motivation during the sequence, operant behaviour = tone-on + sucrose delivery + sucrose reinforcement, co-occurs with attenuated NAc DA activity at tone-on and typical activity at sucrose reinforcement. (3) Reduced motivation during the sequence, operant behaviour = appetitive behaviour + sociosexual reinforcement, co-occurs with typical NAc DA activity at female reinforcement. Therefore, in CSS mice, low NAc DA activity co-occurs with low reward anticipation and could account for deficits in learning and motivation, with important implications for understanding human reward pathology.

The diversity and distribution of gelatinous macrozooplankton is described by presenting qualitative and quantitative data of the jellyfish and comb jelly community encountered in the North Sea and Skagerrak/Kattegat during January/February 2022. Data were generated as part of the North Sea Midwater Ring Net (MIK) survey [1], an ichthyoplankton survey conducted at night-time during the quarter 1 (Q1) International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS), aboard the Danish R/V DANA (DTU Aqua) and the Swedish R/V Svea (SLU). A total of 100 stations were investigated using a 13 m long Midwater Ring Net (MIK net) with an opening diameter of 2 m and a mesh size of 1.6 mm, which is 0.5 mm meshed for the last meter of the net and the cod end [2]. Samples were collected by double oblique hauls from the surface to 5 m above the seafloor [2]. Twelve gelatinous macrozooplankton species were encountered during the Q1 2022 survey. Species encountered included the hydrozoan jellyfish i) Aequorea vitrina, ii) Aglantha digitale, iii) Clytia spp., iv) Leuckartiara octona, v) Tima bairdii, vi) Muggiaea atlantica; the two scyphozoan jellyfish i) Cyanea capillata and ii) Cyanea lamarckii as well as the comb jelly (ctenophora) species i) Beroe spp., ii) Bolinopsis infundibulum, iii) Pleurobrachia pileus and iv) the non-indigenous Mnemiopsis leidyi. In total 4882 individual specimens from samples and sub-samples were analyzed and extrapolated to 71,888 records of gelatinous macrozooplankton in the investigation area. For rare species, the entire sample was analyzed, while for abundant taxa, sub-samples were used to assess abundances. The raw counts were converted to volume-specific densities (individuals m-3) and area-specific abundances (individuals m-2), based on calibrated flow meter recordings and recorded maximum depth of the MIK net during each haul. Further, size data for the different species were obtained from a total of 4775 individual gelatinous macrozooplankton organisms. Size data are presented in the accompanying database and was used to calculate species-specific wet weights, using published size-weight regressions [3]. In addition, we present spatial distribution patterns of the weight specific biomass for the total gelatinous macrozooplankton community as well as the sub-groups i) hydrozoa, ii) scyphozoa and iii) ctenophora across the investigation area. The presented data contribute to a baseline describing the gelatinous macrozooplankton diversity and distribution in the extended North Sea area during winter [3,4] and summer [5]. The data can contribute to address the question if gelatinous macrozooplankton densities increase due to global change pressures and will help to understand their interaction with commercially important fish species, which are assessed during the same surveys. As such, this data paper presents a valuable resource on biodiversity and non-indigenous species records and highlights the importance of monitoring gelatinous macrozooplankton to facilitate an ecosystem approach to assess if the ecosystem state meets a ‘good environmental status (GES)’, as demanded by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

Seit dem 14.12.2019 sind die Mitgliedstaaten der EU verpflichtet, Erhebungen zu allen geregelten Unionsquarantäneschädlingen im Rahmen von Mehrjahresprogrammen durchzuführen. Damit hat sich die Anzahl der Erhebungen drastisch erhöht. In Deutschland wurden die Pflanzenschutzdienste als zuständige Behörden der Bundesländer, aber auch das Julius Kühn-Institut damit vor erhebliche Herausforderungen gestellt. Neben kritischen Aspekten der neuen Vorgaben im Erhebungsbereich, hat es sich aber auch gezeigt, dass in jedem Jahr Nachweise von Unionsquarantäneschädlingen basierend auf den Erhebungen erfolgen. Hinsichtlich einer erfolgreichen Tilgung eines Ausbruchs ist insbesondere die frühzeitige Feststellung eines Auftretens relevant. Hier können amtliche Erhebungen einen wichtigen Beitrag im Rahmen des Frühwarnsystems der EU und damit auch zu einer Verhinderung der Etablierung und weiteren Verbreitung von Unionsquarantäneschädlingen in Deutschland leisten.

Summary: Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for anti-metastatic immunity and can eliminate metastasizing tumor cells within circulation and sites of metastatic seeding. Here, we show that disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) colonizing the mouse lung secrete prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to locally induce NK cell dysfunction, allowing outgrowing metastases to escape immune control and establish metastatic disease. Mechanistically, PGE2 signaling through its receptors EP2 and EP4 mediates NK cell dysfunction, which leads to reprogramming of NK cell gene expression and results in impaired production of anti-metastatic cytokines. In human cancer patients, the PGE2-EP2/EP4 axis is associated with NK cell dysfunction within distant organ metastases. Disabling EP2/EP4 signaling in NK cells prevents their dysfunction in DTC-colonized lungs and achieves effective NK cell-mediated control of metastatic disease. Our findings reveal a suppressive signaling axis exploited by metastasizing tumor cells to escape immune control in distant organs that could be targeted for metastatic cancer therapy.

Abstract Background Single-cell sequencing techniques are revolutionizing every field of biology by providing the ability to measure the abundance of biological molecules at a single-cell resolution. Although single-cell sequencing approaches have been developed for several molecular modalities, single-cell transcriptome sequencing is the most prevalent and widely applied technique. SPLiT-seq (split-pool ligation-based transcriptome sequencing) is one of these single-cell transcriptome techniques that applies a unique combinatorial-barcoding approach by splitting and pooling cells into multi-well plates containing barcodes. This unique approach required the development of dedicated computational tools to preprocess the data and extract the count matrices. Here we compare eight bioinformatic pipelines (alevin-fry splitp, LR-splitpipe, SCSit, splitpipe, splitpipeline, SPLiTseq-demultiplex, STARsolo and zUMI) that have been developed to process SPLiT-seq data. We provide an overview of the tools, their computational performance, functionality and impact on downstream processing of the single-cell data, which vary greatly depending on the tool used. Results We show that STARsolo, splitpipe and alevin-fry splitp can all handle large amount of data within reasonable time. In contrast, the other five pipelines are slow when handling large datasets. When using smaller dataset, cell barcode results are similar with the exception of SPLiTseq-demultiplex and splitpipeline. LR-splitpipe that is originally designed for processing long-read sequencing data is the slowest of all pipelines. Alevin-fry produced different down-stream results that are difficult to interpret. STARsolo functions nearly identical to splitpipe and produce results that are highly similar to each other. However, STARsolo lacks the function to collapse random hexamer reads for which some additional coding is required. Conclusion Our comprehensive comparative analysis aids users in selecting the most suitable analysis tool for efficient SPLiT-seq data processing, while also detailing the specific prerequisites for each of these pipelines. From the available pipelines, we recommend splitpipe or STARSolo for SPLiT-seq data analysis.

LiNixMnyCozO2 cathode materials combined with Si‐based anode materials are current state‐of‐the‐art high energy density chemistries for lithium ion batteries. Increasing the upper cut‐off voltage is an intriguing approach to achieve even higher energy density in lithium ion batteries. However, poor oxidation stability of the state‐of‐the‐art electrolytes leads to transition metal dissolution (TMD), migration, and deposition (TMDMD) on the negative electrode, followed by sudden and rapid capacity fade. Furthermore, the chemical instability of the lithium hexafluorophosphate causes hydro‐fluoric acid to develop, which targets the native SiOx layers on silicon anodes and breaks the chemical bond to the carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt binder. Herein, a fluorine‐rich electrolyte formulation consisting of lithium‐bis(fluorsulfonyl)imide with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC): bis(2,2,2,) trifluoroethyl carbonate (BFEC) was applied in NMC811||10%SiOx‐90%graphite cells to achieve high oxidation stability and prevent TMD and deposition. Up‐to‐date, this is the premier electrochemical performance reported in literature with a capacity retention of 94.5% and 92.2% with 0.5 °C and 4.5 V upper cut‐off voltage cycling at 20 and 40 °C after 100 cycles, respectively. The post mortem analysis showed that stabilization is achieved by forming inorganic‐ and salt‐rich interphases that protect the electrolyte versus decomposition at the electrode.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the precipitation of Cerium(III)nitrate hexahydrate [Ce(NO3)3] or Samarium(III)nitrate hexahydrate [Sm(NO3)3] solutions on human enamel with and without a salivary pellicle. Investigated parameters were At%Ce and At%Sm measured using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) after test solution (two concentrations) application.Materials and methodsPrecipitation of Ce(NO3)3 and Sm(NO3)3 solutions was examined on human enamel with and without a salivary pellicle. 6 enamel specimens each were obtained from 12 freshly extracted human third molars. These specimens were ground flat and polished. A salivary pellicle was created on 3 of the 6 specimens per tooth by storing the samples in human saliva. Subsequently, an aqueous solution of Ce(NO3)3 was applied to 2 of the 6 specimens (one with, one without salivary pellicle) for 60 s. The same was carried out with an aqueous solution of Sm(NO3)3 on 2 further specimens. The remaining 2 specimens from each tooth were treated with demineralized water (negative control). Ce(NO3)3 and Sm(NO3)3 solutions were applied at 25 or 50 wt% (aqueous solutions). The test materials and concentrations were distributed using a randomization table. After 60 s exposure and rinsing with demineralized water, the elemental composition (Ce, Sm, Ca, P, O, N, Na, Mg) of the enamel surface was analyzed by EDX. Atomic percentages (At%), differences (ΔAt%) and calcium/phosphorous-ratios (Ca/P-ratios) were calculated and analyzed non-parametrically (α = 0.05).Results2.0–2.3 At%Ce (median) was detected on Ce(NO3)3-treated enamel and 0.4–0.7 At% Sm (median) was detected on Sm(NO3)3-treated enamel. Ce was only detected on the surfaces after application of Ce(NO3)3, Sm only after application of Sm(NO3)3. The Ca/P-ratio was significantly lower (1.37–1.59; p = 0.028) after the application of 25% and 50%Ce(NO3)3 as well as 50%Sm(NO3)3 compared to the control treatment (demineralized water; 1.61–1.63). After treatment with Ce(NO3)3, At%Ca and At%Na were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.043) compared to treatment with Sm(NO3)3. No significant differences were found between specimens treated with 25% or 50% lanthanide nitrate solution. Presence of a salivary pellicle had no significant influence on the measured At% with the exception of specimens treated with 50% Sm(NO3)3 with increased At%Sm (p ≤ 0.046).ConclusionsCe(NO3)3 and Sm(NO3)3 precipitate on human enamel independently of the presence of a salivary pellicle.

BackgroundNeuropsychopharmacological compounds may exert complex brain-wide effects due to an anatomically and genetically broad expression of their molecular targets and indirect effects via interconnected brain circuits. Electrophysiological measurements in multiple brain regions using electroencephalography (EEG) or local field potential (LFP) depth-electrodes may record fingerprints of such pharmacologically-induced changes in local activity and interregional connectivity (pEEG/pLFP). However, in order to reveal such patterns comprehensively and potentially derive mechanisms of therapeutic pharmacological effects, both activity and connectivity have to be estimated for many brain regions. This entails the problem that hundreds of electrophysiological parameters are derived from a typically small number of subjects, making frequentist statistics ill-suited for their analysis.MethodsWe here present an optimized interpretable machine-learning (ML) approach which relies on predictive power in individual recording sequences to extract and quantify the robustness of compound-induced neural changes from multi-site recordings using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) values. To evaluate this approach, we recorded LFPs in mediodorsal thalamus (MD), prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal hippocampus (CA1 and CA3), and ventral hippocampus (vHC) of mice after application of amphetamine or of the dopaminergic antagonists clozapine, raclopride, or SCH23390, for which effects on directed neural communication between those brain structures were so far unknown.ResultsOur approach identified complex patterns of neurophysiological changes induced by each of these compounds, which were reproducible across time intervals, doses (where tested), and ML algorithms. We found, for example, that the action of clozapine in the analysed cortico-thalamo-hippocampal network entails a larger share of D1—as opposed to D2-receptor induced effects, and that the D2-antagonist raclopride reconfigures connectivity in the delta-frequency band. Furthermore, the effects of amphetamine and clozapine were surprisingly similar in terms of decreasing thalamic input to PFC and vHC, and vHC activity, whereas an increase of dorsal-hippocampal communication and of thalamic activity distinguished amphetamine from all tested anti-dopaminergic drugs.ConclusionOur study suggests that communication from the dorsal hippocampus scales proportionally with dopamine receptor activation and demonstrates, more generally, the high complexity of neuropharmacological effects on the circuit level. We envision that the presented approach can aid in the standardization and improved data extraction in pEEG/pLFP-studies.

The motivation of this study was to solve the high $\rm I_{D,off}$ problem in 8 Volt N-channel MOSFET. We experimented with implanting nitrogen into LDD at various doses. As a result, $\rm I_{D,off}$ increases and $\rm BV_{DSS}$ decreases as the dose increases. When it exceeds 1.0E15 cm $^{-2}$ , the occurrence of tail-type $\rm I_{D,off}$ and $\rm BV_{DSS}$ that deviate from the normal distribution increases. Implanted nitrogen enhances the diffusion of dopants in the LDD bulk but suppresses it on the silicon surface. As a result, the depletion curvature at the LDD edge becomes a negative shape and increases the electric field. We performed the same experiment on logic MOSFETs to comprehensively analyze other electrical effects. Nitrogen improves the HCI immunity of MOSFETs but degrades for 2.5 Volt and 8 Volt MOSFETs when the dose is above 1.0E15 cm $^{-2}$ . The short-channel effect of 2.5 Volt MOSFET is insensitive to nitrogen but is suppressed in CORE MOSFET when the dose is over 1.3E15 cm $^{-2}$ . Nitrogen changes $\rm I_{D,sat}$ through interactions with co-implanted species and nitrogen dose. As a result, nitrogen co-implanted with phosphorus shows a parabolic-like $\rm I_{D,sat}$ trend. However, in the case of CORE MOSFET implanted with arsenic, $\rm I_{D,sat}$ does not show a parabolic-like trend but increases continuously. This experiment did not find much benefit from nitrogen implantation for 2.5 Volt and 8 Volt MOSFETs. For all MOSFETs, it is recommended that the nitrogen dosage not exceed 1.0E15 cm $^{-2}$ .