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International audience; How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected learning progress among school-age children? A growing number of studies address this question, but findings vary depending on context. We conduct a pre-registered systematic review, quality appraisal and meta-analysis of 42 studies across 15 countries to assess the magnitude of the effect of the pandemic on learning. We find a substantial overall learning deficit (Cohen’s d = –0.14, 95% c.i. –0.17, –0.10), which arose early in the pandemic and persists over time. Forgone learning is particularly large among children from low socio-economic backgrounds. It is also larger in math than in reading, and in middle-income countries, relative to high-income countries. There is a lack of evidence on learning progress during the pandemic in low-income countries. Future research should address this evidence gap and avoid the common risks of bias that we identify.; Comment la pandémie de COVID-19 a-t-elle affecté les progrès de l'apprentissage chez les enfants d'âge scolaire ? Un nombre croissant d'études se penchent sur cette question, mais les résultats varient en fonction du contexte. Nous réalisons une revue systématique pré-enregistrée, une évaluation de la qualité et une méta-analyse de 42 études dans 15 pays pour évaluer l'ampleur de l'effet de la pandémie sur l'apprentissage. Nous constatons un déficit d'apprentissage global substantiel (d de Cohen = -0,14, 95 % c.i. -0,17, -0,10), qui s'est manifesté au début de la pandémie et qui persiste au fil du temps. Le déficit d'apprentissage est particulièrement important chez les enfants issus de milieux socio-économiques défavorisés. Il est également plus important en mathématiques qu'en lecture, et dans les pays à revenu moyen, par rapport aux pays à revenu élevé. On manque de données sur les progrès de l'apprentissage pendant la pandémie dans les pays à faible revenu. Les recherches futures devraient combler ce manque de données probantes et éviter les risques communs de biais que nous avons identifiés.

Mariya Boyko, Sandy Vonderbank, Hakan Gürleyen, Natalie Gibis, Alina Schulz, Annika Erbuth, Andreas Bastian Marienkrankenhaus Kassel, Kassel 34127, GermanyCorrespondence: Andreas BastianMarienkrankenhaus Kassel, Marburger Strasse 85, Kassel 34127, GermanyEmail a.bastian@marienkrankenhaus-kassel.deBackground: Hyperinflation in patients with pulmonary emphysema is an important cause of reduced diaphragm mobility. We investigated whether endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR) could improve diaphragm mobility.Methods: Diaphragm mobility data obtained by sonography from 44 patients were compared before and 3– 6 months after ELVR therapy with a Spiration™ valve system. These patients were asked whether they wanted this procedure again after they had learned of their treatment outcome; this was a subjective indicator of outcome. Lung function parameters and blood gases were also measured.Results: After ELVR, 30 patients (82%) developed atelectasis of ≥ 50% of the targeted lung lobe. These patients had a diaphragm mobility increase of 28.97 ± 15.93 mm, while the remaining patients experienced an improvement in diaphragm mobility of 16.07 ± 21.17 mm; this difference was significant (p = 0.030). All 30 patients with atelectasis and additional 6 patients without radiologically demonstrated atelectasis perceived an improved outcome after ELVR. Their diaphragm mobility increased by 28.89 ± 17.26 mm. Conversely, the patients with no perceived improvement in outcome had a diaphragm mobility increase of 6.75 ± 12.76 mm; this difference was significant (p = 0.001).Conclusion: ELVR can improve diaphragm mobility, and this improvement is correlated with a perceived positive outcome in patients.Keywords: COPD, emphysema, diaphragm mobility, endoscopic lung volume reduction, ultrasound, outcome

The increasing prevalence of non-standard employment and its adverse consequences are well documented. However, we still know little about how prevalent non-standard employment is amongst parents, and whether its negative consequences are further transmitted to their children. Using data from the German Microcensus, we provide a detailed account of the prevalence of fixed-term employment and non-standard work schedules in households with children in Germany. Second, we examine the extent to which variation in this temporal dimension of parents’ employment is associated with their children’s educational attainment. We find that in about half of all German households with children in lower secondary education, at least one parent has a short fixed-term contract or regularly works on evenings or Saturdays. Depending on the concentration of parental non-standard employment in the household, children of parents with fixed-term contracts or non-standard work schedules have a 5 to 16 percent lower probability of being in the academic educational track than children with parents in standard employment, net of parents’ social class, income and education. Based on these results, we argue that the temporal dimension of parental employment is key to understanding how changing labor markets reshape the opportunity structure for children from disadvantaged parental backgrounds and the intergenerational transmission of inequality.

Sandy Vonderbank, Natalie Gibis, Alina Schulz, Mariya Boyko, Annika Erbuth, Hakan Gürleyen, Andreas Bastian Marienkrankenhaus Kassel, Kassel, GermanyCorrespondence: Andreas BastianMarienkrankenhaus Kassel, Kassel, GermanyTel +49 561 8073 1212Fax +49 561 8073 4200Email a.bastian@marienkrankenhaus-kassel.deIntroduction: Hypercapnia is an indicator of ventilatory exhaustion. There is some disagreement regarding whether hypercapnia is also a predictor of mortality. In this prospective study, we aimed to investigate whether hypercapnia can predict in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates in patients with dyspnea or pulmonary diseases.Patients and Methods: All patients with dyspnea or pulmonary diseases underwent routine blood gas analysis at hospital admission. During the 12-month enrollment period, 2710 patients were enrolled, and 588 patients with hypercapnia at admission were identified. Of the 1626 normocapnic patients, 62 were randomly selected as controls. In-hospital and 1-year mortality rates were determined.Results: There were significant increases in mortality rate between acute hypercapnic patients and both chronic hypercapnic patients and normocapnic controls. Their in-hospital mortality rates were 17%, 6.7% and 3.2%, respectively. Their 1-year mortality rates were 32%, 20.2% and 14.5%, respectively. The 1-year mortality rates of hypercapnic patients with different underlying diseases were 24.6% (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), 28.4% (congestive heart disease), 1.6% (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome/obesity hypoventilation syndrome), 50.9% (pneumonia), 0% (suppressed central respiratory drive, primarily due to opiate abuse) and 22.8% (other conditions).Discussion: The 1-year mortality rate of patients with acute hypercapnia at hospital admission was 32%, with significant differences compared to chronic hypercapnic patients (20.2%) and normocapnic patients (14.5%). There was a wide range of 1-year mortality rates between the hypercapnic patients with different underlying diseases.Keywords: hypercapnia, mortality, COPD

This data note presents and discussed descriptive statistics of the key variables on individuals’ social origin, cognitive ability and educational attainment that have been constructed based on the information contained in the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). The main sets of variables presented are (1) measures of respondents’ cognitive ability in childhood, (2) parental education, class, status and income, and (3) respondents’ highest qualification and measures indicating whether respondents have crossed different educational qualification thresholds.

This data note presents and discussed descriptive statistics of the key variables on individuals’ social origin, cognitive ability and educational attainment that have been constructed based on the information contained in the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). The main sets of variables presented are (1) measures of respondents’ cognitive ability in childhood, (2) parental education, class, status and income, and (3) respondents’ highest qualification and measures indicating whether respondents have crossed different educational qualification thresholds.

This data note presents and discussed descriptive statistics of the key variables on individuals’ social origin, cognitive ability and educational attainment that have been constructed based on the information contained in the National Child Development Study (NCDS). The main sets of variables presented are (1) measures of respondents’ cognitive ability in childhood, (2) parental education, class, status and income, and (3) respondents’ highest qualification and measures indicating whether respondents have crossed different educational qualification thresholds.

Jens Bräunlich,1 Dominic Dellweg,2 Andreas Bastian,3 Stephan Budweiser,4 Winfried Randerath,5 Dora Triché,6 Martin Bachmann,7 Christian Kähler,8 Abdel Hakim Bayarassou,9 Irmhild Mäder,10 Jens Geiseler,11 Norbert Köhler,12 David Petroff,12 Hubert Wirtz11Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Germany; 2Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg Grafschaft, Germany; 3Pneumologie/Intensivmedizin/Infektiologie, Marienkrankenhaus Kassel, Kassel, Germany; 4Medizinische Klinik III, RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany; 5Krankenhaus Bethanien gGmbH, Klinik für Pneumologie und Allergologie, Zentrum für Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Solingen, Germany; 6Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Nuernberg, General Hospital Nuernberg, Nürnberg, Germany; 7Intensivmedizin und Beatmungsmedizin, Klinik für Atemwegs-, Lungen- und Thoraxmedizin, Asklepios Klinikum Harburg, Hamburg, Germany; 8Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; 9Klinik für Pneumologie, Kardiologie, Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Malteser Krankenhaus Seliger Gerhard, Bonn/Rhein-Sieg, Bonn, Germany; 10Zentralklinik Bad Berka GmbH, Klinik für Pneumologie, Bad Berka, Germany; 11Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum Vest - Paracelsus-Klinik Marl, Marl, Germany; 12Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyBackground: Despite the encouraging results of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in chronic hypercapnic COPD patients, it is also evident that some patients do not tolerate NIV or do not benefit from it. We conducted a study in which COPD patients with stable, chronic hypercapnia were treated with NIV and nasal high-flow (NHF) to compare effectiveness.Methods: In a multi-centered, randomized, controlled, cross-over design, patients received 6 weeks of NHF ventilation followed by 6 weeks of NIV ventilation or vice-versa (TIBICO) between 2011 and 2016. COPD patients with stable daytime hypercapnia (pCO2≥50 mmHg) were recruited from 13 German centers. The primary endpoint was pCO2 changes from baseline blood gas, lung function, quality of life (QoL), the 6 min walking test, and duration of device use were secondary endpoints.Results: A total of 102 patients (mean±SD) age 65.3±9.3 years, 61% females, body mass index 23.1±4.8 kg/m,2 90% GOLD D, pCO2 56.5±5.4 mmHg were randomized. PCO2 levels decreased by 4.7% (n=94; full analysis set; 95% CI 1.8–7.5, P=0.002) using NHF and 7.1% (95% CI 4.1–10.1, P

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing process that uses a laser to fuse powdered starting materials into solid 3D structures. Despite the potential for fabrication of complex, high-resolution structures with SLS using diverse starting materials (including biomaterials), prohibitive costs of commercial SLS systems have hindered the wide adoption of this technology in the scientific community. Here, we developed a low-cost, open-source SLS system (OpenSLS) and demonstrated its capacity to fabricate structures in nylon with sub-millimeter features and overhanging regions. Subsequently, we demonstrated fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) into macroporous structures such as a diamond lattice. Widespread interest in using PCL for bone tissue engineering suggests that PCL lattices are relevant model scaffold geometries for engineering bone. SLS of materials with large powder grain size (~500 μm) leads to part surfaces with high roughness, so we further introduced a simple vapor-smoothing technique to reduce the surface roughness of sintered PCL structures which further improves their elastic modulus and yield stress. Vapor-smoothed PCL can also be used for sacrificial templating of perfusable fluidic networks within orthogonal materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) silicone. Finally, we demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells were able to adhere, survive, and differentiate down an osteogenic lineage on sintered and smoothed PCL surfaces, suggesting that OpenSLS has the potential to produce PCL scaffolds useful for cell studies. OpenSLS provides the scientific community with an accessible platform for the study of laser sintering and the fabrication of complex geometries in diverse materials.

The invention relates to the field of chemical derivatization. In particular, it relates to modified aminoglycosides, such as antibiotics, and methods for producing them. Provided is a method for the regioselective diazotation of a desoxy-streptamine- substituted aminoglycoside, comprising contacting the aminoglycoside with imidazole- -sulfonyl azide hydrochloride under neutral p H conditions to allow for the conversion of the single amine group at the 3-C position of the desoxy-streptamine ring into an azide group. Also provided are novel antibiotic compounds.

Title: Methods for chemical synthesis of biologically active compounds using supramolecular protective groups and novel compounds obtainable thereby. Abstract The invention relates to drug development and synthetic chemistry, in particular to the manufacture of biologically active compounds based on naturally occurring molecules. It also relates to novel biologically active compounds, for example aminoglycoside antibiotics, in a substantially pure regioisomeric form.