Search

[ES] A pesar del potencial de blockchain para revolucionar el sector agroalimentario en el contexto de la industria 4.0 aumentando la transparencia y mejorando la trazabilidad y la eficiencia, su implementación aún se enfrenta a desafíos significativos. Actualmente, esta tecnología se encuentra en las fases iniciales de su desarrollo en la industria agroalimentaria, y por lo tanto su potencial no ha sido explotado todavía a gran escala. En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) se analizan las barreras de adopción de la tecnología blockchain en la cadena de suministro del sector agroalimentario. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una revisión de literatura siguiendo el método PRISMA, con el objetivo de identificar las barreras de adopción. Se identifica un total de dieciséis barreras distintas. Posteriormente, se categorizan en tres naturalezas diferentes y se organizan en un marco preliminar. A continuación, se realiza una encuesta en una entidad de certificación internacional del sector agroalimentario para evaluar la percepción de la importancia e impacto de las barreras identificadas. Los resultados de la encuesta se utilizan para refinar el marco preliminar y llevar a cabo el desarrollo de un marco conceptual definitivo., [EN] Despite the potential of blockchain to revolutionise the agriculture and food (agri-food) sector within the context of Industry 4.0 by increasing transparency and improving traceability and efficiency, its implementation still faces significant challenges. Currently, this technology is in its initial phases within the agri-food industry, and thus, its potential has not yet been fully exploited on a large scale. This thesis analyses blockchain technologies adoption barriers in the agri-food sector supply chain. First, a systematic literature review is conducted following the PRISMA statement, aiming to identify the adoption barriers. A total of sixteen different adoption barriers are identified. These barriers are then categorised and organised into a preliminary conceptual framework. Subsequently, a survey is conducted within an international certification entity in the agri-food sector to evaluate the perceived importance and impact of the identified barriers. The insights gained from this survey are then used to refine the preliminary framework, leading to the development of a final conceptual framework.

In Europe, buildings are responsible for more than one third of the total final energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. In the last twenty years, the European Union has published a succession of energy performance of building directives to define and ensure the fulfilment of a series of objectives regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, energy efficiency and energy generation from renewable sources in buildings. For its part, Spain is adapting its legal framework, transposing these directives with the aim of achieving greater energy efficiency and sustainability for buildings. Under this context, an energy, economic and environmental assessment is performed to analyze the impact of these regulatory changes on a single-family home including a photovoltaic installation for self-consumption with surpluses and/or a solar thermal installation for domestic hot water supply, located in each one of the eight thousand one hundred thirty-one municipalities that make up Spain. The energy behavior of the original house is compared with that obtained after it is updated with these new facilities. The transient system simulation tool is used for the energy study. The results show that the European objectives are far exceeded. The energy savings achieved range from 67% to 126%, carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 42% to 100% and energy bills are reduced in cost by 32% to 81%. The findings of this work can be used by policymakers as guidelines for the development of national strategic plans and financial incentives for the promotion of small-scale residential photovoltaic and solar thermal applications, as well as by designers, supervisors, managers and developers to include them in their projects.

[EN] In Europe, buildings are responsible for more than one third of the total final energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. In the last twenty years, the European Union has published a succession of energy performance of building directives to define and ensure the fulfilment of a series of objectives regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, energy efficiency and energy generation from renewable sources in buildings. For its part, Spain is adapting its legal framework, transposing these directives with the aim of achieving greater energy efficiency and sustainability for buildings. Under this context, an energy, economic and environmental assessment is performed to analyze the impact of these regulatory changes on a single-family home including a photovoltaic installation for self-consumption with surpluses and/or a solar thermal installation for domestic hot water supply, located in each one of the eight thousand one hundred thirty-one municipalities that make up Spain. The energy behavior of the original house is compared with that obtained after it is updated with these new facilities. The transient system simulation tool is used for the energy study. The results show that the European objectives are far exceeded. The energy savings achieved range from 67% to 126%, carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 42% to 100% and energy bills are reduced in cost by 32% to 81%. The findings of this work can be used by policymakers as guidelines for the development of national strategic plans and financial incentives for the promotion of small-scale residential photovoltaic and solar thermal applications, as well as by designers, supervisors, managers and developers to include them in their projects.

Since the second half of the twentieth century, the big processes of globalization of the economy, coupled with the development of new technologies and the increase of the population, have led to the emergence of major environmental problems whose importance transcends beyond the limits of the countries, in a manner that we could say that they are global impacts. These problems include, among others, the ozone layer depletion, the climate change due to the greenhouse gas emission, or the depletion of natural resources. Industry, as well as modern societies, must face this challenge, changing their consumption patterns, increasing product life, banishing the concept of "use and throw away," and changing from the traditional productive systems to a more sustainable ones.

The rural environment is a complex system in which the differences in development are evident both at the subnational and international level. The difficulties related to methodological analysis are due to such rural diversity and the partial lack of comparable indicators which lead to the development of objectives and indicators that respond to both national and international needs. Harmonization should be easier in view of the common goal, but policies and strategies do not always provide the required coherence. The presence of programmatic documents such as the Agenda 2030 reveals a path that can lead to good practices and reliable results even if they do not offer universal or global certainties.

The second half of the 20th century was characterized by increasing patterns of consumption, along with a decrease in the capacity of the planet to support us. This made societies aware of the necessity to change the economic model towards a more sustainable one. The Government can act as a consumer and, therefore, good practices, policies and recommendations should be applied also to the public sector, acting as a responsible citizen. One of the ways in which the State may behave conscious with the environment is through the so-called Sustainable Public Procurement, SPP (also called green public procurement, green Marketing or sustainable procurement). Sustainable Procurement is a process whereby organizations meet their needs for goods, services, works and utilities in a way that achieves value for money on a whole life basis in terms of generating benefits not only to the organization, but also to society and the economy, whilst minimizing damage to the environment (DEFRA 2006). This article presents some of the strategies carried out until the moment in this regard, as well as different labeling schemes currently available to identify a product or service of low environmental impact., La segunda mitad del siglo XX se caracterizó por un aumento cada vez mayor en las pautas de consumo, acompañado por una disminución de la capacidad del planeta para absorber los residuos generados por esa sociedad consumista. Esto hizo saltar las alarmas y plantear que el modelo de desarrollo seguido hasta el momento no era el correcto, impulsando un cambio en el mismo hacia un modelo de consumo más sostenible. El Gobierno puede actuar como un consumidor más y, por lo tanto, las buenas prácticas, políticas y recomendaciones deben ser aplicadas también al sector público, comportándose éste como un ciudadano responsable. Una de las formas en las que el Estado puede comportarse de forma responsable con el ambiente es mediante la denominada compra pública sostenible, CPS (también llamada compra pública verde, Marketing Verde o compra pública responsable). La CPS es el proceso que siguen las organizaciones para satisfacer sus necesidades de bienes y/o servicios introduciendo criterios de sostenibilidad (ambientales, económicos y sociales) entre los criterios de selección de los proveedores de la administración, con la finalidad de generar beneficios para la institución (tanto sociales como económicos), al tiempo que se minimiza el impacto ambiental (DEFRA, 2006). En este artículo se presentan algunas de las estrategias llevadas a cabo hasta el momento en este sentido, así como los distintos sistemas de etiquetado actualmente disponibles para identificar a un producto o servicio de baja incidencia ambiental.