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In this work, relevant literature with regards to sizing and designing renewable energy systems microgrid have been analysed and discussed. These sizing methods were found to have been categorised mainly as intuitive, numerical, artificial intelligence, and hybrid methods. However, from preliminary investigation performed via simulation in MATLAB, using three simple numerical sizing methods from existing literature, justified the validity for the inclusion of an active energy management strategy to enhance the reliability of hybrid energy storage systems while limiting the use of non-renewable sources. In conclusion, the sizing of hybrid energy storage systems’ assets alone was shown to be inadequate to cater for uncertainty and intermittent renewable energy sources, an underpinning element in the design of reliable microgrid

Hymns as a special kind of music, ministered to the soul has impact on the emotional behaviour of those who sing such. Psychoactive substances influenced emotional behaviour as some kinds of music do. Hymn No. 4 according to the context of the study refers to a locally brew of psychoactive substances that contain a mixture of tramadol, marijuana, lemon grass, palm wine, illicit gin (ethanol) and Hollandia yoghurt. This qualitative research work examined the impacts of new and locally brewed psychoactive substance consumption among the youthsof Etinan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Ethnographic study was conducted in selected villages within the study setting. The study relied on qualitative methods of data collection such as in-depth interviews (IDI), key informant interview (KII), participant observation (PO), and focus group discussions (FGDs). Competing narratives from participants were analyzed thematically and presented as excerpts. The researchers made use of Social Learning theory and Differential Association theory as frameworks. Fetterman’s big-net approach was adopted for sampling through which participants were purposively selected to be between 18 and 50 years of age. Findings of the study revealed that the youths are engaging in traditional brew of new combine substance called hymn No. 4; youths through pressure have expanded the moral boundaries through traditions to include acceptability of psychoactive substances such that are locally brewed; youths are considering high emotional satisfaction from consumption of combined psychoactive substances. It was recommended that psychoactive substances should be removed from traditional requirement lists for cultural events in order to lock up the opportunities which the youths have ceased for abuse of psychoactive substances, and community elders should not encourage the collection of alcohol and psychoactive substances for youths as part of tradition in order reduce traditional rights which some youths have used to abuse drugs and other related substances.

Objectives: Self-reported vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) allows us to assess the effect of disease and treatments from the patient’s perspective, focusing on an individual’s subjective satisfaction and functional ability. The previous studies mostly focused on the impact of visual function deficits on VRQOL in patients with visual impairment. This study seeks to investigate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on VRQOL in visually impaired patients. Material and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included consecutive adult patients with visual impairment at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital eye clinic. All patients had presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 in the better eye. VRQOL was assessed by the validated English version 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics and ocular parameters were recorded. Sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated based on age, sex, area of residence, marital status, religion, educational attainment, and monthly income. Each characteristic was stratified into groups or levels. Analysis of variance, including post hoc analysis was used to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics and VRQOL. Results: A total of 270 patients were enrolled. After adjustments for category and causes of visual impairment, older age (P < 0.001), rural dwellers (P < 0.001), widowhood (P = 0.006), and no formal education (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with low mean visual function (VF) scores. Similarly, older age (P < 0.001), rural dwellers (P < 0.001), widowhood (P = 0.003), and no formal education (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with low mean QOL scores. The difference in the mean score of VF and QOL by religion, sex, and monthly income was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Besides the degree of visual impairment, the interplay of certain social and demographic factors plays a remarkable role in determining the QOL in visually impaired patients. Therefore, an individualized management plan, including psychosocial therapy is imperative in the care of visually impaired patients.

Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of patients who access the Ophthalmic counselling services anchored by trained social workers of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, NigeriaMethods: A cross-sectional study of serial consenting participants was done. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Calabar Teaching hospitals’ ethics committee. Data was obtained using a semi-structured intervieweradministeredquestionnaire. Data were collated and analyzed using the SPSS for Windows (version 20, SPSS inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Modified Likert scale (very satisfied, satisfied and not satisfied) was used to rate the satisfaction level.Results: A total of 120 respondents met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled into the study. Majority of the respondents (60%) were male with an overall mean age of 45.32± 1.82. Over a quarter (28.3%) of the respondents were in the age bracket of 41-50. Glaucoma (48.3%) was the most common eye condition of the respondents. Seventy-five percent of the respondents were satisfied with the average time spent for the counselling services while 76.7% were satisfied with the overall ophthalmic counselling services they received with 46.7% believing that the service was provided by a social worker.Conclusion: Majority of the Patients were satisfied with the Ophthalmic counselling services mainly anchored by social workers. Training and retraining of allied support staff to render ophthalmic counselling services in order to ease the workload of the Ophthalmologist should be encouraged in resource-limited settings.Keywords: Patients satisfaction, ophthalmic counselling service, NigeriaFunding: None declared

Background Occupational predisposition to dry eye disease is known. Simultaneous exposure to multiple factors may pose more risk. Street sweepers are exposed to sunlight in addition to dust which all sweepers are exposed to. Tropical climate predisposes to significant exposure to sunlight. Combined exposure to dust and sunlight may lead to a synergy of factors. This study aims to assess the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) amongst Street sweepers and Office cleaners in Calabar metropolis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among street sweepers and office cleaners. A systematic random sampling and multi-stage sampling method were used to select street sweepers (n = 115) and office cleaners (n = 115) respectively for the study. A pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information after which the respondents had an ophthalmic examination. An assessment of DED was done with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer’s test, and tear break up time (TBUT). OSDI scores of 33 and above; Schirmer’s test readings of Results The majority of respondents were females 215(93.5%) compared to males 15 (6.5%). The overall mean age of respondents was 40.96 ± 9.8 years. The average OSDI score, Schirmer’s test as well as TBUT among participants was 26.4 ± 16.0, 16.44 ± 9.52 mm, and 12.38 ± 4.53 s respectively. The prevalence of DED among Street sweepers was 35.7% compared to 20% among office cleaners using the OSDI questionnaire (p = 0.352). The prevalence of DED among street sweepers was 32.2% compared to 30.4% among Office cleaners using the Schirmer’s test. (p = 0.73) The TBUT reported a prevalence of 38.3% of DED among Street sweepers compared to 32.2% in office cleaners. (p = 0.48) Overall; the prevalence of dry eye disease among Street sweepers and office cleaners using OSDI score, Schirmers test, as well as TBUT were not statistically significant (> 0.05) Street Sweepers had higher odds of developing dry eye disease compared to office cleaners (OR = 2.085; C.I. =1.106–3.929; p = 0.02). Negative correlation coefficient was observed between TBUT and OSDI (rs = − 0.102; p = 0.125). This was not statistically significant. Conclusion Street sweepers had a higher prevalence of dry eye disease compared to office cleaners due to a higher risk of increased exposure to environmental factors such as dust, smoke, and sunlight. This effect is possibly due to a synergy of factors. Studies on dose-response are warranted.

Background:Occupational predisposition to dry eye disease is known. Simultaneous exposure to multiple factors may pose more risk. Street sweepers are exposed to sunlight in addition to dust which all sweepers are exposed to. This study aims to assess the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) amongst Street sweepers and Office cleaners in Calabar metropolis.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted among street sweepers and office cleaners. A systematic random sampling and multi-stage sampling method was used to select street sweepers (n=115) and office cleaners (n=115) respectively for the study. A pretested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain information after which the respondents had an ophthalmic examination. An assessment of DED was done with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer’s test and tear break up time (TBUT).Results:Majority of respondents were females 215(93.5%) compared to males 15 (6.5%). The overall mean age of respondents was 40.96 ± 9.8 years. The prevalence of DED among Street sweepers was 35.7% compared to 20% among office cleaners using the OSDI questionnaire. The prevalence of DED among street sweepers was 32.2% compared to 30.4% among Office cleaners using the Schirmer’s test. The TBUT reported a prevalence of 38.3% of DED among Street sweepers compared to 32.2% in Office cleaners.Conclusion:This study concluded that street sweepers had higher odds of developing dry eye disease compared to office cleaners. This effect is possibly due to synergy of factors. Studies on dose response are warranted. Strict use of protective gears that protect from multiple risk factors are recommended.

Solar maculopathy occurs as a result of the effects of exposure of the macula to the harmful light spectrum from the sun. Phototoxic damage of the macula occurs as a result of the exposure to sunlight with some resultant visual deficit. The effect is common during a solar eclipse, where people directly watch the occurrence without sun‑filter glasses. Solar maculopathy is also known to occur during religious rituals, and in schizophrenic patients who stare at the sun. Clinical history, subtle clinical biomicroscopic, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings are the key in making a diagnosis. Management is conservative with OCT follow‑up. Solar maculopathy from nondeliberate sun gazing is not common. We report the case of a 24‑year‑old African who developed solar maculopathy after nondeliberate exposure to sunlight. Keywords: Maculopathy, nondeliberate, solar

The coastal region of Nigeria has witnessed intense anthropogenic activities that have overtime necessitated several environmental monitoring campaigns to ascertain impacts and proffer remedial solutions. In the present study, standard analytical protocols were employed to assess the physicochemical parameters, trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels of ground and surface water used for drinking purposes in Okoroette community in Nigeria. The results obtained show that investigated parameters varied widely and were generally higher in the surface water samples collected during the dry season. The levels of most of the physicochemical parameters recorded were acceptable when compared with Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) except for turbidity and dissolved oxygen. In both ground and surface waters, the following trace metals exceeded the NSDWQ permissible limits: Pb, Cd, Fe, and Mn. The total mean level of PAHs (> 1.0 mg/l) in both ground and surface water samples exceeded the acceptable level when compared with the NSDWQ guideline value of 0.007 mg/l. The health risk assessment applied on trace metal levels reveal that there is significant potential toxic risk to exposed individuals as calculated hazard indexes (HI) were greater than one. Results from Water Quality Indices (WQI) modelling reveal that the water sources in the community were generally categorised as poor quality or unfit for drinking purposes. Chemometric characterisation of the water quality indicators revealed that some of the contaminants may be of geogenic, anthropogenic organic in origin. The study reveals that drinking water sources in Okoroette community are not suitable for consumption and domestic use therefore treatment is highly and urgently recommended to safeguard public health.

Subconjunctival worm is a manifestation of ocular filariasis, one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) which constitute an important public health problem in Nigeria.The most commonly reported subconjunctival worm is loaloa which in some occasions is associated with the so called 'Calabar swelling'. However there exist few reports of ocular filariasis caused by Wuchereriabancrofti involving the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, and uvea with variable presentations. We report a case of a 31-year-old female, constitutionally asymptomatic patient who presented with Wuchereriabancrofti filarial worm encysted in the subconjunctival space.

Health-seeking behavior is important as it reveals the preventive, curative, and rehabilitative actions taken by individuals to rectify perceived ill-health.To identify existing eye health-seeking behavior, factors influencing such behavior, and suggest ways in which the system can respond to the needs of the target population in order to reduce visual impairment and blindness.This was a descriptive cross-sectional study; 600 respondents were interviewed using a semistructured pretested questionnaire administered to every fifth new patient attending the eye clinic of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) for a period of 5 months by a single interviewer. People unable to respond appropriately were interviewed alongside their caregivers.Poor distant vision was the most frequent ocular complaint in this study. The mean duration of complaint before presentation to any health facility was 370.65 ± 889.48 days with a range of 0-9,125 days. Nature of eye complaint was the most significant factor that determined how early respondents sought help (P0.001). Place of residence, nature of eye complaint, and employment status were significant determinants of the choice of place of first presentation for ocular complaints.There is need for improved eye health education and awareness for prompt presentation to an appropriate eye care professional at the onset of symptoms and even case finding for potentially blinding eye conditions.

This paper proposes a probabilistic power pinch analysis (PoPA) approach based on Monte–Carlo simulation (MCS) for energy management of hybrid energy systems uncertainty. The systems power grand composite curve is formulated with the chance constraint method to consider load stochasticity. In a predictive control horizon, the power grand composite curve is shaped based on the pinch analysis approach. The robust energy management strategy effected in a control horizon is inferred from the likelihood of a bounded predicted power grand composite curve, violating the pinch. Furthermore, the response of the system using the energy management strategies (EMS) of the proposed method is evaluated against the day-ahead (DA) and adaptive power pinch strategy.

In the study of movements to oppose British rule in Nigerian history, the 1925 Calabar Market women's Protest Movement stands out as epochal. It formed the seed bed of women's rebellion in Nigeria. The significance of this protest lies on how a group of "Ordinary" market women expressed their collective consciousness to oppose political chicanery and nihilism. This revolt was sparked-off by governments unilateral attempts to encroach upon women‟s traditional territory, the local market place and impose certain economic measures, which adversely affected the market women. From all available documents the women had exhausted all constitutional measures in addressing their grievances. The revolutionary women of Efik extraction were illiterate having not acquired Western education. Despite this limitation, they knew their rights and would not be pushed around. The revolt achieved some of its objectives which included the modification of market policies as well as improved market conditions. Also there was to be increased participation of the traditional rulers and also participation of the menfolk and unfortunately not the women in the colonial administration. At least the cry of the women which was "NO taxation without representation" was achieved. The central thrust of this paper is to examine and analyse the reaction of the Calabar Market Women's Protest movement of 1925 as a trail blazer of women participation in the political process in Nigeria.Keywords: Efik Women, Political Activism, Calabar Market, Revolt

This work proposes a hierarchical control based power management strategy exploiting an adaptive Power Pinch analysis algorithm. The power pinch analysis is aided via the insight-based graphical power grand composite curve (PGCC) of the hybrid energy storage system's (HESS) model. This results in the identification of an optimal power management strategy (PMS), effected at the beginning of a control horizon on the HESS. However, a recent study showed that weather and load uncertainty distorts the desired shaped PGCC and consequently leads to the violation of the energy storage's state of charge operating set points. In this work in order to negate the effect of uncertainty, the current output state is utilized as a feedback control. The PGCC is shaped within a receding horizon model predictive control framework. The PGCC re-computation ensues only if the error variance, due to uncertainty, between the real and the estimated battery's state of charge (SOAccBAT) is greater than 5%. The proposed method is evaluated against the standard or Day-Ahead pinch analysis open loop strategy and shows a reduction in over discharging and overcharging of the battery and fossil fuel emission impact by 15%, 44.97%, and 8.8% respectively.

Background: The ability to reproduce is one of life's essential functions; therefore factors that affect this ability are of vital importance to mankind. We therefore designed this study to assess the effect of various dosages of C. aurantifolia treatment on fertility promoters and indices in male albino wistar rats. Methods: Toxicity studies showed no lethality at 5000 mg/kg. Eighteen male albino wistar rats weighing between 220 and 240 g were used. They were randomly assigned into three groups of six rats each. Group one served as control and was gavaged 5 ml of normal saline, groups two and three were gavaged 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg body weight as medium and high dose respectively twice daily for 21 days. On the 22 nd day, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture; following standard procedure, the serum was obtained for hormonal (FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone) assay using microplate immunoenzymometric assay. The testes were harvested for semen analysis. Results: LH level was significantly lower in medium dose (P

Background: The huge burden of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has been associated with increased prevalence of malignant conjunctival tumours especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In Nigeria, the national HIV sero-prevalence is 3.4%, and values in the South-South geopolitical zone where this review was performed ranges from 4.1% in Delta to 10.9% in Akwa-Ibom state. Aim: To review HIV and conjunctival tumours in patients seen at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar Methodology: This retrospective clinic review of demographic data, clinical features, HIV sero-status and histopathologic findings in patients with conjunctival tumours seen from January 2005 to December 2014 including Ophthalmology clinic records and pathology request forms were analysed Results: A total of 32,102 new patients were seen in the ophthalmic outpatient within the study period, of which 108 patients comprising 57(52.8%) males and 42(38.0%) females had conjunctival tumours. Their ages ranged from 11-85 years, with a mean of 39 years ± 14.98. Histologically, eighty (74.1%) had Squamous cell carcinoma, ten (9.26%) Squamous intraepithelial lesion, six (5.56%) Papilloma, four (3.7%) Kaposis sarcoma, three (2.78%) Naevus and Melanoma each, one each (0.93%) had Conjunctival dysplasia and Lymphoma. The HIV status of only 55 (50.9%) could be ascertained having been documented in patients’ records of whom thirty-seven (67.3%) were HIV positive. Thirty four (>90%) of the HIV positive cases had squamous cell carcinoma. The other 3 patients had kaposis sarcoma, papilloma and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN). Conclusion: In Calabar, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma is preponderant in HIV sero-positive patients when compared with the sero-negatives.

This paper presents an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approach uniquely applied to Permanent Magnet DC motor actuator for position control. The AI method employed in this work is Fuzzy logic. A first order lag Sliding mode controller is tuned and combined with an Adaptive Fuzzy- PI controller architecture which operates in parallel. The controller architecture proposed in this study is aimed at improving the disturbance rejection capability, steady state as well as transient performance of the conventional Adaptive Fuzzy-PI controller and sliding mode controller. Hence, the robust control law of the proposed controller (SM+FZ-PI) consists of a discontinuous Sliding mode output added to a continuous Adaptive Fuzzy-PI controller output. The sliding mode controller switches on only when disturbance in the system is detected. The performance of the proposed controller architecture has been compared with a conventional PID and Adaptive Fuzzy-PI controllers for performance evaluation with respect to several operating conditions such as load torque disturbance injection, noise injection in feedback loop, motor non-linearity exhibited by parameters variation, and a step change in reference input demand. The proposed controller (SM+FZ-PI), had the best disturbance rejection and steady state error elimination.

To determine the trend in frequency and clinical indications of surgical removal of eyes in a tertiary eye centre in Calabar, Nigeria. This is a 10-year retrospective review of patients who underwent surgical removal of eyes in a tertiary centre. The clinical records were reviewed (between Jan 2001 and Dec 2010) for demographic data, type of surgery, and clinical indications. A total of 137 eyes were surgically removed within the study period. Of these 46 were children (

Purpose: This article reports a case of corneal injury following a splash from the sap of plantain stem. Case Report: A 54-year-old female presented with a history of plantain stem sap splash into her right eye of 7-h duration with associated ocular pain, tearing, photophobia, and blurring of vision. On ocular examination, visual acuity was 6/18 OD; slit lamp examination revealed a well-delineated fluorescein-positive corneal epithelial defect with associated mild stromal edema. Left eye examination was essentially normal. She washed her face and eyes with water immediately after the splash and further had eye irrigation by attending ophthalmologist on presentation. The patient was immediately commenced on prednisolone, moxifloxacin, cyclopentolate, and ascorbate eye drops and tetracycline ointment. Corneal edema resolved in 4 days whereas the epithelial defect was completely healed by day 12 and visual acuity was restored to 6/6. Conclusion: Although farmers are exposed daily to various types of eye injuries from parts of plants, this report highlights corneal eye injury following plantain stem sap splash in a farmer who did not use protective eye goggles while working in the farm and how prompt institution of treatment can sight loss and loss of corneal integrity.

Objective: To assess the knowledge, beliefs, and practices among participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving care at a tertiary government hospital in Calabar, Nigeria, on DM and diabetic eye disease. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study where serial recruitment of consenting participants was performed. Ethical approval was obtained from the hospitals’ ethics committee. Data were obtained using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were collated and analyzed using the SPSS for Windows (version 20; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and continuous variables as means. Results: Of the 123 study participants, majority 87 (70.7%) were females and 36 (29.3%) were males. Forty-three (35%) had a duration of DM greater than 10 years. A total of 54 (44%) had good knowledge of DM. One hundred and six (86.2%) had the knowledge that regular eye checkups for a diabetic person was important, and 92 (69.9%) knew that DM could affect vision, whereas 84 (68.3%) believed that DM frequently affects vision. Eye-health-seeking behavior was good in 83 (67.5%) of participants, and an ophthalmologist was the medical personnel sought for by most participants. Conclusion: The knowledge of diabetic eye disease as a potential cause of vision loss among study participants was good. However, the knowledge on DM was poor in majority of study participants. The beliefs and practice toward eye-health were also good. Sustained health education including eye health education will most likely improve the knowledge base of DM and encourage early presentation for eye evaluation in patients with DM.

Background: Corneal diseases are major causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in developing countries, unfortunately. Keratoplasty, which is a major treatment modality, is either nonexistent or at its infancy in these climes. Indications for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and the short-term success and survival rates vary in different geographical locations. We sought to evaluate the indications and short-term success rates of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in a Nigerian Private Practice Setting in South South Nigeria. Patients and Methods: It was a retrospective audit of 12 patients that had undertaken PKP in the hospital by December 2017. Data obtained from medical records included demographic information like age and sex. Others included preoperative diagnosis, indications for surgery, and pre- and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of subjects. Other information included intraocular pressure pre- and postoperatively, levels of corneal clarity, presence of other ocular comorbidities, and documentation of preoperative graft failure risk assessments. All patients in the series had optical penetrating keratoplasty, performed by a single experienced surgeon for purpose of vision restoration. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.1 years, with a standard deviation of ± 15.5 years. The indications for PKP were bullous keratopathy seven (58.3%) and five corneal scars (41.7%). The etiological distribution was six patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, one patient was postuveitic bullous keratopathy, three patients were postinfectious corneal scar, and two patients were postmeasles adherent leucomatous corneal scar. Pre-PKP 10 patients (83.4%) were corneal blind on the affected eye and the corneal clarity grades were 2 patients (16.7%) in grade 0, 7 patients (58.3%) in grade 1, and 3 patients (25.0%) in grade 2. At 6 months post-PKP, three patients (25.0%) remain blind in the affected eye, two patients (16.7%) in pre-PKP blind category moved to SVI, one patient (8.3%) with SVI and five patients (41.7%) with blindness at pre-PKP had respectively moved to MVI, and one patient (8.3%) with MVI at pre-PKP had regained normal vision. At 6 months post-PKP, corneal clarity improved from grades 0–2 to grades 3 and 4, in 25% and 75% of the patients, respectively, compared to the pre-PKP grades 0, 1, and 2, in 16.7%, 58.3%, and 25.0% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, bullous keratopathy and corneal scar were the main indications for penetrating keratoplasty. The short-term (6 months) success and survival of corneal grafts were reasonably good.

Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in developing countries. Phacoemulsification is beyond the reach of many in these resources limited setting. Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS) is a safe, low-cost, high-quality alternative. This is a review of outcome of SICS performed by trainee Surgeons during the first SICS training course in our centre. Patients and Methods: Eleven experienced Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE) surgeons from training centers across Nigeria were selected for a weeklong SICS training and conversion course. A review of visual outcome and complications of surgeries performed by these trainees on adult subjects is here reported. Results: Eighty-two eyes met the inclusion criteria. Male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Intraocular lenses were implanted in 80 eyes (97.5%). Visual outcome at 3 months post-operatively was good in 58 eyes (70.7%), borderline in 20 (24.4%), and poor in 4 (4.9%) subjects. The most common late post-operative complication, resulting in poor outcome was uncorrected aphakia in 2 (2.4%) eyes. Conclusion: The outcome did not meet World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations but was better than that reported for ECCE in the country. Conversion to SICS may not be difficult for competent ECCE surgeons as trainees achieved reasonable dexterity with acceptable post-operative outcome and complications profile in one week. To maximize patient safety and good outcome, a longer training period is recommended.

Background: Glaucoma is a common cause of blindness in developing nations. The objective of this study is to determine the severity of primary open angle glaucoma and audit health records of glaucoma patients in our center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case note search of glaucoma patients from out-patient clinic was carried out between January 2001 and December 2010. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and exact binomial 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated for the mean estimates. Results: Seventy-six patients (152 eyes), comprising 49 (64.5%) males and 27 (35.5%) females were included in the study. The age ranged from 15 to 88 years (mean: 54.2 ± 14.5). Forty-five (59.7%) presented with normal vision and 10 (13.2%) had visual acuity 0.6 0.9 = 35 (46.1%) and left eyes were 15 (19.7%), 29 (38.2%), 28 (36.8%), respectively. Mean intraocular pressure (right eyes) at presentation was 20.3 mmHg (95% CI, 17.4-23.3) and reduced to 13.4 mmHg (95% CI, 10.7-16.0) at the last readings while left eyes from a mean of 20.3 mmHg (95% CI, 16.9-23.8) reduced to 12.1 mmHg (95% CI, 10.0-14.3). The mean presenting CDR were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74-0.83) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.68-0.79) in right and left eyes, respectively. CDR showed statistical significance with age ( p 2 -test) but not with sex ( p = 0.807). Conclusion: Late presentation of glaucoma cases is a major problem in Calabar. We recommend public enlightenment, case detection, and early treatment to reduce ocular morbidity.