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School-based vocational education and training (VET) systems are undergoing important changes with a view to strengthening their work-based learning component and, overall, their relationships with the local production environment. This paper looks at the introduction of dual VET in the Basque Country within the Spanish and European contexts. Based on an analysis of existing official information and literature as well as qualitative research carried out by the authors, the distinctive characteristics of the Basque system are documented and studied. It is shown that there has been a continuity in the ideas and relationships which have configured its trajectory from the early 1980s onwards, and that new instruments and elements of the system have been developed in the region even before those elements were fully formalised at national level in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on the weight that the issue of terrorism had among the discourse of the political parties sitting in the Basque Parliament between 1980 and 2011. In order to explore this question, transcripts of the most generalistic parliamentary debates were hand-coded and transformed into a quantitative variable. Results show that, from 1995 onward, when ETA began to attack politicians and other representatives of civil society, the Basque political elite started to pay more attention to the problem of terrorism in its discourse. Beyond this descriptive result, this study explores which other independent variables have mediated in the time that Basque MPs spent talking about terrorism. Thus, this article contributes to the study of how terrorist tactics influence the performance of the political elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I offer an innovative approach to examining the reproduction of commoning in the longue durée. I adopt a broad, but fundamentally spatial, understanding of commoning and enclosure that recognises not only the material but also the political, socio‐cultural, and labour commons. This allows for the identification of both the diversity of commoning practices and institutions and how enclosure has shaped these new commons. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I integrate the concepts of "threshold spatiality" and the "commons circuit" to describe how commoning practices have been adapted to new spatialities following enclosure. The reproduction of commoning in various forms in the Basque Country illustrates what I call "resilient commoning" practices over centuries of political‐economic change. In doing so, I offer a narrative that moves beyond the debate over the Basque Country being historically egalitarian or stratified, instead focusing on the dialectical processes of commoning and enclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a ‘Europe of the Regions’ was never realized to the extent imagined by scholars after the Maastricht Treaty. Why did a convergence of interests once imagined not occur? What processes unique to the context of a sub-state region could have affected their willingness to engage in these new institutions? This article utilizes a historical institutionalist approach using critical junctures to understand the Basque Country’s response to Maastricht and highlight the micro-level and temporal factors influencing their engagement with Maastricht’s new regionally-oriented institutions. It is hypothesized that the lack of engagement within the critical juncture of Maastricht resulted from a lack of productive conditions capable of influencing key actors within the region’s administration toward further supranational integration. While the actions of the EU indeed open the door to further integration, the most immediate causal mechanisms impacting regional engagement may not be the EU’s actions directly but rather the current dynamics present within the region. Key actors’ political goals and strategies, influenced by their changing perceptions of state-level institutions, can play a causal role in determining their understanding of and interactions with the EU [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional nationalism in Spain – particularly those movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country – have been characterized at the parliamentary level by political parties from both the traditional left and right of the political spectrum. While calls for greater autonomy and even secession are made from both ends of that spectrum, the framings of their calls for self-government vary in content and scope. Since the turn into the 21st century, sub-state nationalist parties of the left - those more typically associated with a prioritization of environmental concerns - in both regions have taken an increased share of the seats in their respective parliaments. Over the same period, climate change has increasingly moved to the front of the list of the concerns of European citizens. This paper investigates the degree to which key regional nationalists of the left have moved to incorporate environmental and climate change concerns into their claim making, narrative, and framings, highlighting both regional, and governance level comparative dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the personal and social empowerment of migrant women from South Asia in the Basque Country 1 , Spain, through the life history method. Gender roles, cultural identity and the migratory process as a transformative instrument are discussed. Based on in-depth interviews, and individual and group analysis of life histories, the findings indicated that migration had a positive effect on women in terms of self-development. Clearly, migration was a tool for transformation and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTAgainst the backdrop of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between the Welsh and Basque Governments in 2018, this article introduces a multiscalar and transdisciplinary social sciences action research framework that emerged from a workshop held in May 2023. The workshop engaged stakeholders from both sides and is part of the broader ongoing project. This project seeks to address the main research question, ‘How do small nations cooperate?’ through the exploration of transregional cooperation and mutual learning between Wales and the Basque Country. The structure of the article is as follows: First, it commences with an introduction defining ‘small nations’, presenting the main research question, articulating two related aims, outlining three primary methodological goals and providing a broad context for these two small nations within the framework of their MoU. Second, following a brief description of each small nation, the article concurrently develops the action research methodological framework while analysing findings stemming from workshop discussions between stakeholders of Wales and the Basque Country. They addressed three intertwined territorial scale challenges: Macro, examined through devolution and fiscal federalism perspectives; Meso, explored through social innovations in urban spaces in Cardiff (SPARK) and Bilbao (ASFabrik); and Micro, investigated through grassroots innovations. Finally, the article concludes with an action research and policy agenda. It suggests one operational research question per territorial scale as the conclusion of this article, offering a response to the main research question. The conclusion acknowledges limitations and outlines future research and policy pathways for this ongoing project.

Abstract COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing severe symptoms and fatalities, although their effectiveness in preventing transmission varies depending on the population’s age profile and the dominant variant. This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Basque Country region of Spain, which has the fourth highest proportion of elderly individuals worldwide. Using epidemiological data on hospitalizations, ICU admissions, fatalities, and vaccination coverage, we calibrated four versions of an ordinary differential equations model with varying assumptions on the age structure and transmission function. Counterfactual no-vaccine scenarios were simulated by setting the vaccination rate to zero while all other parameters were held constant. The initial vaccination rollout is estimated to have prevented 46,000 to 75,000 hospitalizations, 6,000 to 11,000 ICU admissions, and 15,000 to 24,000 deaths, reducing these outcomes by 73–86%. The most significant impact occurred during the third quarter of 2021, coinciding with the Delta variant’s dominance and a vaccination rate exceeding 60%. Sensitivity analysis revealed that vaccination coverage had a more substantial effect on averted outcomes than vaccine efficacy. Overall, the vaccination campaign in the Basque Country significantly reduced severe COVID-19 outcomes, aligning with global estimates and demonstrating robustness across different modeling approaches.

This study examines the way in which two major Spanish newspapers, El País and El Diario Vasco, framed the 11 March 2004 (11-M) Madrid train bombings through peace journalism or war journalism, based on Peace Studies theorist Johan Galtung's classification. An analysis of the news articles in the immediate aftermath of the bombings finds both frames present. The incumbent Spanish government initially tried to use the news media as a vehicle to present a premature interpretation that the Basque separatist group ETA perpetrated the attacks, even trying to pass a United Nations resolution. However, some journalistic coverage of the events in the week after the 11-M attacks portrayed the Spanish people's sentiments regarding Spain's support of the US in the Iraq war, Spaniards' engagement with their democracy, including massive street protests, and parallels between the Iraqi people's suffering and the Spanish train bombing victims. Other journalistic coverage focused on the perspectives of high-level Spanish government officials, emphasized the importance of prevailing in 'the war on terror', and provided an 'us–them' orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing severe symptoms and fatalities, although their effectiveness in preventing transmission varies depending on the population's age profile and the dominant variant. This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Basque Country region of Spain, which has the fourth highest proportion of elderly individuals worldwide. Using epidemiological data on hospitalizations, ICU admissions, fatalities, and vaccination coverage, we calibrated four versions of an ordinary differential equations model with varying assumptions on the age structure and transmission function. Counterfactual no-vaccine scenarios were simulated by setting the vaccination rate to zero while all other parameters were held constant. The initial vaccination rollout is estimated to have prevented 46,000 to 75,000 hospitalizations, 6,000 to 11,000 ICU admissions, and 15,000 to 24,000 deaths, reducing these outcomes by 73–86%. The most significant impact occurred during the third quarter of 2021, coinciding with the Delta variant's dominance and a vaccination rate exceeding 60%. Sensitivity analysis revealed that vaccination coverage had a more substantial effect on averted outcomes than vaccine efficacy. Overall, the vaccination campaign in the Basque Country significantly reduced severe COVID-19 outcomes, aligning with global estimates and demonstrating robustness across different modeling approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Films on trans children often portray transgenderism as a disorder with a tragic ending for the protagonists, thereby ignoring the existing research on children being capable of expressing their own gender. In this article, we perform a close reading of the feature film 20,000 Species of Bees from a queer and feminist perspective. We focus on the potential of the film as a tool for educational practice as part of queer pedagogies. This coming-of-age movie portrays a family in which both daughter and mother undergo an identity crisis, challenging the traditional (gender) norms in the Basque society in which they are embedded. We argue that, unlike some of the recent films featuring trans children, 20,000 Species of Bees breaks with the conventional structures of mediated trans identities as problematic and opens a new perspective on the pedagogical use of the media, particularly cinema, as a space for imagining a 'future to become'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural transformations of the world of work, together with certain strategic choices, have caused a crisis in unionism in Western Europe and distanced them from their social origins. As a result, the unions have needed to renew their strategies in order to revitalise their power. Using qualitative techniques of discourse analysis and in-depth interviews, we analyse the keys to the success of the Basque nationalist unions ELA and LAB and their strategic renewal stretching from the beginnings of the Spanish democratic transition until 2008, a process that occurred against a backdrop of national political conflict in the Basque Country. Firstly, we contextualise the particularity of the political, institutional and union situation in the Basque Country. Secondly, we go on to present the main keys to understanding the crisis of unionism in the West and strategies for revitalizing its power. Thirdly, we describe the methodology used for the analysis. Finally, we present the main results of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Relaciones de Trabajo, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entre el otoño de 1936 y la primavera de 1937 se estableció una frontera de facto entre la Euzkadi autónoma leal a la República y el territorio sometido al Nuevo Estado franquista. Éste fue uno más de los muchos frentes aparentemente estáticos que hubo a lo largo de la Guerra Civil española. El estudio arqueológico que aquí se presenta tiene por objeto la identificación y documentación de las posiciones defensivas de aquel frente que aún hoy conservan restos inmuebles en superficie, tales como las fortificaciones de campaña. En total se han inventariado y analizado 213 posiciones, tanto republicanas como franquistas, en 27 municipios de Araba, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa. ABSTRACT: Between the autumn of 1936 and the spring of 1937 a de facto frontier was established between the autonomous Basque Country loyal to the Republic (“Euzkadi”) and the territory subject to the Francoist New State. This was one of the many static fronts of the Spanish Civil War. The archaeological study presented here aims at identifying and documenting the defensive positions of that front that still conserve surface remains, such as the field fortifications. In all, 213 positions have been analysed, both Republican and Francoist, all over 27 municipalities of Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa.

This article analyses the social praxis of ‘erronka’ aiming to contribute to the promotion of a transdisciplinary perspective for Basque Studies. In the Basque setting erronkas are typically understood as challenges and defies leading to betting and gambling, associated with games, sports, and physical and ingenious endeavors. Drawing from my long-term ethnography of Basque contemporary grass-root mobilizations for rights to self-determination, I inquire about the transdisciplinary approach in the search for answers about the role erronkas play in prefiguring political projects. The article proceeds in three steps. the opening section offers a brief theoretical framework of the broader issue of Basque studies and the transdisciplinary approach. The second and third sections are oriented to adopt such an approach to organize the analytics of erronkas examining respectively erronkas in general and a particular case of political erronka by focusing on Korrika, a popular and massive footrace to promote Basque language. Finally, it argues that a transdisciplinary perspective is needed to shed some light onto the collective role of erronkas, particularly those attached to sovereigntists claims and the realizations of political imagination.

Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent decades, certain environment-related issues have come into the public eye. This article aims to analyse socio-environmental conflicts from both a democratic and a communication policy perspective. Given that these socio-environmental conflicts are the response to public policies, this article seeks to study the role played by the media in shaping them. The study focuses on the Basque Country, where many socio-environmental conflicts arise due to the implementation of public environmental policies. The methodology includes quantitative analysis using the data obtained from conducting a press analysis, and a qualitative approach using information obtained from in-depth interviews and the analysis of documentation. The results suggest a communicational and democratic deficit in the socio-environmental conflicts analysed, since the media do not help to build public opinion in a dialogical and dialectical way. To address this, we need a more diverse field of communication beneficial for environmental issues, so that we can work on information, considering the perspectives of all actors and the main topics of discussion. Environmental issues should go beyond traditional representative policies, inviting a broader range of actors in debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The last decade has seen the disappearance of nationalist political violence in two minority nations of Western Europe: the (Spanish) Basque Country and Corsica. Considering the importance of violence in the politics of these two communities (since 1959 in the Basque Country and 1976 in Corsica), the 2014 announcement by the Front de libération nationale corse of its 'demilitarization' and the dissolution of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna in 2018 represented potential critical junctures in the political development of both the Basque Country and Corsica. What, then, was the impact of the end of political violence in the two communities and why did this new 'civil peace' play out differently across the two cases, if it did? This article traces the process of political development in the Basque Country and Corsica through and after the end of violence. It shows that such end led to a strengthening of nationalism and a surge of claims for increased autonomy much more in Corsica than in the Basque Country. Then, the paper looks for an explanation for this divergence. It focuses on four differences between the two cases that could logically account for the different outcomes: constitutional status (the Basque Country has legislative and fiscal autonomy whereas Corsica has neither); the configuration of political power within each community (Basque nationalists dominate Basque politics whereas non-nationalist forces controlled Corsica until recently); the ideological positioning of the nationalist parties (more divergent in the Basque Country than in Corsica); and the levels of past violence (high in the Basque Country and low in Corsica). All these factors make post-violence alliances between nationalist forces easier in Corsica than the Basque Country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key issue for research in relation to terrorism is the level of support it has at the social level. This article studies which factors can explain the support for ETA in the Basque Country as a case study in order to understand the phenomenon. However, instead of studying Basque public opinion as a whole, it focuses on the electorate of the so-called Basque Patriotic Left, the political wing of ETA. We test it using regression analysis on public opinion data collected between 1995 and 2011, concluding that political-ideological factors are the most important ones while economic factors have no influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

José Miguel de Barandiarán considered the central figure of Basque anthropology, played a prominent role in the Basque people's cultural rescue (material and spiritual). His dual status as an ethnologist and priest prepared him to study collective mentalities and rural societies. However, the scientific approach of the Völkerpsychologie (roughly translated as ethnic psychology), as proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, greatly influenced him and aroused broad interests of ethnological and sociological–religious concerns. This essay examines the scope and depth of Wundt's influence on Barandiarán, and suggests that, by combining the techniques of folklore with those of ethnography, Barandiarán stamped Basque anthropology with a unique defining quality in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Santander. Estudios de Patrimonio is the property of Santander Estudios de Patrimonio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There have been lots of rumours and some suspicion, and perhaps even more ideologically motivated propaganda, in relation to connections between the Basque militant organisation ETA (Euskadi ‘ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom) and the predominantly Northern Irish Provisional IRA (Irish Republican Army). And yet, apart from a few semi-official meetings and ritualised expressions of solidarity, usually at Sinn Féin or Batasuna party events, not much is properly known about the relations between the two radical military formations and their political sister organisations. The same could be said about the wider social, political, and cultural contexts, including some of the more specific historical constellations and challenges which provided the rationale for the existence of such radicalised movements (however overdrawn and questionable the justifications of their own existence sometimes appeared). The knowledge gap is even more surprising given that the two militant, self-declared vanguards and their actions are associated with two of the longest lasting conflicts in Western Europe: one grounded in the quest for Basque independence from Spain (and France; plus aiming at a union or some form of federation between the Basque Country and Navarre); the other one related to Northern Ireland and whether it should remain associated with the UK or become part of the Republic of Ireland.

Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) se cita por primera vez en la costa del País Vasco. Las colonias de este briozoo exótico fueron encontradas en áreas intermareales de la isla de San Nikolas y puerto de Lekeitio (Bizkaia, SE del golfo de Vizcaya). En el presente artículo se aporta una descripción morfológica de las colonias, así como una discusión sobre el origen, vía de entrada y posibles impactos ecológicos y económicos en la zona. ABSTRACT: Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) is recorded for the first time on the coast of the Basque Country. Colonies of this non-indigenous bryozoan were found in intertidal areas of the island of San Nikolas and the port of Lekeitio (Bizkaia, SE of the Bay of Biscay). This paper provides a morphological description of the colonies, as well as a discussion on the origin, route of entry and possible ecological and economic impacts in the area.

An analytical tradition considers political violence linked to ethno-nationalist claims from a culturalist approach, which intends to offer a relevant interpretative model. This article aims to test this type of approach to the conflict in the Basque Country. In order to examine the validity of this interpretative model, we conducted a qualitative sociological survey among 73 former clandestine militants. The empirical data allow us to conclude that a culturalist and essentialist approach of the use of political violence in this case is irrelevant. On the other hand, we will show the interest of an analysis of the symbolic production of armed groups that gives a prominent place to the motives of resistance and national liberation.

ABSTRACTPublic procurement of food is seen as a critical tool for a paradigm shift and for facilitating the development of specific policy objectives to build sustainable food environments. Furthermore, the harnessing of the purchasing power of hospitals, prioritizing local and sustainable food, offers the potential to transform food production systems into more resilient production models and bring them in line with current European sustainability strategies. This paper analyses the current situation of sustainable food procurement strategies in Osakidetza, the Basque Health System, and identifies the challenges and action plans needed to develop a sustainable food strategy. Sustainable food procurement is still incipient in Osakidetza. This roadmap proposal is a basic but necessary contribution as a starting point. Likewise, we find contributions from agroecology that are interesting for the construction of sustainable food environments in health systems.

During the past decades, studies have paid growing attention to the relationships between celebrities and tourism because of their influence on travel behaviours. Based on the literature on celebrity-induced film tourism, chefs have emerged as a source of celebrity-induced food tourism, which awards value to food as art. This exploratory research note is focused on the culinary empire of Karlos Arguiñano in Zarautz (Basque Country, Spain) and argues that celebrity chefs are powerful cultural and social agents who have developed their own brands and influence on food consumption. This research innovatively illustrates the potential of celebrity chefs for food tourism management and marketing.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public procurement of food is seen as a critical tool for a paradigm shift and for facilitating the development of specific policy objectives to build sustainable food environments. Furthermore, the harnessing of the purchasing power of hospitals, prioritizing local and sustainable food, offers the potential to transform food production systems into more resilient production models and bring them in line with current European sustainability strategies. This paper analyses the current situation of sustainable food procurement strategies in Osakidetza, the Basque Health System, and identifies the challenges and action plans needed to develop a sustainable food strategy. Sustainable food procurement is still incipient in Osakidetza. This roadmap proposal is a basic but necessary contribution as a starting point. Likewise, we find contributions from agroecology that are interesting for the construction of sustainable food environments in health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the key characteristics of the Women's Houses in the Basque Country and how they are run. These municipal centres are promoted by the feminist movement in close collaboration with local institutions and are part of the long international feminist tradition of creating spaces specifically for women. The Houses run a diverse range of programmes and offer legal, employment and sexual health counselling services and other targeted support for precarious groups. The central point of this article is that these spaces are laboratories in which activity related to politics, training and support services influences the recomposition of the political subjectivities of the people who participate in them. Another key and distinctive aspect is the particular interrelationships found in the Houses between the institutionalist rationale coming out of the politics of equality and the rupturist rationale of movements like the feminist movement. Furthermore, different groups of feminist women (members of associations or institutions, professionals and researchers) co-exist in the Houses, which contributes to the horizontality of the relationships. Nevertheless, these aspects are not free of tensions, a point that will also be analysed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the approval of the Gernika Statute in 1979, the minimum conditions for the production of professional films in the Basque Country were established for the first time. However, the Basque language remained in the background, both for most of the filmmakers and for the public institutions themselves. This article studies the presence of Basque in films produced in the Basque Country between 1981 and 1989; the role of language in the cinematographic policy of the Basque Government and the prejudices, difficulties and challenges encountered by films that incorporated Basque in one way or another into the cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, given the crucial role played by the news media in fighting to eradicate violence against women, several organisations and legislative initiatives have begun self-regulating. This study analyses news coverage of gender-based murders in the Basque media over the course of three years, beginning with approval of rules for self-regulation. The results show that the media actively contribute to raising visibility of violence against women as a social problem, although reduced compliance with some of the recommendations indicates difficulty in practically applying them and disparate criteria from one journalist to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methaodos: Social Science Journal / Methaodos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicacion y Sociologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the vote of the 158 municipal councils of the Basque Country concerning the creation of a single Public Establishment of Intercommunal Cooperation (EPCI) for this territory, which resulted in a qualified majority of the municipalities pronouncing themselves in favour of the constitution of a Community of Agglomeration of the Basque Country, the signature of the prefectoral decree establish the creation of this entity, the steering committee in charge of its implementation specifies the competences, governance and taxation of this new institution, which forced the elected representatives to decide between the different options highlighted by the experts and the State services; and this, knowing that this flexible institution is bound to evolve over time. Since 1 January 2017, the ten EPCIs of the Basque Country have merged to provide this territory with a new representative institution which, in two years, has taken on all the competences provided for by the law and has designed and implemented 23 sectoral policies. However, this has not been achieved without difficulties synonymous of a reduction in State allocations and the centralisation of administrations and decision-making.

Se ofrecen observaciones de Lycosa hispanicaen áreas centrales de la provincia de Álava y norte del Condado de Treviño- Burgos, con la detección de pequeños núcleos poblacionales en espacios muy determinados de tipo mediterráneo. Se cita por primera vez Steatoda paykullianapara el País Vasco en la Sierra de Gibijo, contribuyendo a una mayor proyección en el conocimiento de su distribución en el norte peninsular. Abstract: Lycosa hispanicaobservations are offered in central areas of the of and north of Condado de Treviño -, with the detection of small population centres in very specific Mediterraneantype spaces. Steatoda paykullianais cited for the first time for the Basque Country in Sierra Gibijo, contributing to a greater knowledge of its distributions in the north of the peninsula.

Entre 2015 y 2022 se han introducido en Álava-Araba (Kanpezu y Rioja alavesa) mediante hacking un total de 36 pollos volantones de Águila de Bonelli marcados con GPS (Aquila fasciata)procedentes de cría en cautividad y de extracciones de la población natural de Andalucía. Los individuos reintroducidos se dispersaron preferentemente hacia el valle del Ebro (La Rioja, Navarra y Aragón), otros siguiendo el río Duero hacia Castilla-León, Extremadura, Portugal y Andalucía, y algunos cruzando la Meseta norte hasta la cuenca del río Tajo (Toledo). La distancia media de dispersión juvenil fue de 286 Km (0-773 km). El proceso de dispersión no fue lineal sino itinerante realizando sucesivas sedimentaciones temporales en zonas ricas en alimento y sin población reproductora. Las altas tasas de mortalidad fueron similares a las observadas para la población silvestre, con una tasa de supervivencia del 64.7 % durante el primer año, 87.5 % en el segundo y 90.0 % a partir del tercer año de vida. La electrocución en tendidos eléctricos de distribución fue la principal causa de mortalidad (27.3 %), seguida de la predación y competencia con el Águila real (27.3 %) y de la colisión (13.6 %). A pesar de proceder de cría en cautividad las águilas mostraron una fuerte filopatría hacia las zonas de liberación, regresando todas ellas en el 2º y 3eraño, preferentemente en los meses de febrero-marzo de cada temporada. Gracias al reforzamiento poblacional se han formado tres nuevos territorios en el Alto valle del Ebro. ABSTRACT: Between 2015 and 2022, a total of 36 fledglings of Bonelli’s Eagle (Aquila fasciata)bred in captivity (n=28) and extractions from the Andalusian population (n=8), were released by hacking in Álava-Araba (Kanpezu and Rioja Alavesa). All of them were radio-tracked by GPS so that the dispersal patterns, mortality rates and the place and causes of deaths are known. The GPS signal of five of these fledglings was lost (n=4) or the transmitter was lost (n=1) and their current destination is unknown. These juvenile birds dispersed preferentially towards the Ebro valley (La Rioja, Navarra and Aragón), others following the Duero river towards Castilla-León, Extremadura, Portugal and Andalusia, and some crossed the Northern Meseta to the Tajo basin (Toledo). The distance of juvenile dispersal ranged from 0 to 773 km from the release site, with an average of 286 km (n=23). The dispersal process was not linear but rather itinerant, successive temporary settlements occuring in areas rich in food and without a breeding population. The high mortality rates found among the released juveniles were similar to those observed for the wild population, with a survival rate of 64.7 % during the first year, 87.5 % in the second and 90.0 % from the third year of life. We know the cause of death or recovery of 19 birds (n= 22 events). Electrocution in distribution power lines was the main cause of mortality (27.3%), followed by predation and competition with the Golden Eagle (27.3%) and collision (13.6%). Despite being bred in captivity, the eagles showed a strong philopatric tendency towards the release zones, all of them returning in the 2nd and 3rd year, mainly in the months of February-March of each season. Through population reinforcement, three new territories have been formed in the Upper Ebro Valley: one in Kanpezu, which already obtained a juvenile in 2021, another in the Ribera de Navarra, still without breeding, and another in Rioja Alavesa occupied at this time by a single female.

Within Basque society there exists a special subset of human beings, painful I–You binomials, forever linked through blood, by the lethal terrorist gun. Fortunately, today victims face a much more hospitable society, but it is still a moment rife with contradiction. One part of Basque society finds it difficult to imagine a shared collective memory that will faithfully reflect the excesses committed by Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) and the Spanish state regarding human rights abuses. These misgivings are easily understood when some still debate the humanity of the victims themselves. Another part of Basque (and Spanish) society questions the political intent of restorative practices, of those experiences that bring victims and victimizers together within the framework of restorative justice, a political stance that, like in the first case, highlights the need to humanize the Other in the name of peace. The creative world of the arts, more specifically, the films studied in this article, move in a different direction and beg the question: if the processes of restorative justice are uniquely designed to be experienced in a triangulated scenario – one shared by victim, victimizer, and the dead – what might these conversations offer a society in need of better models of co-existence when put on the screen? Can art mediate? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basque society has been exposed to the terrorist violence of the Spanish state during and after the dictatorship and to that of ETA until its definitive cessation of violence on 21 October 2011. The search for the truth demands revealing the existence of state terrorism, regardless of how some historians attempt to diminish its gravity. In this article, the focus will be on cultural productions that make the writing of the history of terrorism in Spain more nuanced. The cultural texts studied include Pablo Malo's film, Lasa eta Zabala ('Lasa and Zabala') (2014), Ion Arretxe's novel Intxaurrondo: La sombra del nogal ('Intxaurrondo: The shade of the walnut tree') (2015), Miguel Ángel Llamas and Amaia Merino's documentary, Non dago Mikel? ('Where is Mikel?') (2020) and the Centro Memorial de las Víctimas del Terrorismo ('Memorial Center for the Victims of Terrorism'), which opened its doors in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2011, the terrorist organization Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) announced a definitive cease fire. Just a few months prior, restorative justice experiences had started between imprisoned former ETA members and victims of terrorism along with coexistence workshops in the Nanclares prison, events geared towards trying to heal wounds in the aftermath of political violence. Although these are mainly private and personal experiences, with emotional effects in the participants in the encounters, they may also facilitate projects of wider social reconciliation. This article points out the lessons we have learned during these experiences as far as ex-ETA militants are concerned and the potential of these restorative justice practices for active responsibility, individual healing and reintegration in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst a suffocating climate, given the violence and its supporters, small numbers of Basque citizens decided not to look the other way when the 'other' was killed because of following a different ideology. These dissenters took to the streets to confront the violence, radically placing a bet on dialogue and human rights. And this was done through silence. Their irrefutable ethical stance gradually made an impact on Basque society and, step by step, their work steadily contributed to making peace a viable option in the Basque Country. As it looks back over the years of their struggle, this article wishes to bear witness to the work of those anonymous individuals who belonged to the 'Gesto por la Paz' peace organization, a piece written by someone who had the good fortune of maturing alongside them in an ethical and humanitarian way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armed political conflict is no stranger to contemporary Europe. Radicalized nationalist ideologies, state-sanctioned ethnic and religious violence, revolutionary separatist organizations, state-supported armies and police forces turning against civilian populations, insurgents and counterinsurgents, a long list of actors embodying the dance of death in recent times. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Iberian Studies (IJIS), 'Unspeakable Truths', will focus on the aftermath and the road to recovery after Basque ETA armed conflict in Spain–France (1959–2011) through the lens of affect, restorative justice, memory, peace-making efforts, and the arts (literature and film) thanks to contributions by academics, ETA and GAL victims, filmmakers, restorative justice practitioners and mediators of the Nanclares process, and peace activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bay of Pasaia is one of the highest heritage value portside cultural landscapes in the Basque Country, Spain. In order to understand the factors that have led to the current complex configuration, this study traces the historical development of this landscape. It analyzes economic and social dynamics that led to transformations of the historic areas, port, and natural environment, and documents the remaining historical traces and heritage elements that have resulted from this interaction in a GIS database. Following the recommendations of the HUL Approach and the Valletta Principles, three historical periods have been identified, which bear similarity with other port areas around the world. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for future urban regeneration plans and heritage enhancement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of historical archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula has opened new and stimulating avenues of research into its most recent times. One of these has been the archaeology of the Carlist Wars, a series of nineteenth-century conflicts related to the overarching process of the emergence of liberal governments in Europe and, contemporarily, of counter-revolutionary movements. This paper will describe recent excavations at Carlist sites in the southern part of the Basque Country in order to tackle two interrelated questions: the limits and possibilities of a Carlist archaeology and the close connection of the specific materialities of these events and the politics of memory surrounding them. It is argued that the Carlist War materiality has not been considered in the process of the construction of the Basque heritage because these conflicts are not introduced into the legitimating narratives of the failed-state formation project of the Basque identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]