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Sediment, soil and drainage water were collected at an abandoned copper mine, and the leachate copper prepared with 1M HCl were qualitatively analyzed by a handy elemental analyzer based on liquid electrode plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LEP-AES). Quantitative values obtained by the handy analyzer with standard addition or conventional calibration method combining with self-internal standard method, and ones by flame atomic absorption spectrometer were compared. The analytical condition for LEP-AES, the accuracy and the precision were discussed. The elongation of interval of pulsed applied voltage enhanced intensities of emission line, but background rising for copper emission line overlapping tail of broad OH band prevent expected improvement of the limit of detection. Copper species in sediment exist as divalent basic copper sulfate confirmed by XANES/EXAFS spectra recorded by a laboratory type spectrometer.

Doğada bulunan ancak hızla artan endüstriyel faaliyetler sonucu su, toprak, hava ortamındaki miktarları her geçen gün artan ağır metallerin toksik etkileri ve çevreye verdiği zararlar nedeniyle önem arz etmektedir. Doğal sulak alanlarda kontrolsüz endüstriyel atıkların sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkan ağır metaller yalnızca su kütlesinde değil, sulak alanların yapısında birikebilir. Bulundukları ortamlarda birikebilen ağır metaller, canlı yaşamı için toksik etkiler gösterebilmektedir. Pomza, kimyasal etkenlere karşı dayanıklı olan ve volkanik olaylar sonucunda meydana gelmesi nedeniyle gözenekli yapıya sahip bir kayaçtır. Volkanik olaylar sonucunda oluşan kayacın ani soğuması ve gazların hızlı terk etmesi ile pomzalar gözenekli bir yapı kazanmıştır. Bu gözenekler sayesinde ısı ve ses yalıtımı oldukça yüksek kayaçlardır. Pomzayı diğer kayaçlardan ayıran en önemli özelliği farklı renklerde bulunabilmesi, gözenekli yapıları ve yapısında kristal suyunun olmamasıdır.Adsorpsiyon çalışmaları, Van Pomzası ile yapılmıştır. Suyun önemli fizikokimyasal özelliklerinden biri olan pH=5'deki adsorpsiyon mekanizması üzerinde değişen metal konsantrasyonlarının ve sıcaklığın etkisi araştırılmıştır. Böylelikle pH 5'de ağır metaller ile Van Pomzası arasında farklı adsorpsiyon davranışları olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Toxic effect of heavy metals their increasing quantities in air, soil and water environments, because of growing of industrial actives, must take into consideration since they harm to environment. We come across heavy metals in natural wetlands as result of uncontrolled industrial wasted. Heavy metals that can accumulate easily in their environments may show toxic effects.Pumice, accruing as result of volcanic events and durable against chemical factors, is a rock that has porous structure. Pumices have a porous structure because of sudden cooling of the rock and sudden leaving of gases a result of volcanic events. Thanks to these pores, pumices heat and sound insulation are quite high. The most distinctive feature of pumice from other rocks is that it has different colors and there is not crystal water in its porous structure. Adsorption studies are applied with Van Pumiceat pH = 5, the adsorption mechanism and changing metal concentration. As result of these researches, it has been found that there are different adsorption movements at pH 5 between heavy metals and Van Pumice. 127

To ascertain the feasibility of integrating a bactericide-resistant biocontrol agent into conventional bactericide sprays to control soft rot of cabbage under field conditions, detached petioles of Chinese cabbage were treated with either oxine-copper or basic copper sulfate followed by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain 2TQ-19-9 or A-f-39. The survival rate of the more copper-resistant 2TQ-19-9 was higher after both treatments compared to the less resistant strain A-f-39. A rifampicin-resistant derivative of 2TQ-19-9, 2TQ-rif-4, was used for a subsequent field trial. Only 1.2% of the sensitive strains survived on Chinese cabbage plants treated in the field with oxine-copper as compared to 11.2% of the resistant strain one day after their application. Subsequent survival rates of the sensitive and resistant strains were not significantly different. A second application of the bactericide again reduced the population of the sensitive strain but not as much as did the initial application. This second application, however, caused an increase in the population of the resistant strain. The sensitive strain could not survive well after treatment, with the oxine-copper-bacterial mix spray and its population decreased to 2.25cfu/g fresh weight of plant tissue. In contrast, the resistant strain survived to a final concentration of 1.06×103cfu/g fresh weight of plant tissue.

The effect of submicron-sized (NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4] particles on the corrosion of copper has been investigated in air-H[sub 2]O mixtures at 373 K and relative humidities (RH) of 65, 75, and 88%. At 65% RH, (NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4] particles do not affect the oxidation of copper. At 75% RH, the critical relative humidity of (NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4], localized formation of Cu[sub 2]O and a basic copper sulfate, brochantite [Cu[sub 4](SO[sub 4])(OH)[sub 6]] or antlerite [Cu[sub 3](SO[sub 4])(OH)[sub 4]], is observed, depending on the amount of particles deposited. At 88% RH, sufficient water is absorbed by the particles to form solution that spreads over a large surface area. A continuous thick layer of Cu[sub 2]O forms rapidly and becomes overgrown by antlerite crystals. Beneath the oxide scale, the copper substrate is locally corroded. The present work clearly demonstrates that ammonium sulfate particles, which are a major constituent of urban atmospheric dust, are an important factor in the formation of patina on copper.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada Bazik Bakır(H) Sülfat* in [Cu^OH^SoJ, termal bozunması incelenmek suretiyle, kinetik parametreleri elde edilerek termal bozunma reaksiyonunun reaksiyon mekanizması hakkında bilgi edinilmeye çalışıldı. Bazik Bakır(II) Sülfat, Bakır Sülfat1 m aynı konsantrasyonda Sodyum Hidroksit çözeltisiyle, pH=8* de tutularak, titrasyonu ile hazırlandı. Reaksiyon derecesi, aktivasyon enerjisi ve Arrhenius sabiti gibi kinetik parametreleri elde etmek amacı ile hazırlanmış bulunan bileşiğin Termogravimetrik Analizör (Dupont) yardımıyle termogramı alındı. Termogramın birinci basamağını bir dehidratasyon reaksiyonu, ikinci basamağını ise bir bozunma reaksiyonu oluşturmuştur. Bilinen integral yaklaşım yöntemlerinden Coats ve Redfern yöntemi uygulanmak suretiyle Bazik Bakır(II) Sülfat için elde edilen termogramdan dehidratasyon reaksiyonu için reaksiyon derecesinin iki, aktivasyon enerjisinin 63674 jmoH ve Arrhenius sabitin ise 3.98 10^ dk~l olduğu, bozunma reaksiyonu için ise aym parametrelerin sırasiyle 3/2, 33431 jmoH ve 4.89 10^ dk~l olduğu saptanmıştır. SUMMARY In this study, thermal decomposition of basic copper(II) sulfate [Cu4(OH)6S04İ has been investigated in order to obtain kinetic parameters and it has been studied to have knowledge about reaction mechanism of thermal decomposition reaction. A basic copper(II) sulfate is prepared the titration of pH=8 of copper(II) sulfate solution with the sodium hydroxide of similar concentration. The compound, prepared to obtain kinetic parameters such as, order of reaction, activation energy, Arrhenius constant, was taken thermogram by helping thermogravimetric analyzer. (Dupont). The first step of thermogram is composed of dehidration reaction and the second step of the thermogram is composed of decomsition reaction. The known integral approximatio methods, Coats and Redfern' s method has been applied to obtain the thermogram of basic copper(H) sulfate and for dehidration reaction, the order of reaction is found to be 2,activation energy is found 63674jmol`* Arrhenius constant is found to be 3.98 10^ dk~l. For the decomposition reaction the same parameters have been obtained such as 3/2, 334316 jmoH. and 4.89 10^ dk`l- 58

One or more rates of fenbutatin-oxide (= Vendex®) 4 L applied alone were compared with the same rates of Vendex tank-mixed with one or more formulations of copper and an untreated check for control of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae), in 4 citrus grove sites between 1988 and 1991. The copper formulations corresponded to recommended rates in the Florida Citrus Spray Guide and included: 99% GC basic copper sulfate (pentahydrate) with 53% metallic copper, a 77% WP copper hydroxide formulation containing 50% metallic copper and a 61.4% copper hydroxide DF formulation containing 40% metallic copper. Reduced effectiveness of Vendex occurred when combined with all 3 copper formulations. Both copper hydroxide formulations were more disruptive in reducing the effectiveness of Vendex in controlling citrus rust mite compared with the basic copper sulfate formulation. Increases in citrus rust mite numbers occurred in the copper-only treatments in 2 of the 3 field experiments. In both instances, population increases in the copper-only treatments occurred at the same time as those in the untreated check trees, suggesting a stimulatory effect by the copper compounds.

An X-ray powder diffraction analysis has been performed on several samples from the naturally occuring patina of the Statue of Liberty. This work, which was conducted as a service to the National Park Service as part of the restoration activities for the Statue, was performed to assess the impact of acid deposition on the phase composition of the patina. Samples of the patina that were obtained from various locations on the copper skin of the Statue were found to consist primarily of the basic copper sulfate known as brochantite or CuSO4·3Cu(OH)2. Another less stable form of basic copper sulfate CuSO4·2Cu(OH)2 known as antlerite was also observed in samples taken from areas that are more exposed to the incoming weather in New York harbor. The presence of antlerite supports the contention that acid deposition is promoting undesirable changes in the phase composition of the patina. Analyses were also performed on patina samples that were taken from pieces of the Statue's copper skin that had been removed in the years 1905 and 1980. X-ray powder diffraction of the corrosion product on the 1905 sample showed that it consisted primarily of the stable brochantite phase, while the 1980 sample displayed both copper chlorides as well as the less stable antlerite. Both samples also contained cuprite (Cu2O) which appears to have formed prior to either of the sulfates.

In 1952 experiments for control of the citrus red mite (Paratetranychus citri [McG.]) were continued in a grove of Temple orange trees at Fort Pierce, Fla. The trees were arranged in 10 blocks with 9 treatments randomized in single-tree plots in each block. The trees had been used in 1949 and 1950 (Spencer and Norman, 1951) and in 1951 (Norman and Spencer, 1952) for earlier experiments. On February 9, 1952, all trees were sprayed by the owner 2 with a mixture containing 2/3 pound of 40-percent dinitro-ocyclohexylphenol (DN Dry Mix No. 1), 3 pounds each of zinc carbonate and manganese oxide, 10 pounds of wettable sulfur, and 16 pounds of urea (Nugreen) per 100 gallons. The dinitro-ocyclohexylphenol was for the control of the citrus red mite. At postbloom spray time, March 31, a mixture containing 2 pounds of basic copper sulfate, 1 pound of 15-percent wettable parathion, and 10 pounds of wettable sulfur per 100 gallons was applied by the owner to all the trees. On May 28 a prespray estimate of infestations was made. One unhatched egg or crawling stage was enough to classify a leaf as being infested. On this basis citrus red mite infestations of 20 percent or less require no control. Infestations on leaves and fruits ranged from 76 to 88 percent, but the differences between treatments were not significant, an indication that the 1951 treatments had no influence on the present infestation, and that the dinitro compound applied in February controlled the red mites only until mid-May. The parathion used in the March postbloom spray, together with the basic copper sulfate, may have had a great deal to do with the reappearance of the red mites in heavy infestation during May. Apparently, winter applications of the dinitro compound cannot be depended upon to control red mites through the year on trees that receive copper, zinc, manganese, and/or parathion in winter or in postbloom applications. A summer miticide should be added to the sulfur rust mite spray in June or July for year-around control.