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Routable Digital Maps represent a recent advancement driven by the growth of Intelligent Transportation System applications. Efforts have been made to develop and utilize maps within computer systems that can autonomously identify optimal routes. Typically, online map visualizations lack essential information such as traffic patterns, construction zones, or lane counts, which are crucial for designing accurate and realistic routes. This research introduces a route planning method that aggregates and reuses various data points to establish a robust framework for developing new routing plans. The primary goal is to analyze the collected data and create a framework for estimating a geometrically smooth centerline of a road map route. This method involves generating a series of parallel curves, known as offset curves, to facilitate the creation of new routes and alternative lanes. The following examples illustrate some empirical results obtained from this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate ‘Impact of Teaching Habits on Classroom Learning Environment’ that whether there was a significant relationship between Impact of teaching habits and independent variable such as gender, level and Learning Environment. To find the in-depth results of the problem, the study undertakes the objectives and research questions on Gender, Level and classroom learning Environment. The review of related literature highlighted the importance of Teaching Habits of school teachers and its comparative analyses. The population of the study is all of the students of Bajaur area schools. Astratified random sampling method was used to gather quantitative data. The researcher distributed questionnaire built on Likert’s Scale i.e. for public as well as Private sector Teachers. Moreover, the researcher selected 150 students from public sector and 150 from Private sector students through simple random sampling technique male and female. The researches collected 300 questionnaires. The results showed insignificant association found between gender, level and classroom learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peri orbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is a common presentation in dermatological outpatient departments and has multiple causes. Finding an appropriate treatment for POH can be challenging and requires a case-based approach. The objective of this research was to study the effect of Biofiller vs. PLATELET-RICH plasma meso-therapy in the treatment of Peri-orbital hyperpigmentation. Our hypothesis was "Biofillers are better than platelet-rich plasma therapy in the treatment of peri-orbital hyperpigmentation". It was a double-blinded randomized Control Trial (IRCT20230816059168N1) carried out in the Dermatology OPD of a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi over 4 months, i.e., 10.07.23 to 10.10.23. Methods: Forty-two patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study after taking informed consent. Sampling was done by non-probability randomized sampling using the lottery method. 21 patients were treated with Bio fillers and another 21 with platelet-rich plasma therapy (PRP). Sessions with a 2-week interval were done in each case and results were analyzed by peri-orbital photo-metric pigmentation scale and clinical grading improvement scale rated by a physician. Patient satisfaction and complications were also recorded. Results: Statistically significant difference in results of Group A as compared to Group B, regarding improvement in photo numeric scale, evaluation of efficacy by a blinded dermatologist and patient satisfaction, i.e., p= 0.001, 0.014 and 0.001 respectively. In group A, pain was reported by 3 (14.3%), bruising by 1 (4.76%) and lumps by 2 (9.5%). PRP treated group had more side effects, i.e., 9 (42.8%) reported pain, 6 (28.6%) bruising and 4 (19%) more than one complaint (p-0.001). Conclusion: Biofillers are better than PRP in the treatment of POH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypium hirsutum L. is among the leading cash crop, grown at 4.7 million acreage area in Punjab province annually. The rotational cultivation of cotton and wheat crops constitutes the major cropping pattern in Pakistan. Current study was undertaken to investigate the allelopathic effect of the post-harvest remnants of cotton crop on the germination and growth parameters of successor wheat crop. Experiment was laid down in complete randomized design. The seeds (n=10) of Triticum aestivum L. were placed in each replicate and treated with aqueous extracts from various parts of G. hirsutum (root, stem and leaves) at concentration (0-100% v/v). Among the various test extracts of G. hirsutum, leaf extract were found to impart maximum inhibitory effect on the germination indices of the wheat (T. aestivum) followed by the stem extracts, as the highest concentration of ACWE (i.e. 100%) caused the reduction of 45.65, 54.55, 50.9, 61.6, 5.3 and 9.4 % in germination percentage, germination energy, germination index, vigour index, germination coefficient velocity and relative percentage of wheat, respectively, compared to the control. Delay of 2.98 % mean germination time of wheat. Therefore, it may be inferred that the allelochemicals exuded by G. hirsutum crop residues (leave and stem) may have inhibitory effect on the various germination and growth indices of wheat and consequently results in poor crop development and yield statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of teacher emotional intelligence on work discipline. 348 teachers working in 201 primary schools of district Mardan was the sample of the study. The findings of the study showed a significant relationship between the facets of emotional intelligence and work discipline however, overall no correlation between the facets of teacher emotional intelligence and work discipline of primary school teachers was found. Furthermore, the highest correlation between the use of emotions and regulation of emotions; and the lowest correlation between the facets of time management and teacher showing positive attitude towards students, were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of double-dose oral Terbinafine and Itraconazole in treating dermatophytic infections. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04880980). Setting and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar 2021 to Mar 2022. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients with dermatophyte infections of the skin (i.e., tinea corporis and cruris) diagnosed by clinical presentation and KOH mount were included in this study. After randomization, patients were divided into two groups. Group-A was managed with double-dose oral Terbinafine, while Group-B was managed with double-dose oral Itraconazole. Clinical response and side effects were seen and recorded initially at two weeks and then at four weeks. Efficacy and adverse effects were compared in both groups at the end of four weeks. Results: Out of 120 patients with dermatophyte infections of the skin included in the study, 59(49.2%) took double-dose oral Terbinafine while 61(50.8%) took double-dose oral Itraconazole after randomization. It was revealed that Itraconazole was more efficacious in achieving cure at the end of 4-weeks as compared to double dose Terbinafine (p-value=0.001), while adverse effects studied were not statistically significant or different in both the groups (p-value>0.005). Conclusion: This randomized controlled trial showed that double dose oral Itraconazole was more efficacious in treating dermatophyte infections of the skin (i.e., Tinea corporis and cruris) compared to double dose oral Terbinafine. Adverse effects were minimal in both groups and were not specially related to any of these medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant disease management using nanotechnology is evolving continuously across the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Trachyspermum ammi seed extract on Cercospora leaf spot disease in mung bean plants under in-vitro and in-planta conditions. Additionally, the effects on mung bean agronomic and physiological parameters were also assessed. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Green synthesized NPs were tested for their ability to inhibit fungal growth at five different concentrations under in-vitro experiment. After 7 days of inoculation, ZnO NPs (1200 ppm) inhibited mycelial growth substantially (89.86% ± 0.70). The in-planta experiment showed statistically significant result of disease control (30% ± 11.54) in response to 1200 ppm ZnO NPs. The same treatment showed statistically significant improvements in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, number of pods, shoot fresh weight (28.62%), shoot dry weight (85.18%), root fresh weight (38.88%), and root dry weight (38.88%) compared to the control. Our findings show that green synthesized ZnO NPs can control Cercospora canescens in mung bean, pointing to their use in plant disease control and growth enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' professional development is seen to require learning. This study examines teachers' involvement in professional development activities, their classroom behaviors, and if these factors are related to how they teach in Pakistani secondary schools. It also looks at how teachers teach in actual classroom settings. Random selections were made for secondary school instructors and pupils from the public sector. Quantitative research methodology has been used for this study.The information was gathered by asking 100 teachers and 350 secondary school students to answer a series of questions using a Likert scale and multiple-choice options. The collected data was then analyzed using software programs like MS Excel 2016 and SPSS 16.0.After analyzing the data, it was found that secondary school teachers differ in their involvement in professional learning activities. The observed teaching techniques were generally effective. However, there was either no correlation or a weak connection between teacher participation in learning activities and their apparent classroom behaviour. These results have important implications for the professional development of teachers. They highlight the need to focus on strategies that encourage teachers to engage in continuous learning throughout their careers in order to improve their teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a simple connected graph. The second Gourava index of graph G is defined as G O 2 G = ∑ θ ϑ ∈ E G d θ + d ϑ d θ d ϑ where d θ denotes the degree of vertex θ. If removal of a vertex of G forms a tree, then G is called an apex tree. Let L ⊂ V G with ∣ L ∣ = q. If removal of L from V G forms a tree and any other subset of V G whose cardinality is less than ∣ L ∣ does not form a tree, then G is known as q -apex tree. In this paper, we have calculated upper bound for 2 nd Gourava index with respect to q -apex trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]