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The intended of this research is to prepare an analytical study to investigate the best width to depth section ratio (b/d) of horizontally curved steel box beam with constant cross-sectional area (without stiffeners) under single concentrated load at mid-span of the beam. The research adopts three – dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of steel box -section horizontally curved beams exposed to static load. The isoparametric brick element of twenty-node has been used to represent the steel element; also, the yield criterion used to compute the stress level of plastic deformation is Von-Mises. The simulation model of the behavior of steel under tension and compression stresses is elastic-perfect plastic. A semi-circular two-span continuous horizontally curved steel box beam was fabricated and tested under two point loads at midspan of the beam, the results was compared with the results of the computer program (NFHCBSL) used in this study. In general, it is found that the adopted finite element model to predict the structural response of horizontally curved steel box beam has a good agreement with the test results concerning estimate load-deflection response.The effect of b/d ratio is considered by taken different values (20–100) % with the identical area of cross-section. Also, the effect of curvature was studied by considering different values from beam with half circle to straight beam. The results appear that the best (b/d) ratio is in between (0.3 and 0.4) at curvature between (0° and 90°) and the best (b/d) ratio is in between (0.4 and 0.5) at curvature between (90° and 180°). Also, the result showed that the decrease in carrying load capacity as the beam curvature increased is independent on the value of b/d ratio.

In several areas worldwide, the high cost and shortage of natural resources have encouraged researchers and engineers to explore the serviceability and feasibility of using recycled aggregates in concrete mixtures, substituting a normal aggregate percentage. This technique has advantages for the environment by reducing the accumulation of waste materials, while it impacts the fresh and hardened concrete performances, reducing workability, flexural strength, compressive strength, and tensile strength. However, most studies have investigated the influence of replacing normal aggregates with waste aggregates on the concrete mechanical properties without examining the impact of using waste materials on concrete structural performance. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of replacing 75% of sand volume with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fine waste aggregates on the performance of reinforced concrete slabs. Different thicknesses of the concrete layer (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of slab thickness) containing PVC fine waste aggregates are investigated. Based on the reductions in the toughness and flexural strength capacity due to incorporating 75% PVC fine aggregate dosage, two approaches are used to strengthen the slabs with 75% PVC fine aggregates. The first approach is adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to the PVC fine aggregate concrete mix to improve the mechanical properties of the concrete. The PVA increases the water viscosity in the concrete, which reduces the dry out phenomenon. With that said, the PVA modified fresh concrete does enable the use of the limits of the PVC fine aggregate dosage for high dosage plastic aggregate concrete. The second approach uses two fiber wire mesh layers as an additional reinforcement in the tested slab. Results show that the PVC-30 slab exhibits an 8% decrease in total area toughness compared to the control (Con) slab, while for PVC-60 slab toughness, the total area shows 26% less. Additionally, the inclusion of PVA in the concrete with 75% PVC plastic waste fine aggregate replacement greatly influences the pre-and post-cracking ductile performance among other slabs, representing that using PVA with higher contents might increase the flexural performance. Therefore, due to the substantial effect of PVA material on the concrete flexural performance, it is proposed to utilize PVA with an optimum PCV fine aggregate dosage in the concrete mix.

Seepage velocity is a very important criterion in infrastructure construction. The planning of numerous large infrastructure projects requires the mapping of seepage velocity at a large scale. To date, however, no reliable approach exists to determine seepage velocity at such a scale. This paper presents a tool within ArcMap/Geographic Information System (GIS) software that can be used to map the seepage velocity at a large scale. The resultant maps include both direction and magnitude mapping of the seepage velocity. To verify the GIS tool, this study considered two types of aquifer conditions in two regions in Iraq: silty clayey (Babylon province) and sandy (Dibdibba in Karbala province). The results indicate that, for Babylon province, the groundwater flows from the northwest to southeast with a seepage velocity no more than 0.19 m/d; for the Dibdibba region, the groundwater flows from the west to the east with a seepage velocity not exceeding 0.27 m/d. The effectiveness of the presented tool in depicting the seepage velocity was thus demonstrated. The accuracy of the resultant maps depends on the resolution of the four essential maps (groundwater elevation head, effective porosity, saturated thickness, and transmissivity) and locations of wells that are used to collect the data.