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Background: The relationship between gut microbiota and osteoarthritis (OA) occurrence remains unclear. Existing research needs to clearly understand how basal metabolic rate (BMR) regulates this relationship. Therefore, using a two-step bidirectional Mendelian Randomization approach, our study aims to investigate whether BMR levels mediate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and OA. Methods: In this study, we examined publicly available summary statistics from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to determine the correlation between gut microbiota and OA. The analysis included one primary dataset and two secondary datasets. Initially, a two-step, two-sample, and reverse MR analysis was performed to identify the causal relationship between gut microbiota and OA. Subsequently, a two-step MR analysis revealed that the relationship between microbiota and OA is mediated by BMR. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the study results. Results: In our analysis of the primary dataset, we discovered a positive correlation between three taxa and the outcome of OA, and eight taxa exhibited a negative correlation with the OA outcome. Through comparisons with the secondary dataset and multiple testing corrections, we found a negative association between the class Actinobacteria (OR=0.992886277, pvalue = 0.003) and the likelihood of OA occurrence. Notably, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and hip osteoarthritis (HOA) had a strong negative correlation (OR = 0.927237553/0.892581219). Our analysis suggests that BMR significantly mediates the causal pathway from Actinobacteria to OA, with a mediated effect of 2.59%. Additionally, BMR mediates 3.98% of the impact in the path from the order Bifidobacteriales and the family Bifidobacteriaceae to OA. Besides these findings, our reverse analysis did not indicate any significant effect of OA on gut microbiota or BMR. Conclusion: Our research results indicate that an increase in the abundance of specific gut microbial taxa is associated with a reduced incidence of OA, and BMR levels mediate this causal relationship. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate the causal impact of gut microbiota on the risk of OA. This study provides new insights into the potential prevention of OA by modulating the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have found an association between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and various malignant neoplasms, including bone tumors. BMR is also associated with bone mineral density, but the causality between BMR and benign neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage remains uncertain. Design: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMR (p < 5 × 10-8) were used as instrumental variables for Mendelian randomization analysis of neoplasm risk. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was the primary approach, with the weighted median and MR-Egger regression serving as supplements. Results: In this MR analysis, the IVW method supported a causal relationship between BMR and benign neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage (OR = 1.417; 95% CI, 1.039 to 1.930; p = 0.027). No evidence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy in the selected SNPs was found in our study. Thus, based on these results, we discovered a possible causal relationship between BMR and benign neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage. Conclusions: In this MR study, evidence suggested a genetic correlation between genetically predicted BMR and the risk of neoplasms in bone and articular cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is the analysis of the impact that occupants' characteristics have on thermal comfort assessment, through establishing a novel PMVo model using an approximation method, based on the experimental data. The parameters which are chosen as model's inputs are the air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, basic clothing insulation, air velocity and occupants characteristics – gender, age, height, and body mass, while the output is the PMVo, a novel thermal comfort index. Since existing standards concerning thermal comfort do not consider these occupants' characteristics, the main novelty of the introduced model is the inclusion of occupants' characteristics in the thermal comfort assessment. To ensure enhanced precision, the model is established using both linear regression and by training neural network. These two approximation methods are compared to determine which one is more applicable in the context of data approximation. Study shows that regardless of dataset based on which models are established and regardless of testing input values, neural network (R2 in the range of 99.87% to 99.96%) is a superior mathematical approximation algorithm compared to the linear regression (R2 in the range of 95.3% to 97.5%). Novel neural network based thermal comfort assessment model is used for investigation of occupants' characteristics impact on thermal comfort assessment. Analysis of the results showed that gender, age, height and body mass may significantly impact thermal comfort indices calculation, which implies the necessity of their inclusion in thermal comfort prediction and evaluation. Thus, the presented PMVo model may be highly beneficial to implement within existing thermal comfort standards, ensuring well-being and satisfaction with conditions of indoor environment for wider range of the occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior evidence suggests that altered energy metabolism plays a crucial role in the development of fibrotic diseases. Recent research indicates that systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients have potentially benefited from energy management, implying that basal metabolic rate (BMR), a vital energy metabolic parameter, may be related to SSc. However, the causal effect of BMR on SSc remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the causal links between BMR and SSc. Based on summary statistics from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was applied to explore causality between BMR and SSc. The causal relationships were assessed employing inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median (WM) methods. Meanwhile, several sensitivity analyses were carried out to ensure the robustness of the findings. There was an underlying genetic association of BMR on SSc (OR = 0.505, 95% CI: 0.272–0.936, P = 0.030). Moreover, no significant causal effect between SSc and BMR was observed in the reverse MR analysis (OR = 0.999, 95% CI: 0.997–1.001, P = 0.292). According to the sensitivity analysis, the presence of heterogeneity and genetic pleiotropy was not detected. Our findings, derived from a genetic perspective, provide robust evidence of a causal connection between BMR and SSc. To verify these results and clarify the potential mechanisms, further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is still uncertain. To address this gap, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to comprehensively explore the causal relationship between BMR and IVDD. Methods: BMR data were obtained from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) database, while IVDD data were derived from the FinnGen project. The causal relationship between IVDD and BMR was investigated using MR, with inverse-variance weighting (IVW) as the primary estimate. MR-Egger weighed median and weighed mode were employed for robustness. Sensitivity analyses, including the Cochran Q test, leave-one-out analysis, and MR-Egger intercept analysis, were conducted. Furthermore, the study also identified causal relationships between IVDD and factors associated with BMR (hyperthyroidism, type 2 diabetes, standing height, weight, and body mass index). Multivariable MR was applied to further assess the direct effect of BMR on IVDD. Results: Genetic predisposition to BMR (after removing outliers OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.37–1.63; P = 5.073e-21) were associated with an increased risk of IVDD. Additionally, IVDD risk increased with greater height, weight, and BMI. No causal relationship was observed between hy/thy and T2D and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) (P > 0.05). In multivariable MR, a significant causal association between BMR and IVDD persisted, even after adjusting for BMI, height, and weight. Conclusion: In this study, we successfully identified that a higher BMR is independently and causally linked to IVDD, indicating an increased risk of developing IVDD. These findings suggest that managing BMR could potentially mitigate the risk of IVDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern humans are mineral deficient; thus, considerable attention has been focused on vitamins and polyphenols taken in supplements. However, in the case of minerals, only a few are known, such as calcium, zinc, and iron. As minerals are essential for proper physiologic function, mineral deficiencies are a risk factor for various serious diseases. For a variety of reasons, it has become difficult in recent years for humans to ingest the required amounts of minerals through diet alone, creating the need for a means of easy mineral replenishment. In this study, we measured changes in various physiologic parameters when 36 healthy individuals drank one bottle (550 mL) of water per day for one month containing minerals extracted from deep-sea water and adjusted to a hardness of 300. Although there were no changes in body weight or body mass index, body fat percentage decreased significantly, and basal metabolic rate and muscle mass increased significantly. Although the mechanism behind these changes is unknown, continuous intake of water amended with minerals extracted from deep-sea water may be an excellent approach to replenishing essential minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare disorder characterised by varying nutritional phases that occur throughout the lifespan, ranging from failure to thrive to hyperphagia. If uncontrolled, the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity development and increased morbidity and mortality risk. Although measures of energy requirements for accurate nutrition assessment are vital, the evidence appears sparse and heterogeneous; hence, the aim of this review was to examine the available literature on energy expenditure predicted or measured using various methods in individuals with PWS. Studies were sought that presented methods and results on resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate. A narrative synthesis was completed to present the study characteristics and results. Methods of determining energy requirements included predictive equations and indirect calorimetry. Differences amongst ages, growth hormone therapy, fasting status, and measures in which results were presented were limitations to appropriately summarising and identifying trends in energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry was identified as the most accurate method; however, it is not widely available in all settings. Further research is encouraged to support the development of valid and reliable predictive equations that will better inform and improve the efficiency of clinical practice in supporting people with PWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare disorder characterised by varying nutritional phases that occur throughout the lifespan, ranging from failure to thrive to hyperphagia. If uncontrolled, the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity development and increased morbidity and mortality risk. Although measures of energy requirements for accurate nutrition assessment are vital, the evidence appears sparse and heterogeneous; hence, the aim of this review was to examine the available literature on energy expenditure predicted or measured using various methods in individuals with PWS. Studies were sought that presented methods and results on resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate. A narrative synthesis was completed to present the study characteristics and results. Methods of determining energy requirements included predictive equations and indirect calorimetry. Differences amongst ages, growth hormone therapy, fasting status, and measures in which results were presented were limitations to appropriately summarising and identifying trends in energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry was identified as the most accurate method; however, it is not widely available in all settings. Further research is encouraged to support the development of valid and reliable predictive equations that will better inform and improve the efficiency of clinical practice in supporting people with PWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence and significant correlates of prediabetes (pre-DM), diabetes mellitus (DM), prehypertension (pre-HT), and hypertension (HT) among adults in all districts of Duhok Governorate through a community-based screening study. Methods: This is a cross-sectional community-based screening study involving 3,000 non-fasting adults not diagnosed as prediabetes or DM and prehypertension or HT conducted in all districts of Duhok Governorate. Random glucose and blood pressure reading according to American Diabetes Association and American Heart Association Guidelines in 2023 will be used in a community-based screening. BMI will be also calculated in the present study as a screening tool. Results: Findings reveal that 18.2% had DM, 14.7% had pre-DM and 41.3% had HT and 11.5% had pre-HT. The study also revealed that nearly two third had increased BMI in which 40.1% were overweight and 24.5% were obese. Among screened subjects 32% were smokers. Around half of screened subjects reported having family history of DM and HT, DM alone (10.8%), HT alone (12.1%) and 28.9% had family history of both DM and HT together. The study also shows that screened male subjects reported higher prevalence of pre-DM, DM, pre-HT and HT than screened female subjects. Older age group of screened subjects tend to have more abnormal blood sugar and blood pressure levels than younger age group. Conclusion: This study has shown a high prevalence of pre-DM, DM, pre-HT and HT among adults in all districts of Duhok Governorate. Significant correlates of pre-DM, DM, pre-HT and HT in this study were age, gender, BMI, smoking and family history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the causal relationships between basal metabolic rate(BMR) and frailty index (FI) based on bidirectional two - sample mendelian randomization (MR). Methods The data of BMR (n =454 874) and FI (n = 175 226) were extracted from the published genome 一 wide association studies (GWAS). By setting conditions with P <5 X 10 ~8 as the screening criterion, the linkage disequilibrium coefficient set to 0. 001 and the width of the linkage disequilibrium region of 10 000 kb, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were screened out as the final instrumental variables. Five methods including MR 一 Egger regression, weighted median, Inverse variance weighted (IVW), simple mode and weighted mode were used for MR analysis, and IVW was used as the main analysis method, and仔 and 95% CI were used to demonstrate the causal relationship between BMR and FL MR 一 Egger intercept and MR 一 PRESSO analysis were used to test the pleiotropy, and the heterogeneity was analyzed by Cochran Q test of MR 一 Egger. Leave 一 one 一 out test were performed to analyze the sensitivity. Finally, reverse MR analysis was used to verify the robustness of the results. Results A total of 787 SNPs associated with BMR and 9 SNPs associated with FI were screened. The MR analysis showed a causal relationship between BMR and FI (Weighted median, =0, 105, 95% CI: 0.063 -0. 146, P <0,001; IVW,/3=0, 110, 95% CI: 0.808 -0. 140, P <0.001; weighted mode,仔二 0. 145, 95% CI: 0. 047 一 0. 244, P = 0. 004). The screened SNPs did not have horizontal pleiotropy because the the MR 一 Egger intercept was 0. 000 2 (P = 0.374), Therefore, the MR was an effective method for causal inference in this study. The Cochran Q 一 test results showed Q = 137. 053, P = 0. 188, indicating no heterogeneity among the SNPs included in the MR analysis. And no outlier SNPs were found by MR 一 PRESSO analysis. The sensitivity analysis based on the leave 一 one 一 out method showed that the individual SNP did not affect the robustness of the MR analysis results. No causal relationship between FI and BMR was found in the reverse MR analysis(P > 0. 05). Conclusion Genetically predicted high BMR level is significantly associated with elevated FI, and there is no association in reverse direction, which may provide fresh ideas for proposing feasible interventions to manage frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The metabolic-status-related mechanisms underlying the deterioration of the lung function in obese asthma have not been completely elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with obese asthma, its association with the lung function, and its mediating role in the impact of obesity on the lung function. Methods: A 12-month prospective cohort study (n = 598) was conducted in a real-world setting, comparing clinical, body composition, BMR, and lung function data between patients with obese (n = 282) and non-obese (n = 316) asthma. Path model mediation analyses for the BMR and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were conducted. We also explored the effects of the BMR on the long-term lung function in patients with asthma. Results: Patients with obese asthma exhibited greater airway obstruction, with lower FEV1 (1.99 vs. 2.29 L), FVC (3.02 vs. 3.33 L), and FEV1/FVC (65.5 vs. 68.2%) values compared to patients with non-obese asthma. The patients with obese asthma also had higher BMRs (1284.27 vs. 1210.08 kcal/d) and SMM (23.53 vs. 22.10 kg). Both the BMR and SMM mediated the relationship between obesity and the lung function spirometers (FEV1, %FEV1, FVC, %FVC, and FEV1/FVC). A higher BMR or SMM was associated with better long-term lung function. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significance of the BMR and SMM in mediating the relationship between obesity and spirometry in patients with asthma, and in determining the long-term lung function. Interventions for obese asthma should focus not only on reducing adiposity but also on maintaining a high BMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) measurement is time consuming and requires specialized equipment. Prediction equations allow clinicians and researchers to estimate BMR; however, their accuracy may vary across individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of SCI‐specific equations as well as able‐bodied (AB) prediction equations in individuals with upper motor neuron (UMN), lower motor neuron (LMN), and females with SCI. Twenty‐six men and women with chronic SCI (n = 12 innervated males, n = 6 innervated females, n = 8 denervated males) participated in this cross‐sectional study. BMR values were measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and anthropometrics) assessment was conducted. AB‐prediction equations [Cunningham, Nelson, Owen, Harris and Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Henry] and SCI‐specific equations [Chun and Nightingale & Gorgey] were used to estimate and validate BMR. The accuracy of AB‐specific FFM equations in predicting BMR was evaluated using Bland–Altman plots, paired t‐tests, and error metrics. Measured BMR for innervated males, females, and denervated males was 1436 ± 213 kcal/day, 1290 ± 114, and 1597 ± 333 kcal/day, respectively. SCI‐specific equations by Chun et al., Nightingale & Gorgey, and AB‐specific FFM equations accurately predicted BMR for innervated males. For the denervated males, Model 4 equation by Nightingale & Gorgey was not different (p = 0.18), and Bland–Altman analyses showed negative mean bias but similar limits of agreement between measured and predicted BMR for the SCI‐specific equations and AB‐specific FFM equations. We demonstrated that SCI‐specific equations accurately predicted BMR for innervated males but underpredicted it for denervated males. The Model 4 equation by Nightingale & Gorgey accurately estimated BMR in females with SCI. Findings from the current study will help to determine caloric needs in different sub‐groups of SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectives Hypermetabolism is associated with clinical prognosis of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to explore the association between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and postoperative clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients.Methods We collected data of 958 gastric cancer patients admitted at our center from June 2014 to December 2018. The optimal cutoff value of BMR (BMR ≤1149 kcal/day) was obtained using the X-tile plot. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were then performed to evaluate the relevant influencing factors of clinical outcomes. Finally, R software was utilized to construct the nomogram.Results A total of 213 patients were defined as having a lower basal metabolic rate (LBMR). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that gastric cancer patients with LBMR were more prone to postoperative complications and had poor long-term overall survival (OS). The established nomogram had good predictive power to assess the risk of OS in gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy (c-index was 0.764).Conclusions Overall, LBMR on admission is associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications in gastric cancer patients, and this population has a poorer long-term survival. Therefore, there should be more focus on the perioperative management of patients with this risk factor before surgery.

Background: The relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear and controversial. In this study, we investigated the causal role of BMR in renal injury, and inversely, whether altered renal function causes changes in BMR. Methods: In this two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study, Genetic data were accessed from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for BMR ((n = 454,874) and indices of renal function, i.e. estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine (n =1, 004, 040), CKD (n=480, 698), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (n =852, 678) in European. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) random-effects MR method serves as the main analysis, accompanied by several sensitivity MR analyses. We also performed a reverse MR to explore the causal effects of the above indices of renal function on the BMR. Results: We found that genetically predicted BMR was negatively related to eGFR, (β= -0.032, P = 4.95*10-12). Similar results were obtained using the MR-Egger (β= -0.040, P = 0.002), weighted median (β= -0.04, P= 5.35x10-11) and weighted mode method (β= -0.05, P=9.92x10-7). Higher BMR had a causal effect on an increased risk of CKD (OR =1.36, 95% CI = 1.11-1.66, P =0.003). In reverse MR, lower eGFR was related to higher BMR (β= -0.64, P = 2.32x10-6, IVW analysis). Bidirectional MR supports no causal association was observed between BMR and BUN. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings, indicating the robustness of the results. Conclusion: Genetically predicted high BMR is associated with impaired kidney function. Conversely, genetically predicted decreased eGFR is associated with higher BMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the Goldberg and Black method estimates dietary underreporting in epidemiological food consumption studies. This method compares the self-reported energy intake of the subjects with the estimate of their total energy expenditure. Objective: to evaluate underreporting and overreporting at individual and group levels in Health Sciences students. Material and methods: the study was cross-sectional and prospective; the participants recorded their food consumption through two dietary records, one on the weekend and the other on the weekdays. They previously answered to sign an informed consent letter, after which the physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) they were also weighed and measured, and then the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated, It calculated later the declared intake (EI)/BMR ratio, and finally, the cut-off points to determine under-declarers, over declarators and plausible declarators. Results: we found 14.81 % underreporting at the individual level and 44.44 % at the group level. The subjects with a higher BMI and those who performed strenuous physical activity were the ones who underreported the most. The subjects underreported performed moderate and severe physical activity at the group level. Conclusions: it is crucial to carry out this methodology to verify the results of dietary evaluation since underreporting affects the estimation of nutrient intake and can alter the associations between diet and diseases in epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the potential limits placed on organisms by their ecophysiology is crucial for predicting their responses to varying environmental conditions. A main hypothesis for explaining avian thermoregulatory mechanisms is the aerobic capacity model, which posits a positive correlation between basal (basal metabolic rate [BMR]) and summit (Msum) metabolism. Most evidence for this hypothesis, however, comes from interspecific comparisons, and the ecophysiological underpinnings of avian thermoregulatory capacities hence remain controversial. Indeed, studies have traditionally relied on between‐species comparisons, although, recently, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of intraspecific variation in ecophysiological responses. Therefore, here, we focused on great tits (Parus major), measuring BMR and Msum during winter in two populations from two different climates: maritime‐temperate (Gontrode, Belgium) and continental (Zvenigorod, Russia). We tested for the presence of intraspecific geographical variation in metabolic rates and assessed the predictions following the aerobic capacity model. We found that birds from the maritime‐temperate climate (Gontrode) showed higher BMR, whereas conversely, great tits from Zvenigorod showed higher levels of Msum. Within each population, our data did not fully support the aerobic capacity model's predictions. We argued that the decoupling of BMR and Msum observed may be caused by different selective forces acting on these metabolic rates, with birds from the continental‐climate Zvenigorod population facing the need to conserve energy for surviving long winter nights (by keeping their BMR at low levels) while simultaneously being able to generate more heat (i.e., a high Msum) to withstand cold spells. Research Highlights: Great tits from a continental climate save energy by keeping a low BMR, yet generate heat (high Msum) to endure cold spells.Metabolic rate coupling is likely guided by distinct selective pressures, shaping local climate‐driven adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlation between lean body mass (LBM) and digit ratio (2D 4D) of college students in Ningxia. Methods A total of 838 college students (412 males and 426 females) were randomly selected as the research objects. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to determine the distribution of body weight, height, total body water(TBW),intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water(ECW), protein content, bone mineral content(BMC),skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate(BMR). At the same time, the photos of the two palms were taken, and the 2D 4D of the left and right hand was measured and calculated by computer image software. Pearson correlation analysis and unary linear regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation between each LBM and 2D 4D. Results All the detection indicators of LBM, BMI and BMR among Ningxia university students were significantly higher in males than in females, with statistical significance (P<0.05). The 2D 4D of left hand and right hand were significantly higher in female than in male, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no correlation between 2D 4D for all body composition indexes (P>0.05). Conclusion There are significant gender differences in both LBM and 2D 4D in Ningxia college student, suggesting that the level of sex hormone metabolism may affect the distribution of both, but there is no correlation between them, suggesting that there may not be a common developmental basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Basal metabolic rate (BMR) as one of the most basic and significant indicators of metabolism has been associated with human health. Previous studies showed that the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is linked to BMR; however, the causal relationship between BMR and RA is unknown. Thus, we aimed to explore the causal relationship between BMR and RA as well as RA-related factors. Methods Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed on collected genome-wide association studies information. The effect of horizontal pleiotropy was detected by MR-PRESSO and MR-Radial. Five MR analysis methods were applied, including inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode. Four sensitivity analysis methods were used for the validation of the significant MR analysis results. A two-component mixture of regressions method was additionally used to validate single nucleotide polymorphisms and to verify results. Results Genetically, there is a causal effect of BMR on overall RA (odds ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–1.47, P IVW = .006), seropositive RA (odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.44, P IVW = .035), and seronegative RA (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.78, P IVW = .023). Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of the above associations. No evidence supported the effect of RA on BMR. Moreover, BMR showed no causal relationship with rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and matrix metallopeptidase 3. Conclusion MR results implied the causal effect of BMR on RA and raised our attention to the importance of BMR in RA's pathology. What is already known on this topic The basal metabolic rate is considered to be the most significant indicator of human metabolism. An increasing number of researches suggest that lifestyle factors, body composition, smoking, and cancer play important roles in influencing BMR and disrupting normal metabolic functions. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by main clinical manifestations such as fever, swelling, and joint pain. The relevance of metabolism to the pathogenesis of RA is now increasingly being brought up. What this study adds Using data from UK Biobank databases and the open-GWAS website, our results suggest that there is a causal effect of BMR on RA including seropositive and seronegative RA through the Mendelian study. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy This study suggests that BMR is supposed to be given more attention in the diagnosis and treatment of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Basal metabolic rate (BMR) measurement is time consuming and requires specialized equipment. Prediction equations allow clinicians and researchers to estimate BMR; however, their accuracy may vary across individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of SCI‐specific equations as well as able‐bodied (AB) prediction equations in individuals with upper motor neuron (UMN), lower motor neuron (LMN), and females with SCI. Twenty‐six men and women with chronic SCI (n = 12 innervated males, n = 6 innervated females, n = 8 denervated males) participated in this cross‐sectional study. BMR values were measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and anthropometrics) assessment was conducted. AB‐prediction equations [Cunningham, Nelson, Owen, Harris and Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Henry] and SCI‐specific equations [Chun and Nightingale & Gorgey] were used to estimate and validate BMR. The accuracy of AB‐specific FFM equations in predicting BMR was evaluated using Bland–Altman plots, paired t‐tests, and error metrics. Measured BMR for innervated males, females, and denervated males was 1436 ± 213 kcal/day, 1290 ± 114, and 1597 ± 333 kcal/day, respectively. SCI‐specific equations by Chun et al., Nightingale & Gorgey, and AB‐specific FFM equations accurately predicted BMR for innervated males. For the denervated males, Model 4 equation by Nightingale & Gorgey was not different (p = 0.18), and Bland–Altman analyses showed negative mean bias but similar limits of agreement between measured and predicted BMR for the SCI‐specific equations and AB‐specific FFM equations. We demonstrated that SCI‐specific equations accurately predicted BMR for innervated males but underpredicted it for denervated males. The Model 4 equation by Nightingale & Gorgey accurately estimated BMR in females with SCI. Findings from the current study will help to determine caloric needs in different sub‐groups of SCI.

Background. Cardiovascular concerns in hypertensive elderly men, evaluating the effectiveness of a walking football program for targeted health improvement in this population. Study purpose. This study aims to clarify and characterize changes in cardiovascular health due to a 12-week walking football training program in male seniors (60-70 years) with hypertension. Materials and methods. This study engaged 60 male participants aged 60 to 70 years from diverse regions of Kashmir, India with hypertension. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals who hadn't participated in physical activities for six months. In addition, participants were split into two groups: experimental and control. The study's design and objectives were explained to participants one week before testing. Baseline data was collected a week prior to the 12-week program. The experimental group attended thrice-weekly, 1-hour walking football sessions with 10-minute warm-up, a 45-minute game, and 5 minute cool-down. Assessments were conducted at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. To analyze the data, a 2 (group: experimental, and control) X 4 (time: baseline, 4th week, 8th week, and 12th week) mixed ANOVA was conducted. Results. During the study, the control group displayed a slight decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by week 8, which returned to baseline levels by week 12. Conversely, the experimental group demonstrated a consistent decline in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as resting heart rate (RHR), with a significant decrease observed by week 12. Additionally, basal metabolic rate (BMR) steadily increased in the experimental group over the 12 weeks. On the other hand, the control group exhibited no significant changes in DBP, RHR, or BMR throughout the duration of the training program. Conclusions. Walking football proves beneficial for hypertension, highlighting its public health potential. Research advocates its integration into interventions for community well-being.

Laboratory mice are commonly used for studies emulating human metabolism. To render human energetics, their ratio of daily (DEE) to basal (BMR) energy expenditure of 1.7-1.8 should be maintained. However, the DEE/BMR ratio strongly depends on whether a given study using a mouse model is carried out above, or below the lower critical temperature (LCT) of the thermoneutral zone, which is rarely considered in translational research. Here, we used mice artificially selected for high or low rates of BMR along with literature data to analyze the effect of ambient temperature on possible systematic bias in DEE/BMR. We demonstrated that the estimated LCTs of mice from the high and low BMR lines differ by more than 7°C. Furthermore, the range of variation of LCTs of mouse strains used in translational research spans from 23 to 33°C. Differences between LCTs in our selected mice and other mouse strains are mirrored by differences in their DEE-to-BMR ratio, on average increasing it at the rate of 0.172°C-1 at temperatures below LCT. Given the wide range of LCTs in different mouse strains, we conclude that the energetic cost of thermoregulation may differ greatly for different mouse strains with a potentially large impact on translational outcomes. Thus, the LCT of a given mouse strain is an important factor that must be considered in designing translational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The study deals with cardiovascular concerns in hypertensive elderly males, evaluating the effectiveness of a walking football program for targeted health improvement in this population. Study purpose. This study aims to clarify and characterize changes in cardiovascular health due to a 12-week walking football training program in male seniors (60-70 years) with hypertension. Materials and methods.This study engaged 60 hypertensive males aged 60 to 70 years from diverse regions of Kashmir, India. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals who hadn't participated in physical activities for a period of six months. In addition, participants were divided into two groups: experimental and control. The study's design and objectives were explained to participants one week before testing. Baseline data was collected a week prior to the 12-week program. The experimental group attended thrice-weekly, 1-hour walking football sessions consisted of 10-minute warm-up, 45-minute game, and 5 minute cool-down. Assessments were conducted at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. To analyze the data, a 2 (group: experimental, and control) x 4 (time: baseline, 4th week, 8th week, and 12th week) mixed ANOVA was conducted. Results. During the study, the control group showed a slight decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by week 8, which returned to baseline levels by week 12. Conversely, the experimental group demonstrated a consistent decline in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as resting heart rate (RHR), with a significant decrease observed by week 12. Additionally, basal metabolic rate (BMR) steadily increased in the experimental group over the 12 weeks. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in DBP, RHR, or BMR throughout the duration of the training program in the control group. Conclusions. Walking football has been shown to be beneficial for hypertension, highlighting its public health potential. The study confirms its positive integration into physical activities aimed at ensuring the community well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Few studies have investigated the impact of basal metabolic rate (BMR) on the development of urolithiasis, and the causal relationship is yet to be established. In this study, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was utilized to identify the causal relationship between BMR and risk of urolithiasis. Method: Genetic instruments for BMR were drawn from a public genome-wide association study (GWAS). Summary dates on BMR and urolithiasis were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis with sample sizes of 454,874 and 212,453, respectively. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was provided as the main approach to estimate the causal relationship. The weighted-median method and the MR-Egger method were used as supplements to the IVW method. In addition, we conducted sensitivity analyses, including heterogeneity tests, pleiotropy tests and leave-one-out analysis, to assess the robustness of the outcomes. Furthermore, the funnel plot asymmetry was visually inspected to evaluate possible bias. Results: The inverse-variance weighted data revealed that genetically predicted BMR significantly decreased the risk of urolithiasis [beta coefficient (beta): − 0.2366, odds ratio (OR): 0.7893, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6504–0.9579, p = 0.0166]. Conclusions: BMR has causal effects on urolithiasis in an MR study, and the risk of urolithiasis in patients with lower levels of BMR is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardio-metabolic risk factors play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a fundamental physiological parameter that affects energy expenditure and might contribute to variations in these risk factors. However, the exact relationship between BMR and cardio-metabolic risk factors has remained unclear. Methods: We employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to explore the association between BMR (N: 534,045) and various cardio-metabolic risk factors, including body mass index (BMI, N: 681,275), fasting glucose (N: 200,622), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (N = 403,943), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (N = 431,167), total cholesterol (N: 344,278), and triglycerides (N: 441,016), C-reactive protein (N: 436,939), waist circumference (N: 232,101), systolic blood pressure (N: 810,865), diastolic blood pressure (N: 810,865), glycated haemoglobin (N: 389,889), and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (N: 21,758). We leveraged genetic variants strongly associated with BMR as instrumental variables to investigate potential causal relationships, with the primary analysis using the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method. Results: Our MR analysis revealed compelling evidence of a causal link between BMR and specific cardio-metabolic risk factors. Specifically, genetically determined higher BMR was associated with an increased BMI (β = 0.7538, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6418 to 0.8659, p 0.05). Conclusion: This MR study provides valuable insights into the relationship between BMR and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Understanding the causal links between BMR and these factors could have important implications for the development of targeted interventions and therapies.

Abstract Background The role of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear, as previous retrospective studies have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to systematically investigate the causal relationship between the BMR and OA. Methods Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data related to BMR and OA were collected in a genome-wide association study. Using OA as the outcome variable and BMR as the exposure factor, SNPs with strong correlation with the BMR as the tool variable were screened. The correlation between the BMR and OA risk was evaluated using the inverse-variance weighted method, and heterogeneity and pleiotropy were evaluated using a sensitivity analysis. Results There was a potential causal relationship between the BMR and OA risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.014; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.008–1.020; P = 2.29e − 6). A causal relationship was also revealed between the BMR and knee OA (OR, 1.876; 95% CI, 1.677–2.098; P = 2.98e − 28) and hip OA (OR, 1.475; 95% CI, 1.290–1.686; P = 1.26e − 8). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these results. Conclusion Here, we identified a latent causal relationship between the BMR and the risk of OA. These results suggest that the risk of OA in the hip or knee joint may be reduced by controlling the BMR.

Modern humans are mineral deficient; thus, considerable attention has been focused on vitamins and polyphenols taken in supplements. However, in the case of minerals, only a few are known, such as calcium, zinc, and iron. As minerals are essential for proper physiologic function, mineral deficiencies are a risk factor for various serious diseases. For a variety of reasons, it has become difficult in recent years for humans to ingest the required amounts of minerals through diet alone, creating the need for a means of easy mineral replenishment. In this study, we measured changes in various physiologic parameters when 36 healthy individuals drank one bottle (550 mL) of water per day for one month containing minerals extracted from deep-sea water and adjusted to a hardness of 300. Although there were no changes in body weight or body mass index, body fat percentage decreased significantly, and basal metabolic rate and muscle mass increased significantly. Although the mechanism behind these changes is unknown, continuous intake of water amended with minerals extracted from deep-sea water may be an excellent approach to replenishing essential minerals.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare disorder characterised by varying nutritional phases that occur throughout the lifespan, ranging from failure to thrive to hyperphagia. If uncontrolled, the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity development and increased morbidity and mortality risk. Although measures of energy requirements for accurate nutrition assessment are vital, the evidence appears sparse and heterogeneous; hence, the aim of this review was to examine the available literature on energy expenditure predicted or measured using various methods in individuals with PWS. Studies were sought that presented methods and results on resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate. A narrative synthesis was completed to present the study characteristics and results. Methods of determining energy requirements included predictive equations and indirect calorimetry. Differences amongst ages, growth hormone therapy, fasting status, and measures in which results were presented were limitations to appropriately summarising and identifying trends in energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry was identified as the most accurate method; however, it is not widely available in all settings. Further research is encouraged to support the development of valid and reliable predictive equations that will better inform and improve the efficiency of clinical practice in supporting people with PWS.

Background: The metabolic-status-related mechanisms underlying the deterioration of the lung function in obese asthma have not been completely elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with obese asthma, its association with the lung function, and its mediating role in the impact of obesity on the lung function. Methods: A 12-month prospective cohort study (n = 598) was conducted in a real-world setting, comparing clinical, body composition, BMR, and lung function data between patients with obese (n = 282) and non-obese (n = 316) asthma. Path model mediation analyses for the BMR and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were conducted. We also explored the effects of the BMR on the long-term lung function in patients with asthma. Results: Patients with obese asthma exhibited greater airway obstruction, with lower FEV1 (1.99 vs. 2.29 L), FVC (3.02 vs. 3.33 L), and FEV1/FVC (65.5 vs. 68.2%) values compared to patients with non-obese asthma. The patients with obese asthma also had higher BMRs (1284.27 vs. 1210.08 kcal/d) and SMM (23.53 vs. 22.10 kg). Both the BMR and SMM mediated the relationship between obesity and the lung function spirometers (FEV1, %FEV1, FVC, %FVC, and FEV1/FVC). A higher BMR or SMM was associated with better long-term lung function. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significance of the BMR and SMM in mediating the relationship between obesity and spirometry in patients with asthma, and in determining the long-term lung function. Interventions for obese asthma should focus not only on reducing adiposity but also on maintaining a high BMR.

Understanding the impacts of activity on energy balance is crucial. Increasing levels of activity may bring diminishing returns in energy expenditure because of compensatory responses in non-activity energy expenditures.1-3 This suggestion has profound implications for both the evolution of metabolism and human health. It implies that a long-term increase in activity does not directly translate into an increase in total energy expenditure (TEE) because other components of TEE may decrease in response-energy compensation. We used the largest dataset compiled on adult TEE and basal energy expenditure (BEE) (n = 1,754) of people living normal lives to find that energy compensation by a typical human averages 28% due to reduced BEE; this suggests that only 72% of the extra calories we burn from additional activity translates into extra calories burned that day. Moreover, the degree of energy compensation varied considerably between people of different body compositions. This association between compensation and adiposity could be due to among-individual differences in compensation: people who compensate more may be more likely to accumulate body fat. Alternatively, the process might occur within individuals: as we get fatter, our body might compensate more strongly for the calories burned during activity, making losing fat progressively more difficult. Determining the causality of the relationship between energy compensation and adiposity will be key to improving public health strategies regarding obesity.

Background Despite the health effects of basal metabolic rate (BMR), the causal effect of BMR on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains undetermined. To elucidate the causal nature, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed. Methods and Results Summary genome‐wide association statistics regarding BMR and 5 CVDs were obtained from European databases. A 2‐sample bidirectional MR was performed to assess the causal association between BMR and CVDs. The causal effects were estimated using inverse variance weighting. Simultaneously, multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness and reliability of the results. Our results indicated that genetically predicted BMR was significantly positively associated with the risk of heart failure (odds ratio, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39–1.67]; P

BackgroundBasal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum amount of energy needed by the body to carry out essential physiological functions. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether BMR causally influences venous thromboembolism (VTE) and its subtypes in European individuals.MethodsA two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed. Within a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 454,874 people, genetic variants were chosen as instrumental variables based on their significant associations (p

Background: Both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and sarcopenic obesity (SO) are common conditions among older adult/adults males. The prevalent lifestyle associated with SO is a significant risk factor for the development of BPH. Therefore, we investigated the causal relationship between SO factors and BPH. Method: The instrumental variables for SO factors were selected using the inverse variance-weighted method, which served as the primary approach for Mendelian randomization analysis to assess the causal effect based on summary data derived from genome-wide association studies of BPH. Result: The increase in BMR (OR = 1.248; 95% CI = (1.087, 1.432); P = 0.002) and ALM (OR = 1.126; 95% CI = (1.032, 1.228); P = 0.008) was found to be associated with an elevated risk of BPH. However, no genetic causality between fat-free mass distribution, muscle mass distribution, and BPH was observed. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a genetic causal association between BMR, ALM and BPH. BMR and ALM are risk factors for BPH. The decrease in BMR and ALM signified the onset and progression of SO, thus SO is a protective factor for BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), the basal metabolic rate (BMR) falls. However, it is important to know how BMR per kilogram of body weight (BMR/kg) varies in the postoperative period. The present study evaluated the changes in the BMR/kg and its correlates over 30 months after RYGB. Methods: Eighty adult patients of both genders who underwent RYGB agreed to participate in the study. The following evaluations were performed before surgery (n=48) and 6 (n=27), 12 (n=28), 24 (n=40), and 30 months (n=29) after surgery: anthropometry, body composition (bioelectrical impedance), metabolic analysis (indirect calorimetry), and diet (food recall). Statistical analysis was performed (p = 0.05). Results: Although BMR decreased after surgery, BMR/kg increased significantly as compared to baseline from 12 months onward, peaking at 24 months and not significantly dipping at 30 months, suggesting stabilization of BMR/kg 2 years after surgery (pre, 10.68 ± 2.33 kcal/kg; 12 months, 12.46 ± 2.85 kcal/kg; 24 months, 18.78 ± 4.81 kcal/kg; 30 months, 18.12 ± 3.69 kcal/kg; p <0.001). Regarding the variables that influenced the BMR/kg, at 12 months, they were %LBM and intake of calcium-source foods (34%); at 24 months, it was protein intake (16%); and at 30 months, it was the intake of calcium-source foods (26.7%). Conclusion: RYGB is associated with a significant increase in BMR when it is adjusted to body weight from 12 to 24 months postoperatively. Among the factors involved in the increase in BMR/kg are body composition and intake of protein-rich foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The role of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear, as previous retrospective studies have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to systematically investigate the causal relationship between the BMR and OA. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data related to BMR and OA were collected in a genome-wide association study. Using OA as the outcome variable and BMR as the exposure factor, SNPs with strong correlation with the BMR as the tool variable were screened. The correlation between the BMR and OA risk was evaluated using the inverse-variance weighted method, and heterogeneity and pleiotropy were evaluated using a sensitivity analysis. Results: There was a potential causal relationship between the BMR and OA risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.014; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.008–1.020; P = 2.29e − 6). A causal relationship was also revealed between the BMR and knee OA (OR, 1.876; 95% CI, 1.677–2.098; P = 2.98e − 28) and hip OA (OR, 1.475; 95% CI, 1.290–1.686; P = 1.26e − 8). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these results. Conclusion: Here, we identified a latent causal relationship between the BMR and the risk of OA. These results suggest that the risk of OA in the hip or knee joint may be reduced by controlling the BMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Energy balance in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a disease closely related to obesity, is disturbed, and physical activity levels are impaired. The role of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure treatment (CPAP) in alleviating the disruptions mentioned above is questioned. The objective of this study is to explore changes in energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity (PA) in obese patients with OSA after CPAP treatment. Methods: An assessment of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) via indirect calorimetry (IC) was performed on 24 obese patients (male in the majority (87.5%), mean age of 52.4 ± 9.8 years), newly diagnosed with moderate–severe OSA by polysomnography, at 4-time points: at baseline, at CPAP titration, at the 1-month and the 3-month follow up. Physical activity levels were subjectively estimated using the International Questionnaire of Physical Activity (IPAQ) before and after 3 months of adherent CPAP application. Results: BMR significantly decreased after CPAP treatment (1926 ± 537.8 kcal/d at baseline, 1790 ± 493.7 kcal/d at CPAP initiation, 1680.3 ± 600.8 kcal/d at 1 month, and 1581.3 ± 478.9 kcal/d at 3 months follow up (p < 0.001)). No significant changes in IPAQ were observed over time: baseline median IPAQ: 3894 (1487.5–11,755.5) total MET·min·wk−1, 3-month median IPAQ: 3900 (1512–11,824.5) total MET·min·wk−1. Conclusions: CPAP has an appreciable time effect on the BMR of obese patients with moderate–severe OSA. However, this change is not accompanied by a significant increase in physical activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: World-wide obesity trends are causing serious public health concern and in many countries threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. Waist circumference as a screening measure of central obesity in children where obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. Aims and Objectives: Waist circumference Reference values are in percentiles for children with 5-15 years of age in Karimnagar city. To screen over weight and obese children using waist circumference and in comparison with that of BMI (reference values) Material and Methods: The study was prospective case control observational study included for 5-15 years of 1000 school going children in Karimnagar city from January 2021 to October 2022 For each group children - Height, weight, waist circumference and BP were recorded and BMI was calculated according to their (formula) wt/(ht)2. Results: There was good correlation with waist circumference and BMI in each age group. 1. The reference values for each age group were constructed for WC, BMI, SBP and DBP. 2. The study population was observed over weight (OW) and obesity with their reference values i.e. OW between 85th and 95th percentile and obese over 95th percentile for both WC and BMI. There was good correlation between BMI and waist circumference for age groups and both the sexes and screening results of OW and obese raising WC and BMI were almost similar. This indirect WC alone can be used to screen over weight and obesity. Conclusion: Reference values for both waist circumference and BMI, age wise and gender wise were constructed. Reference values for BMI and Waist Circumference with cutoff points of 75th, 85th and 95th percentiles were constructed. The reference values were developed both in percentiles and mean with standard deviation. Using these reference values, children were screened for overweight, obesity using both BMI and WC. Children at risk ("action point" >75th percentile of WC) for metabolic syndrome were identified. There is good correlation between BMI and Waist Circumference. WC measurement alone on regular basis during school health checkup can help to screen, intervene and monitor Overweight and obese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a predictive equation for basal metabolic rate (BMR) in normal-weight Chinese adults and provide a reference for establishing the national recommended dietary energy intake. A new equation for BMR was derived from a sample of 516 normal-weight Chinese adults (men = 253, women = 263), and this sample was collected from two previous studies. Furthermore, the accuracy of this new equation and eight other previous predictive equations was reviewed. The agreement and reliability were compared in terms of bias, accuracy, the intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland–Altman plots between predictive equations. In addition, the newly developed equation was further verified using a small independent sample, which contained 41 healthy Chinese adults (men = 21, women = 20). The measured BMR (mBMR) of all participants, measured using indirect calorimetry, was 1346.2 ± 358.0 kcal/d. Thirty participants were excluded based on Cook's distance criteria (Cook's distance of ≥0.008). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris–Benedict (H-B), Yang, and Hong overestimated the BMR of healthy Chinese adults. The present equation displayed the smallest average bias (0.2 kcal/d) between the mBMR and predicted basal metabolic rate (pBMR). The limits of agreement of the present equation from Bland–Altman plots were −514.3 kcal/d and 513.9 kcal/d, which is the most narrow and balanced limit of agreement. Moreover, in the verification of the testing database, the pBMR of the new equation was not significantly different from the mBMR, and the accuracy was 75.6%. Compared with pre-existing equations, the present equation is more applicable to the prediction of BMR in healthy Chinese adults. However, further studies are required to verify the accuracy of this new equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the incidence of invasive breast cancer (BC) among women in Asian is generally lower than that in Western countries, the incidence of BC has been on the rise in the past three decades in Asian countries. This hospital-based case-control study aimed to explore the relationship between dietary and metabolic factors and BC risk in pre- and post-menopausal women. We enrolled 285 patients with newly diagnosed BC at the National Taiwan University Hospital and 297 controls from the local community and hospital staff. Before receiving anticancer therapy, all patients with BC and control participants completed a 57-question semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. For pre-menopausal women, plant-based factor scores rich in seeds and nuts, soy, fruits, and seaweeds correlated significantly with reduced BC risks, whereas menarche occurring at <12 years of age, reduced physical activity, and high-density lipoprotein <40 mg/dL were associated with increased BC risks. For post-menopausal women, plant-based dietary factor scores were also associated with reduced risks, whereas increased body mass index and energy intake levels correlated with increased BC risks. Diets rich in plant-based dietary patterns are protective against BC risk, regardless of menopausal status. Habitual physical activity is protective against BC risk among pre-menopausal Taiwanese women. Maintaining optimal weight and caloric intake is beneficial for reducing post-menopausal BC risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing equations to estimate ventilation (VE) may not represent the Chinese population. The objective is to develop regression equations to predict the basal metabolic rate (BMR) for ventilation estimation. 80 participants underwent the incremental tests on a bicycle ergometer, wearing a fitted facial mask with an airflow sensor connected to the cardiopulmonary gas analyzer, where the energy expenditure, metabolic factors and VE were monitored simultaneously. Linear regression models were established between BMR and body weight, which were used to estimate energy expenditure and VE. Extrapolation of the regression model was evaluated by the five-fold cross-validation. And we also assessed the inhaled load of air pollutants in subgroups at the same exposure levels. Regression models for males and females were BMR (kJ/d) = 107.58 × weight (kg)-172.61 and BMR (kJ/d) = 105.61 × weight (kg)-26.94, respectively. The model showed good fitness between the measured and predicted VE. Differences between the measured and predicted VE of this model are smaller than that of other models. There were significant differences in inhaled load participants in the same exposure concentrations. The regression model showed that weight and BMR are highly correlated and can be used to estimate individual VE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Objective observational studies have shown that basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreases in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the causal relationship between BMR and AD has not been established. We determined the causal relationship between BMR and AD by two-way Mendelian randomization (MR) and investigated the impact of factors associated with BMR on AD. Methods We obtained BMR (n = 454,874) and AD from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) database (21,982 patients with AD, 41,944 controls). The causal relationship between AD and BMR was investigated using two-way MR. Additionally, we identified the causal relationship between AD and factors related with BMR, hyperthyroidism (hy/thy) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), height and weight. Results BMR had a causal relationship with AD [451 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), odds ratio (OR) 0.749, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.663–0.858, P = 2.40E-03]. There was no causal relationship between hy/thy or T2D and AD (P > 0.05). The bidirectional MR showed that there was also a causal relationship between AD and BMR (OR 0.992, Cls 0.987–0.997, N SNPs18, P = 1.50E−03). BMR, height and weight have a protective effect on AD. Based on MVMR analysis, we found that genetically determined height and weight may be adjusted by BMR to have a causal effect on AD, not height and weight themselves. Conclusion Our study showed that higher BMR reduced the risk of AD, and patients with AD had a lower BMR. Because of a positive correlation with BMR, height and weight may have a protective effect on AD. The two metabolism-related diseases, hy/thy and T2D, had no causal relationship with AD.