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In order to assess β cell secretory capacity after islet transplantation, standardized mixed meal stimulation tests are often used. But these tests are cumbersome and the effect of exogenous insulin on the test results is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine to what extent fasting glycemic indices can estimate stimulated β cell function in islet transplant recipients with and without basal insulin. In total 100 mixed meal stimulation tests, including 31 with concurrent basal insulin treatment, were performed in 36 islet transplant recipients. In a multivariate model, fasting C‐peptide and fasting glucose together estimated peak C‐peptide with R 2 = .87 and area under the curve (AUC) C‐peptide with a R 2 = .93. There was a larger increase of glucose during tests in which exogenous insulin was used (+7.9 vs +5.3 mmol/L, P, Fasting C‐peptide and glucose can accurately estimate stimulated β cell function during a mixed meal tolerance test in islet transplant recipients, irrespective of concurrent basal insulin use.

Introduction The association between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other auto-immune diseases is well known. However, a quantitative overview of all associated auto-immune diseases and their prevalence in T1D is lacking. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane library in September 2018 to identify relevant articles about the prevalence of the following associated auto-immune diseases in T1D cohorts: auto-immune thyroid disease, celiac disease, gastric autoimmunity including pernicious anemia, vitiligo and adrenal gland insufficiency. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled prevalence using a random-effects model. Furthermore, random-effects meta-regression analysis was performed to assess the association between prevalence and mean age or diabetes duration. Results One hundred eighty articles were eligible including a total of 293 889 type 1 diabetes patients. Hypothyroidism (65 studies) was prevalent in 9.8% (95% CI: 7.5–12.3) of patients. Meta-regression showed that for every 10-year age increase, hypothyroidism prevalence increased 4.6% (95% CI: 2.6–6.6, P Conclusions The prevalence of antibody-mediated auto-immune disease is high among type 1 diabetes patients. Especially hypothyroidism and celiac disease are frequently found.