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Herding behavior is defined as a group of animals of similar size that migrate in the same direction and hunt together. Gray wolves are usually seen in packs. Each gray wolf in the herd has a distinct duty and a distinct name that reflects the task. Krill swarms form the basis of ocean ecology. There are two reasons for the movement of the Krill herd. The first reason is that difficult for other organisms to prey on Krill living in herds. Another compelling factor is the way Krill form vast herds and effortlessly seize their prey. Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) is inspired by gray wolf herding behavior, while Krill Herd Optimization (KHO) is based on krill herding. In this study, GWO and KHO algorithms are examined in detail and it is decided whether they had sufficient success. The fact that the GWO and KHO algorithms are swarm-based is accepted as a common feature of the two algorithms. However, compared with GWO and KHO analysis, as well as 23 single-mode, multi)modal, and fixed-size multimodal benchmarking optimization tests. In another hand, the success of the algorithms has been demonstrated by running them on various dimensions ({10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 500}). Additionally, the performances of the GWO and KHO are compared with Tree Seed Algorithm (TSA), Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO), Jaya algorithm, Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), Evolutionary Mating Algorithm (EMA), Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO), Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA) algorithms. Moreover, all of the analyses are obtained in detail, complete with statistical tests and figures. As a result, while GWO and KHO algorithms show superior success in different test problems with their own characteristics, they are at a competitive level with many old and newly proposed algorithms today. In order to determine the success of the GWO and KHO algorithms, not only the classical test functions but also two different benchmark test sets are used. These are the CEC-C06 2019 functions and the big data problem, which is a current problem today. The same algorithms are run for both problems and rank values are obtained according to the average results. In CEC-C06 2019 functions, KHO achieved good results, while in big data problems, GWO achieved good results. In this study, the success of the GWO and KHO algorithms are examined in detail in three different experimental sets and it sheds light on researchers who will study with GWO and KHO algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Although Enterococcus is among bacteria of normal gut flora in animals, these bacteria are also causative agents of nosocomial infections. E. faecium and E. faecalis are the most common enterococci isolated from patients. E. faecium is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics but susceptible to macrolides and lincosamides. The most common resistance mechanisms to lincosamides are modification of target by methylases and inactivation of lincosamides by nucleotidyltransferase. In present work mechanism of resistance, transferability of resistance and characterisation of genetic support of lincosamide resistance in E. faecium ADU1 which is resistant to macrolides and lincosamides was studied. Materials andAntimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by agar dilution MICs and disk diffusion methods. Lincosamid inactivation of E. faecium ADU1 was tested by Gots' test. Presence of known erm and lnu genes was checked by PCR. E.faecalis JH2-2 was used as recipient strain for conjugation experiment to test transferability of resistance. Chromosomal changes in receptive strains were tested by PFGE. To analyse genetic support of resistance gene invers PCR method was used and amplicon was sequence and homologies were checked with gene bank. Results. A total of 57 environmental Enterococci was tested for resistance to lincosamide by inactivation and 16% were found to be positive. One of these isolates, ADU1 was studied further. The MICs of ADU1 strain for clindamycin and erythromycin were both > 128 µg/ml. Gots' test showed inactivation of lincosamides by ADU1 strain which was shown to carry ermB and lnuB by PCR. Conjugation experiments showed co-transfer of lincosamid resistance with erythromycin resistance. No change in chromosomal restriction profile of transconjugants was observed by PFGE which showed possible transfer of resistance by plasmid. A fragment of 2500bp was obtained by invers PCR. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that partial homology with pEF418 which was found in Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion. Resistance to lincosamides is conferred by many different nucleotidyltransferases and disseminated among a large spectrum of bacteria genus and species via mobile conjugative genetic elements. E. faecium ADU1 was resistant to lincosamides by inactivation due to lnuB gene which is carried by conjugative plasmid pEF418. Presence of multiple resistance genes on a transferable plasmid is important for dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Our study is the first study which showed presence of lnuB gene in an Enterococcus isolated in Turkey. Large survey studies should be done to evaluate dissemination of lincosamide resistance by inactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cyclooxygenase (cox) is the rate-limiting enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and contributes to the inflammatory process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), which is one of the two isoforms, plays a role in tumor progression and carcinogenesis. p53 contributes to apoptosis, DNA renewal and cell cycle. Studies concerning the relationship of cox-2 and p53 expressions and carcinogenesis are available, but the association between cox-2 and p53 in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not exactly known. In our study, we examined the association of cox-2 and p53 expression, with age, stage, histopathological subtype, and survival in HL. We also examined correlation between cox-2 and p53 expression. Methods Cox-2 and p53 expressions in Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg cells (HRS) were examined in 54 patients with HL depending on cox-2 expression, stained cases were classified as positive, and unstained cases as negative. Nuclear staining of HRS cells with p53 was evaluated as positive. The classifications of positivity were as follows: negative if75%. Results Cox-2 and p53 expressions were found in 49 (80%) and 29 (46%) patients, respectively. There were differences between histological subtypes according to cox-2 expression (p = 0.012). Mixed cellular (MC) and nodular sclerosing (NS) subtypes were seen most of the patients and cox-2 expression was evaluated mostly in the mixed cellular subtype. There were no statistically significant relationships between p53 and the histopathological subtypes; or between p53, cox-2 and the factors including stage, age and survival; or between p53 and cox-2 expression (p > 0.05). Conclusion Considering the significant relationship between the cox-2 expression and the subtypes of HL, cox-2 expression is higher in MC and NS subtypes. However the difference between these two subtypes was not significant. This submission must be advocated by studies with large series

Introduction: The present study was aimed at determining married women's knowledge of, and attitudes and behaviors towards cervical cancer and pap smear. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive and cross-sectional one. The population of the study included married women aged 15-49 and registered to a family health center affiliated to Gaziantep Public Health Directorate. Of the women who presented to the family health center between November 2017 and January 2018, 217 who were selected through the random sampling method comprised the study sample. In the study, the Personal Information Form and Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear were used to collect the study data. Result: Of the women who participated in the study, 28.1% heard of the pap smear and 19.8% of HPV. The mean scores the participants obtained from the subscales of the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear were as follows: Pap smear benefits/health motivation (28.98±6.50), perception of Pap smear barriers (41.57±10.41), perception of seriousness of cervical cancer (24.02±5.47), perception of susceptibility to cervical cancer (8.27±2.41) and health motivation (9.05±2.87). Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that the rate of women who underwent pap smear and heard of pap smear was rather low. In the present study, it was determined that the mean scores obtained from all the subscales of the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and pap smear were higher than average, and that the participants' education levels, employment status, income status and history of pap smear affected these scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]