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We have previously reported our experience in inferior vena cava resection and reconstruction techniques during liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Herein, we present on a case that demonstrates the importance of experience in complex vascular reconstruction techniques for living donor liver transplantation. A 15-year-old boy was scheduled for living donor liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Venous occlusion was extended up to the right atrial orifice of the supra-hepatic vena cava. Retro- and supra-hepatic segments of the vena cava was resected. Inferior vena cava graft stored in deep-freeze was available. Venous reconstruction was performed with end-to-end atrio-caval anastomosis. Surgical treatment was completed with the implantation of the right liver lobe donated by the patient's mother. Post-surgical course was uneventful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of giant hernia contents into the abdominal cavity may cause intraoperative and postoperative problems such as abdominal compartment syndrome. Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum expands the abdominal cavity, increases the patient′s tolerability to operation, and can diminish intraoperative and postoperative complications. Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum is recommended for giant ventral hernias, but rarely for giant inguinal hernias. We present two giant inguinal hernia patients who were prepared for hernia repair with preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum and then treated successfully by graft hernioplasty. We observed that abdominal expansion correlated with the inflated volume and pressure during the first four days of pneumperitoneum. Although insufflated gas volume can be different among patients, we observed that the duration of insufflation may be the same for similar patients.

Objectives: The influence of advancing fibrosis on graft survival in the context of pediatric liver transplantation accentuates the critical role of protocol-driven liver biopsies, a practice adopted by numerous medical centers. Consequently, the exigency for noninvasive methodologies to assess graft fibrosis assumes heightened importance when conventional clinical and laboratory parameters fail to reveal signs of liver damage., Methods: This study aimed to assess the reliability of transient elastography (TE) in pediatric liver transplant recipients to detect graft fibrosis and compare the results of TE in patients who underwent biopsy., Results: This prospective cohort study included liver transplanted children who underwent biopsy at Ege University Children's Hospital between October 1, 2021, and October 31, 2022, and a healthy control group. According to TE, fibrosis was detected in 40 patients, and no fibrosis was detected in 50. The median time to develop fibrosis was 100 months (95% CI [83.1-116.8]). A statistically significant positive correlation existed between LSM and METAVIR fibrosis score (r = 0.562, p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in LSM between patients with F2 fibrosis (7.8-8.8 kPa ± 3.2) compared to patients with F0 fibrosis (5.2 kPa ± 0.7) (p = 0.005) and F1 fibrosis (6.1 kPa ± 1.5) (p = 0.041), on ANOVA., Conclusion: Liver allograft fibrosis is common in long-term follow-up in children who have undergone liver transplantation. Abnormal TE may guide physicians to consider liver biopsy to detect late allograft fibrosis in these children., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Various Vinca species have been traditionally used for their antihypertensive, sedative, and hemostatic properties, as well as for treating diabetes. In this study, some flavonoids, phenolic acids and iridoids were isolated from an endemic Vinca species, Vinca soneri for the first time. α-Glucosidase inhibitory effects of the isolates were tested and kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6) β-galactopyranoside (1) was found to be the most active one with an IC 50 value of 285.73 ±7.35 μM. Enzyme kinetic assay revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in competitive manner. Molecular geometry of 1 was predicted and Frontier molecular orbital analysis was performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Molecular docking and MM-GBSA calculations predicted good fit for 1 in the enzyme active site and key interactions with the catalytic residues. As a result, current study identifies 1 as a promising competitive α-glucosidase inhibitor to be developed as a potential antidiabetic drug candidate., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory activity of extracts, sub-extracts, and fractions prepared from the aerial parts and roots of A. pseudocartalinica. The phytochemical content of the active extracts was also analyzed. According to the results, ellagic acid (38.42 mg/g) was the major compound in the aerial part methanol extract and catechin (185.30 mg/g) in the root methanol extract. The DPPH inhibition activity of all fractions was monitored, with the most active one (Fr B) reaching an IC50 value of (4.92 ± 0.59 µg/mL). All the fractions prepared from the aerial parts' water sub-extract showed higher a-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control acarbose. In the tyrosinase assay, Fr B (58.81 ± 7.50 µg/mL) exhibited the highest inhibitory actions among all fractions. The structure of the major substances of the most active fraction were elucidated as quercetin 7-O-β-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-glucuronopyranoside- (1), and α-[(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl)pyrrol-1-yl]aspartic acid (2)., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease associated with high blood sugar levels that affects 537 million people worldwide. This study aim is to investigate the potential for use in the treatment of T2DM by examining the in vitro glucosidase inhibitory effects of novel synthesized metallophthalocyanines. For this reason, we have synthesized cobalt(II), copper(II) phthalocyanines (3PY-ON-CoQ, 3PY-ON-CuQ) that are both water-soluble and do not aggregate in water. These compounds were characterized by using various spectroscopic methods. The α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were carried out using the spectrophotometric method. Then, Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots were examined to determine the inhibitory type and constant (K i ). The IC 50 values of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were 6.85 ± 1.25 μM and 55.09 ± 2.64 μM, respectively. Both compounds displayed mixed inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase according to Lineweaver-Burk plots. The K i values of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were calculated as 6.30 ± 1.55 μM and 54.25 ± 1.20 μM, respectively. The results of this work may lead to the discovery of new compounds for the treatment of T2DM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Hedera colchica as an alternative to Hedera helix species for the treatment of mild inflammatory conditions of the upper respiratory tract and chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases. The H. colchica extract with the highest saponin content ( C3S ; 468.19 ± 16.01 mg HE/g dry weight) and the extract with the highest total phenol content ( C1F ; 108.60 ± 5.61 mg GAE/g dry weight). Chemical analysis and standardisation of the extract with the highest selective COX-2 inhibitory effect was performed using the LC-MS/MS technique. It was determined that the substances found in the highest ratio in the C1F extract were quinic acid (45.909 µg/g extract) and hesperidin (37.077 µg/g extract). As a result, secondary metabolites, in addition to saponins, found in Hedera species may also contribute to the extract's effectiveness, more potent extracts can be obtained compared to the total extract-containing preparations available in the market.

Background/aim: Despite advancements in surgical methodologies and the extensive perioperative and postoperative care administered to recipients, the prevalence of complications requiring early relaparotomy following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains persistent. This study sought to analyze the determinants influencing relaparotomy occurrences in the initial 30 days following LDLT. Additionally, it was aimed to evaluate the impact of early laparotomy on both graft and patient survival within this distinct patient cohort., Materials and Methods: The study encompassed recipients (n = 535) aged 18 years and older who underwent primary LDLT at our institution from January 2019 to December 2021. Exclusion criteria involved patients necessitating early retransplantation. Early relaparotomy was specified as surgical intervention within the initial 30 days following LDLT., Results: The study enrolled a total of 535 patients, among whom 85 (15.9%) underwent early relaparotomy. The median age of the patients was 54 (range: 41-60) years, with a predominant male representation (66.2%). Univariate analysis comparing the laparotomy and nonrelaparotomy groups revealed statistically significant differences in the creatinine (p = 0.043) and sodium (p = 0.025) levels, graft side (p < 0.001), etiology (p = 0.005), and blood loss (p = 0.012).In the multivariate analysis, creatinine (p = 0.039; OR = 1.668; 95% CI = 1.027-2.709) and left lobe graft (p < 0.0001; OR = 3.611; 95% CI = 1.960-6.652) emerged as independent risk factors for relaparotomy., Conclusion: The primary causes of early relaparotomy following LDLT include postoperative bleeding, biliary leakage, and vascular complications. Preoperative elevation in creatinine and sodium levels, the presence of Budd-Chiari syndrome, utilization of a left lobe graft, and intraoperative blood loss are identified as risk factors associated with early relaparotomy after LDLT. Patients undergoing early relaparotomy exhibit inferior survival rates compared to those who do not., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© TÜBİTAK.)

α-Glycosidase inhibition is one of the main approaches to treat Diabetes mellitus. Polyphenolic moieties are known to be responsible for yielding exhibit potent α-glycosidase inhibitory effects. In addition, compounds containing benzothiazole and Schiff base functionalities were previously reported to show α-glycosidase inhibition. In this paper, the synthesis of seven new phloroglucinol-containing benzothiazole Schiff base derivatives through the reaction of 6-substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole compounds with 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde using acetic acid as a catalyst was reported. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on α-glycosidase, compounds 3f and 3g were found to show significant inhibitory properties when compared to the positive control. The IC 50 values of 3f and 3g were calculated as 24.05 ± 2.28 and 18.51 ± 1.19 µM, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that compounds 3f and 3g exhibited uncompetitive mode of inhibition against α-glycosidase. Molecular modeling predicted druglikeness for the title compounds and underpinned the importance of phloroglucinol hydroxyls for interacting with the key residues of α-glycosidase., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The most prevalent malignancy that complicates both adult and pediatric solid organ transplantation is post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). This study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia and PTLD in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A retrospective chart review was performed on 112 patients less than 18 years of age who underwent isolated orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between 2010 and 2022 at Ege University Children's Hospital. Data gathered for 1-year post-OLT included age at OLT, EBV, immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG status of the donor and recipient, indication for OLT, induction regimen, all immunosuppression levels, date and result of EBV polymerase chain reaction testing, rejection episodes documented by liver biopsy, and the development of PTLD. Forty-nine patients (43.75%) developed EBV DNAemia (median interval from surgery: 2 months, min-max: 2-36), of which 43 (87.8%) grafts came from living donors, and 6 (12.2%) came from deceased donors. Nine (18.4%) patients died during follow-up, and eight (16.3%) developed PTLD. Of these 8 patients; five patients developed EBV-related disease, one child developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, one developed aplastic anemia, and one child developed B cell lymphoma. When PTLD patients and without-PTLD patients were compared, pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization, abnormal bone marrow biopsy findings, lymphadenopathy, age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia, EBV viral load, tacrolimus (FK 506) pre-infection, were higher and tacrolimus 1-month levels were lower in patients with PTLD (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we showed that the age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia was significantly higher in children with PTLD (p = 0.045; OR: 1.389; 95% CI: 1.007-1.914). PTLD is a rare but severe complication associated with EBV after OLT. This study demonstrated that PTLD is associated with older age, higher tacrolimus blood levels before EBV DNAemia, and higher peak EBV viral load at 1 month of EBV DNAemia., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the main causes of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of AD, but prolonged use of these drugs can lead to serious side effects. Drug repurposing is an approach that aims to reveal the effectiveness of drugs in different diseases beyond their clinical uses. In this work, we investigated in vitro and in silico inhibitory effects of 11 different drugs on cholinesterases. The results showed that trimebutine, theophylline, and levamisole had the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory actions among the tested drugs, and these drugs inhibited by 68.70 ± 0.46, 53.25 ± 3.40, and 44.03 ± 1.20%, respectively at 1000 µM. In addition, these drugs are bound to acetylcholinesterase via competitive manner. Molecular modeling predicted good fitness in acetylcholinesterase active site for these drugs and possible central nervous system action for trimebutine. All of these results demonstrated that trimebutine was determined to be the drug with the highest potential for use in AD., (© 2024 The Authors. Drug Development Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and certain physical performance measures used to assess ambulation in early-stage Alzheimer patients., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the dementia outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center. The usage of five or more drugs per day was accepted as polypharmacy and patients with moderate and severe dementia were excluded. Usual gait speed (UGS), timed up and go (TUG), and chair sit-to-stand test (CSST) were applied to assess physical performance status., Results: There were 134 participants in our study (67.9% female, mean age 80.2 ± 7.9 years) and 75 (56%) patients were polypharmacy patients. The patients with polypharmacy showed poor physical performance compared to the patients without polypharmacy (UGS p  = .005, TUG p  < .001, CSST p  < .001). The parameters that were significantly higher and more common in the polypharmacy group were body mass index ( p  = .026), hypertension ( p  = .013), diabetes mellitus ( p  = .018), ischemic heart disease ( p  < .001), atrial fibrillation ( p  = .030), depression ( p  = .012), and hypothyroidism ( p  = .007). In multivariate analyses, polypharmacy was independently associated with slow UGS [Odds ratio (OR) 1.248 (95%) confidence interval (CI) 1.145-1.523, p  = .007]; long TUG [OR 1.410 (95%) CI 1.146-1.736, p  = .001]; and long CSST [OR 1.892 (95%) CI 1.389-2.578, p  < .001]., Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the association of polypharmacy with poor physical performance in patients with early stage Alzheimer's disease. Prospective long-term studies investigating the relationship of polypharmacy and drug subgroups with physical performance in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease would be appropriate.

In this work, the phytochemical characterization, biological activity, and cytotoxic mechanism of aerial and rhizome methanol extracts (SME and RME) of Epimedium pubigerum were investigated to demonstrate its potential usage in the treatment of lung cancer. LC-HRMS analysis, total phenolic/flavonoid content assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, DNA interaction, cytotoxicity, and western blotting were investigated using different methods. Fumaric acid was found to be the most abundant compound in both extracts. SME and RME were cytotoxic on A549 cells concentration-dependently. Also, in vitro scratch assay showed that SME and RME led to a significant anti-migratory effect at 1 mg/mL. Cytochrome c, p53, and caspase 3 expression significantly increased in the presence of RME compared to the control. All of these results claimed that RME might be suggested as a theoretically more effective phytotherapeutic agent for lung cancer compared to the effect seen with the SME., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Azoles, which have been used for antifungal chemotherapy for decades, have recently been of interest for their efficacy against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). There is little known about the potential of azoles against BChE, however there is none regarding their inhibitory effects against mutants of BChE. In the current study, an azole library of 1-aryl-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol/ethanone oxime esters were tested against AChE and BChE, which yielded derivates more potent than the positive control, galantamine, against both isoforms. Kinetic analyses were performed for wildtype and mutant (A328F and A328Y) inhibition for the two most potent BChE inhibitors, pivalic and 3-bezoylpropanoic acid esters of 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol, which were found to have great affinity to the wildtype and mutant BChE types with K i values as low as 0.173 ± 0.012 µM. The compounds were identified to show linear competitive or mixed type inhibition. Molecular modeling confirmed these kinetic data and provided further insights regarding molecular basis of BChE inhibition by the active derivatives. Thus, current study suggests new azole derivatives with promising cholinesterase inhibitory effects and reveals the first set of information to promote our understanding for the inhibitory behavior of this class against the mutant BChE forms., (© 2023 The Authors. Drug Development Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin, which is responsible for the browning of foods as well as many skin disorders. In order to develop new anti-browning agents with dual antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase capacities, a series of 30 thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives were synthesized. Among the molecules prepared, 6 and 30 were found to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors with IC 50 values ​​comparable to that of kojic acid. Interestingly, 6 also has the highest radical scavenging activity among the prepared molecules. The inhibition kinetics study indicated that 6 is a non-competitive inhibitor while 30 inhibits tyrosinase competitively. The anti-browning assay of fresh-cut potato slices revealed that 6 and 30 are potent anti-browning agents with a capacity as high as kojic acid. The mechanisms of free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition have been fully investigated in silico using computational kinetics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: In liver transplant (LT) recipients, immunosuppressive therapy may potentially increase the risk of severe COVID-19 and may increase the mortality in patients. However, studies have shown conflicting results, with various studies reporting poor outcomes while the others show no difference between the LT recipients and healthy population. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on survival of LT recipients., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study analyzing the data from 387 LT recipients diagnosed with COVID-19. LT recipients were divided into two groups: survival ( n = 359) and non-survival ( n = 28) groups. A logistic regression model was used to determine the independent risk factors for mortality. Machine learning models were used to analyze the contribution of independent variables to the mortality in LT recipients., Results: The COVID-19-related mortality rate in LT recipients was 7.2%. Multivariate analysis showed that everolimus use ( p = 0.012; OR = 6.2), need for intubation ( p = 0.001; OR = 38.4) and discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy ( p = 0.047; OR = 7.3) were independent risk factors for mortality. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccination reduced the risk of mortality by 100 fold and was the single independent factor determining the survival of the LT recipients., Conclusion: The effect of COVID-19 infection on LT recipients is slightly different from the effect of the disease on the general population. The COVID-19-related mortality is lower than the general population and vaccination for COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of mortality.

Background: COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented global health crisis. This situation caused an immediate reduction in solid organ transplantation activity. This study aimed to present the follow-up results of patients with chronic liver disease who underwent liver transplantation (LT) after a history of COVID-19 infection., Methods: Sociodemographic characteristics and clinicopathological data of 474 patients who underwent LT at Inonu University Liver Transplant Institute between March 11, 2020 and March 17, 2022 were prospectively recorded and analyzed retrospectively. Among these, the data of 35 patients with chronic liver disease who were found to be exposed to COVID-19 infection in the pre-LT period were analyzed for this study., Results: The median body mass index, Child score, and Model for end-stage liver disease/ Pediatric end-stage liver disease scores of the 35 patients were calculated as 25.1 kg/m 2 (IQR: 7.4), 9 points (IQR: 4), and 16 points (IQR: 10), respectively. Graft rejection occurred in 4 patients at a median of 25 days post-transplant. Five patients underwent retransplantation at a median of 25 days post-transplant. The most common cause of retransplantation is early hepatic artery thrombosis. There were 5 deaths during postoperative follow-up. Mortality developed in 5 (14.3%) patients exposed to COVID-19 infection in the pretransplant period, whereas mortality occurred in 56 (12.8%) patients not exposed to COVID-19 infection. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the groups (P = .79)., Conclusions: The results of this study showed that exposure to COVID-19 before LT does not affect post-transplant patients and graft survival., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stacking of graphene with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can dramatically modify its bands from their usual linear form, opening a series of narrow minigaps that are separated by wider minibands. While the resulting spectrum offers strong potential for use in functional (opto)electronic devices, a proper understanding of the dynamics of hot carriers in these bands is a prerequisite for such applications. In this work, we therefore apply a strategy of rapid electrical pulsing to drive carriers in graphene/h-BN heterostructures deep into the dissipative limit of strong electron-phonon coupling. By using electrical gating to move the chemical potential through the "Moiré bands", we demonstrate a cyclical evolution between metallic and semiconducting states. This behavior is captured in a self-consistent model of non-equilibrium transport that considers the competition of electrically driven inter-band tunneling and hot-carrier scattering by strongly non-equilibrium phonons. Overall, our results demonstrate how a treatment of the dynamics of both hot carriers and hot phonons is essential to understanding the properties of functional graphene superlattices., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Turkey is the world's leading producer of figs, a typical Mediterranean fruit. The fig, Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), has been widely cultivated since ancient times due to the nutritional value of its fruits. It was aimed to investigate the phytochemical characterization and biological properties of F. carica leaf extracts in order to determine their potential for use in the treatment of various diseases. F. carica leaves were extracted in 70% methanol at 40 °C under reflux. To obtain extracts of different polarities, the crude extract was fractionated with n -hexane, dichloromethane, and n -butanol. Phenolic content was determined using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and antityrosinase activities of all extracts were investigated using spectrophotometric methods. Furthermore, the DNA-damage protective properties of extracts were investigated using electrophoretic methods. The n -butanol extract was found to have the highest total phenolic content, with 72.58 ± 4.52 mg GAE/g dry weight. According to LC-HRMS analysis, rutin (40.13 g/kg) was the most abundant compound in the n -butanol extract. The n -butanol extract, which was found to have the highest tyrosinase inhibitory effects among the extracts, demonstrated radical scavenging activity of 37.01 ± 1.15% and 82.57 ± 0.88% at 80 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. The n -butanol extract had the highest protective effects against Fenton's reagent, UV radiation, and singlet oxygen. Given these findings, it is possible to argue that F. carica leaves can be evaluated for developing products that could be used to treat various diseases., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© TÜBİTAK.)

In this study, some novel mono- and di- O -β-D-glycopyranosyl chalcone analogs were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The chalcone derivatives were synthesized with good yields by base-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt condensation in EtOH solution. Then these chalcones were reacted with TAGBr (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosylbromide) in dry acetone under the anhydrous condition at 0-5 °C. Deacylated was carried out by the Zemplen's method with NaOCH 3 in dry methanol results in substituted chalcone- O -glycosides (mono- and di- O -β-D-glycopyranosyl chalcone analogs). The chemical structures of all synthesized compounds were elucidated based on IR, NMR spectral data, and mass spectrometry. Further, the compounds ( 7a-c, 8a-c, 12a-c, 16a-c, and 17a-c ) were tested for their enzyme inhibition activity against α-glycosidase, tyrosinase, and AChE with in vitro and in silico analysis. Amongst them, compounds 12a-c, 16a-c, and 17a-c displayed moderate or less enzyme inhibition activity against α-glycosidase while other compounds 7a-c and 8a-c ) were not active. Remarkably interesting enzyme inhibition effects, with IC 50 values below 30.59 ± 0.30 μM were recorded with 7c (IC 50 =11.07 ± 0.55 μM) against tyrosinase., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest or personal relationship for the contents and writing of the paper., (© TÜBİTAK.)

Polydatin or piceid, is the 3-O-glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, wine, beer, and cacao products. Although anticancer activity of polydatin was reported before, and potential antiproliferative mechanisms of polydatin have been proposed, its direct effects on DNA and inhibitory potential against topoisomerase enzymes have remained unknown. In this study we aimed to reveal the link between polydatin's effects on DNA and DNA-topoisomerases and its antiproliferative promise. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of polydatin on DNA and DNA topoisomerase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Polydatin was found to protect DNA against Fenton reaction-induced damage while not showing any hydrolytic nuclease effect. Further, polydatin inhibited topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. According to molecular docking studies, polydatin preferably showed minor groove binding to DNA where the stilbene moiety was important for binding to the DNA-topoisomerase II complex. As a result, topoisomerase II inhibition might be another anticancer mechanism of polydatin., (© 2022 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Cholinesterase inhibition is of great importance in the fight against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Azole antifungals have come under the spotlight with recent discoveries that underline the efficacy and potential of miconazole and its derivatives against cholinesterase enzymes. In this study, we evaluated a library of azoles against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase using in vitro and in silico methods to identify potent inhibitors. Low micromolar IC 50 values were obtained for imidazole derivatives, which were further tested and found potent competitive cholinesterase inhibitors via enzyme kinetics study. The active derivatives showed negligible toxicity in in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Molecular modeling studies predicted that these derivatives were druglike, could penetrate blood-brain barrier, and tightly bind to cholinesterase active site making key interactions via the imidazole moiety at protonated state. Thus, current study identifies potent and competitive cholinesterase inhibitor azoles with minor toxicity and potential to pass into the central nervous system., (© 2022 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Background: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are both rare groups of neurological diseases that are difficult to diagnose., Aim: We aimed to determine the common and distinct aspects of these two aetiologies of encephalitis as well as the characteristics of our patient group., Methods: We respectively analysed the records of the patients including symptoms, demographic features, neurological examination, cranial-magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG) findings, cerebrospinal fluid results (CSF) findings. Autoimmune/paraneoplastic autoantibodies in blood and/or CSF were all documented., Results: Forty-six patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria. Thirty-eight of them were diagnosed with AIE, and 8 of them were diagnosed with PNS. The PNS group had higher nonconvulsive status epilepticus than the AIE (2/8 vs 0/38; p=0.027). PNS patients were diagnosed with a malignancy in their follow-ups more than those in the AIE group [4/38 vs 8/8] (p<0.001). When the symptoms of antibody-positive and negative patients were compared in the AIE group, the rates of consciousness/memory problems (13/15 vs 11/23; p=0.020) and speech impairment (8/15 vs 2/23; p=0.004) were significantly higher in patients without antibodies (n: 15) than in antibody-positive patients (n: 23). In antibody-negative groups, the rates of memory problems in neurological examination (13/15 vs 12/23 p=0.028) and temporal findings on electroencephalography were more prominent than antibody-positive groups (1/23 vs 5/15; p=0.027). The number of patients with cerebellar signs was higher in antibody-positive patients (6/23 vs 0/15; p=0.038)., Conclusion: Although the positivity of autoantibodies is critical in the diagnosis of AIE and PNS, even minor differences in clinical and laboratory findings of patients are helpful in the diagnosis, especially in the autoantibody-negative patients. Comparing the data with other population studies has shown that several inherited and environmental factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of AIE and PNS, as well as clinical and laboratory differences., (© 2022. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)