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Background: Gestagens are the most widely used therapy in anestrus type II. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaginal progesterone inserts therapy in anestrus type II in cows. Methods: The study was conducted on 33 cows. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptors expression in endometrium was assessed on a molecular level based on mRNA tissue expression. Additionally, blood 17ß-estradiol and progesterone levels were evaluated. Results: A decrease in mRNA expression of A and B PR and ER α was noted in treated and untreated animals. In the treated group, an increase of ERß mRNA expression was observed, while a decreased was found in untreated animals. There was increased PR, ERα and ß expression in endometrial tissue in treated cows, and decreased expression of these factors in untreated cows. In the treated group, recurrence of ovarian cyclicity was noted in 52% of animals and pregnancy was obtained in 34.8% of them, while in the untreated group, recurrence did not occur. In the control group, spontaneous recurrence of ovarian cyclicity was not observed. An increase of PR expression was correlated with increased proliferation of endometrial cells. Conclusions: It seems likely that the endometrium is well developed and ready for placentation after removing the exogenous source of progesterone and preventing the recurrence of cyclicity of ovaries.

The weaning period in piglets draws significant attention from researchers, veterinarians, and breeders. A substantial change in diet accompanied by enormous stress has health and welfare implications (abnormal feeding intake, infections, umbilical lesions, etc.). While the parameters like optimal age or weight for the weaning have been studied extensively, relatively less attention has been devoted to the study of stress effects in the piglets&rsquo, biochemistry. As one of the effects of stress is hyperventilation, a gasometric analysis supported by measurements of hypoxia biomarkers was conducted. Piglets blood and urine, one day and seven days before and one day and seven days after the weaning, were tested. There was no evidence of hyperventilation, but phosphaturia and hypophosphatemia were observed one and seven days postweaning, respectively. A statistical analysis across the population also pointed to minor tissue hypoxia. Our work contributes to an understanding of biochemical dynamics and helps in the interpretation of physiological changes observed in piglets in this critical period.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The aim of present study was to record and analyse the myoelectrical activity in the female pig reproductive tract (uterus and oviduct) during early pregnancy. What is the main finding and its importance? Understanding the contractile activity of the uterus and oviducts is indispensable for understanding the physiological mechanisms as well as all irregularities associated with the period of conception and early pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to record the myoelectrical activity of the reproductive tract in sows during the oestrous phase and early pregnancy via a telemetry recording system. In a total of eight non-pregnant pigs, the bioelectrical activity was recorded through three silicone electrodes sutured on the oviduct (isthmus and ampulla) and the uterine horn. Blood samples were collected to monitor the concentrations of progesterone (P4) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The oestrous cycle was synchronized with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and the animals were subjected to artificial insemination. Analysis of the EMG activity of the oviduct and uterus in the oestrous phase and in early stages of pregnancy suggests explicitly that telemetry could enable in vivo assessment of myoelectrical activity of parts of the reproductive system in sows. Off-line analysis of the duration of EMG activity bursts in the uterus, isthmus and ampulla were significantly higher during early pregnancy (phases II and III) than in the oestrous phase. The EMG signals demonstrated low mean amplitudes of activity in the oviduct and uterus during early pregnancy (phases I-III). Significant differences between the root mean square signals were observed in the isthmus and ampulla both during oestrus and in early pregnancy (phase I; P 4 ng ml-1 . In contrast, during early pregnancy, the P4 and LH concentrations were estimated at >4 and

Background Interstitial Cajal cells have been suspected as being the pacemaker cells of smooth muscle motor activity and discharging slow triggering waves in the gut as well as in other organs containing smooth muscles where they are known as interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC). The present study describes ICLC localization and density in the porcine oviduct and uterus. Differences in ICLC density were examined using histological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods and c-kit expression was determined. Results interstitial Cajal-like cells with characteristic morphological and immunological phenotypes were found. Star-like or spindle-shaped cells with very long, moniliform processes were localized in the muscle layers of the oviduct and uterine walls at variable densities that decreased progressively from high in the oviduct to low in the uterus. Conclusions The detailed description of ICLC in the porcine reproductive tract may lead to a better understanding of reproductive tract motility. Our approach is inexpensive and effective for ICLC evaluation and may in the future be applied to clinical diagnosis.

Evaluation of synchronization between myoelectric signals can give new insights into the functioning of the complex system of porcine myometrium. We propose a model of uterine contractions according to the hypothesis of action potentials similarity which is possible to detect during propagation in the uterine wall. We introduce similarity measures based on the concept of synchronization as used in matching linear signals such as electromyographic (EMG) time series data. The aim was to present linear measures to assess synchronization between contractions in different topographic regions of the uterus. We use the cross-correlation function (ƒx,y[l], ƒy,z[l]) and the cross-coherence function (Cxy[ƒ], Cyz[ƒ]) to assess synchronization between three data series of a diestral uterine EMG bundles in porcine reproductive tract. Spontaneous uterine activity was recorded using telemetry method directly by three-channel transmitter and three silver bipolar needle electrodes sutured on different topographic regions of the reproductive tract in the sow. The results show the usefulness of the cross-coherence function in that synchronization between uterine horn and corpus uteri for multiple action potentials (bundles) could be observed. The EMG bundles synchronization may be used to investigate the direction and velocity of EMG signals propagation in porcine reproductive tract.

Objective: Studies on the regulation of human blood flow revealed several modes of oscillations with frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 1 Hz. Several mechanisms were proposed that might influence these oscillations, such as the activity of vascular endothelium, the neurogenic activity of vessel wall, the intrinsic activity of vascular smooth muscle, respiration, and heartbeat. These studies relied typically on non-invasive techniques, for example, laser Doppler flowmetry. Oscillations of biochemical markers were rarely coupled to blood flow. Methods: The redox potential difference between the artery and the vein was measured by platinum electrodes placed in the parallel homonymous femoral artery and the femoral vein of ventilated anesthetized pigs. Results: Continuous measurement at 5 Hz sampling rate using a digital nanovoltmeter revealed fluctuating signals with three basic modes of oscillations: ∼ 1, ∼ 0.1 and ∼ 0.01 Hz. These signals clearly overlap with reported modes of oscillations in blood flow, suggesting coupling of the redox potential and blood flow. Discussion: The amplitude of the oscillations associated with heart action was significantly smaller than for the other two modes, despite the fact that heart action has the greatest influence on blood flow. This finding suggests that redox potential in blood might be not a derivative but either a mediator or an effector of the blood flow control system.

Interferon-tau (IFNT), a maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) signals in domestic ruminants, suppresses the release of luteolytic pulses of uterine prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), thus extending the corpus luteum (CL) life span. We hypothesized that IFNT also exerts anti-luteolytic actions in bovine CL. To examine the direct effects of IFNT on bovine CL, luteal slices and enriched luteal endothelial cells (LECs) were utilized. We found that recombinant ovine IFNT (roIFNT) markedly elevates interferon-associated genes (STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs: MX2, ISG15 and OAS1Y) in both models. Furthermore, IFNT time-dependently induced STAT1 phosphorylation in LECs without affecting total STAT1. roIFNT-stimulated viable LECs numbers and the knockdown of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) abolished this effect, suggesting that PIAS1 may mediate the proliferative effect of IFNT. IFNT significantly downregulated luteolytic genes such as TGFB1, thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), endothelin-1 (EDN1) and serpin family E member-1 (SERPINE1) in LECs. However, less robust effects were observed in luteal slices. Moreover, PGF2a alone induced THBS1, SERPINE1 and EDN1 mRNA in CL slices whereas in the presence of IFNT, THBS1 and SERPINE1 stimulation was abolished. Collectively, these results indicate that IFNT acts via STAT1- IRF9-dependent and independent pathways and affects diverse luteal functions. Most interestingly, this study suggests the existence of an anti-luteolytic effect of IFNT in bovine CL, namely, inhibiting key PGF2a-induced luteolytic genes. The proliferative effect of IFNT may constitute an additional mechanism that promotes luteal cell survival, thus, extending the luteal life span during early pregnancy in cows.

Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are powerful pregnancy markers in domestic cattle. These proteins are expressed in mono- and binucleate trophoblast cells from the first days of gestation until calving. Different molecules were identified as being expressed at various stages of pregnancy. However, up to date, their functions and activities during pregnancy were not yet established. Specific RIA tests were developed (classic and alternative RIA) and used to measure the concentration of these glycoproteins in blood during gestation and the postpartum period in cattle. In maternal blood, PAGs rise to detectable levels from days 24 to 28 after fertilization. A recent study indicated that PAGs can also be detected in milk samples. However, concentrations in milk are much lower when compared to those of plasma.

The aim of this paper is to present the use of the Walsh-Hadamard transform in the analysis of electromygraphic signals representing the uterine contractile activity in pigs. The Fourier spectral analysis is widely used in many biomedical applications. However, for binary time series the Walsh-Hadamard transform based on square or rectangular waves with peaks of ±1 is more accurate. Dominant normalized sequency can serve as a parameter describing the biomedical signal, which may have diagnostic importance.

It is widely accepted that uterine contraction is initiated by spontaneous generation of electrical activity at a cellular level in the form of action potentials. Such action potential events, when they involve many myometrial cells and occur in immediate succession, are described by their amplitude and duration. In an effort to improve clinical management of uterine contractions, research has focused on determination of the properties of the reproductive tract's electrical activity under hormonal stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the myoelectric activity (amplitude and duration) of the oviduct and the uterus in relation to plasma concentration of LH, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) during spontaneous and induced estrus in gilts. The course of the experiment was divided into eight periods defined by hormone concentrations (LH, P4, and E2) and time intervals before and after the start of the LH surge. Myoelectric signals were recorded, and the hormone levels were measured during proestrus and estrus in natural and hormone-induced estrus cycle. During the natural estrus, the LH surge was longer than after hormonal stimulation (28 vs. 20 hours) and suggested an inverse relationship between the LH concentration and the duration of myoelectric activity (SR = -0.68). Analyses of the records of the amplitudes and durations of the electromyography activity in uterine horns and oviducts showed significant differences between spontaneous and induced estrus (P

The aim of this study was to compare two methods of early pregnancy diagnosis by determining pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration in blood and PAG concentration in milk. Blood and milk samples were obtained on days 0 (AI day), 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 and 105 of gestation from 60 lactating Holstein Frisian cows from one herd, carrying live fetuses. To determine PAG concentration a specific RIA system (RIA-706) was used. PAG concentration in blood and milk increased after 28 days of pregnancy, with blood concentrations being significantly higher than in milk. However, the accuracy of both tests at this time point was similar (sensitivity: 92 % in blood, 93 % in milk; specificity 53 % and 60 % respectively). None of the tests were able to detect open cows properly at this stage. On day 35 of gestation sensitivity (100 % for blood, 97 % for milk) and specificity (100 % for blood, 100 % for milk) were high enough to be used for reliable pregnancy diagnosis. The accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for PAG concentrations in blood and milk for the rest of the study was 100 %. Our investigation shows that PAG determination in milk is a stress-free and non-invasive method for early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle.Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Konzentrationen trächtigkeitsassoziierter Glykoproteine (PAG) in Blut und Milch zur frühen Trächtigkeitsdiagnose bei der Kuh zu vergleichen. Blut- und Milchproben wurden an den Tagen 0 (KB), 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 und 105 der Trächtigkeit von 60 laktierenden Holstein Frisian Kühen mit lebenden Feten gewonnen. Zur Bestimmung der PAG-Konzentration wurde ein spezifisches RIA-System (RIA-706) verwendet. PAG-Konzentrationen in Blut und Milch erhöhten sich ab Tag 28 der Trächtigkeit, wobei die Blutkonzentrationen deutlich höher waren, als diejenigen in der Milch. Die Genauigkeit der beiden Tests war zu diesem Zeitpunkt ähnlich (Sensitivität: 92 % im Blut, 93 % Milch, Spezifität: 53 % bzw. 60 %). Keine der beiden Methoden war in der Lage, in diesem Stadium nicht trächtige Kühe richtig zu erkennen. Am Tag 35 der Trächtigkeit waren Empfindlichkeit (100 % für Blut, 97 % für Milch) und Spezifität (100 % für Blut, 100 % für Milch) beider Methoden hoch genug, eine Trächtigkeit zuverlässig zu diagnostizieren. Die Genauigkeit (Empfindlichkeit und Spezifität) zur Messung der PAG-Konzentrationen in Blut und Milch betrug im weiteren Verlauf der Trächtigkeit 100 %. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die PAG-Bestimmung in der Milch eine stressfreie und nicht-invasive Methode zur frühen Trächtigkeitsdiagnose beim Rind darstellt.Le but de cette étude était de comparer les concentrations de glycoprotéines associées à la gestation (PAG) dans le sang et le lait en vue d'un diagnostic de gestation précoce chez la vache. Des échantillons de sang et de lait ont été prélevés aux jours 0 (IA), 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 et 105 de la gestation sur 60 vaches Holstein Frisonnes en lactation avec un fœtus vivant. On a utilisé pour mesurer la concentration de PAG une méthode RIA spécifique (RIA-706). Les concentrations de PAG dans le sang et le lait s'élevaient à partir du 28ème jour de gestation, les concentrations mesurées dans le sang étant nettement plus élevée que celles mesurées dans le lait. L'exactitude des deux tests était à ce moment-là similaires (sensitivité: 92 % dans le sang, 93 % dans le lait, spécificité: 53 % respectivement 60 %). Aucune des deux méthodes n'était, à ce stade, à même de distinguer une vache non portante avec justesse. Au 35ème jour de gestation, la sensitivité des deux méthodes (100 % dans le sang, 97 % dans le lait) et leur spécificité (100 % dans le sang, 100 % dans le lait) était assez élevées pour permettre un diagnostic de gestation sûr. L'exactitude (sensitivité et spécificité) des mesures de concentration de PAG dans le sang et le lait durant la suite de la gestation était de 100 %. Ces études montrent donc que la mesure de PAG dans le lait représente une méthode non-invasive et exempte de stress pour le diagnostic précoce de gestation chez la vache.Scopo di questo studio era di confrontare la precisione delle glicoproteine (PAG) associate alla gravidanza nel sangue e nel latte per la diagnosi precoce della gravidanza nei bovini. Campioni di sangue e di latte sono stati raccolti nei giorni 0 (KB) 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 e 105 durante la gestazione di 60 mucche Holstein Frisian con feti vivi. Per determinare la concentrazione delle PAG è stato utilizzato uno specifico sistema RIA (RIA-706). Le concentrazioni delle PAG nel sangue e nel latte sono aumentate al giorno 28 di gestazione e le concentrazioni nel sangue erano significativamente superiori a quelle nel latte. La precisione di entrambi i test era al momento simile (sensibilità: nel sangue 92 %, nel latte 93 %, specificità: 53 % risp. 60 %). In questa fase nessuno dei due metodi è stato in grado di riconoscere correttamente le mucche non gravide. Al 35° giorno di gestazione i valori della sensibilità (100 % per il sangue, 97 % per il latte) e della specificità (100 % per il sangue, 100 % per il latte) di entrambi i metodi erano sufficientemente elevati per diagnosticare una gravidanza. La precisione (sensibilità e specificità) per misurare i livelli di concentrazione delle PAG nel latte e nel sangue era del 100 % nel corso della gravidanza. Questi esami dimostrano che la determinazione delle PAG nel latte è un metodo libero da stress e non invasivo per la diagnosi precoce della gravidanza nei bovini.

Bioelectrical activity of the female reproductive tract in different physiological and pathological states is vitally important in clinical practice. Telemetry allows for sending signals from the myometrium and other parts of the reproductive tract to computer system for further analysis. Telemetry system with incorporated decision support software presents telemedicine. Monica AN24 system lets us perform analysis of the uterine muscle contractions, fetal and maternal heart rate. Pregnant woman might constantly be monitored, even in the course of performing various tasks at home. Radiotelemetry enables wireless measurements of biological signals from freely moving conscious animals. The greatest advantage is that the experimental animals are neither stressed, nor are they bound in any way. No human presence is also necessary during recording of the data.