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The research includes a multidimensional comparative analysis of electricity prices in 28 European countries for non-household consumers. The highest energy prices in the first half of 2022 were also ranked in the respective analyzed countries. Increases in electricity prices for non-household consumers were examined in terms of percentage and value from the second half of 2019 to the first half of 2022 and the increases were ranked. Their leader in terms of percentage and value was Greece with the result of 353,50% which constitutes EUR 0,288 of the price increase per 1 KWh in the considered time period. A multiple regression model was also built and showed that the time series of natural gas price quotations had an impact on the increase in electricity prices for non-household consumers.

The study comprises a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of passengers transported by rail in twelve European countries between 2019-2021; the considered data were grouped and analyzed. The dynamics indices with a constant base were used in the study. The aim of the article was a comparative analysis of the number of passengers transported by rail in the European countries under consideration between 2019-2021. The result of the research is the observation of an increase in the number of passengers transported by rail in twelve European countries in 2021 compared to 2020 by 374 965 people. It was visible in nine out of the twelve countries considered. The largest one was observed in France, with around 170 544 passengers. Considering the percentage increase between 2020 and 2021 in respective countries in rail passenger transport, it was observed that the most significant increase was in Italy, which amounted to 25,61%.

The study presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of two dependent variables: the number of passengers transported by air in 28 European countries and the price of one barrel of crude oil in dollars. The conducted analysis shows that in the historical data concerning the identical periods (months) in both tested series, dependencies can be found. This allowed for the construction of a zero-one multiple regression model in order to confirm the impact of the number of passengers travelling by air on the price of one barrel of crude oil and describe this phenomenon with an analytical function.

The multidimensional comparative analysis and the forecasting of minimum salaries in 21 European countries were conducted in the study. The research began with the ranking of the data, the amount of salary rates taken as a basis, the rise expressed in euro and the values of dynamics indices on a constant base. Then the data was aggregated. The time series of the lowest salaries in 21 European countries was analyzed and evaluated. Thus, regularities were observed that were used to select the Holt-Winters’ exponential smoothing method for the forecasting of these salaries. The obtained forecasts were analyzed and evaluated with the use of indices, such as forecasting errors. Keywords: costs, salaries, COVID-19, multidimensional comparative analysis, economic security.

The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the impact of crude oil and liquefied petroleum gasses (LPG) prices on the housing price index in 28 European countries. Research shows that the COVID-19 pandemic and the attack of Russia on Ukraine have led to similar large fluctuations in crude oil and LPG prices. This, in turn, contributed to an increase in inflation and house price indices in the 28 analyzed European countries. Such an increase was driven by higher total construction costs, including higher prices for materials, energy and charges for building services. Housing prices in respective European countries vary. The study examines the dynamics of their changes and compares them with the use of ranking.

PURPOSE: The research problem discussed in the article concerns the transport of dangerous goods by rail in Poland and its forecasting for the future through the obtained evaluation from the analysis of retrospective data. The purpose of the study was outlined for the adopted research problem. The aim of the study is to forecast the number of dangerous goods transported by rail in Poland for the years 2020-2023., PROJECT/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Theoretical research methods for the analysis of the literature were used in the study which allowed to solve the adopted research problem. The literature on the transport of dangerous goods by rail in Poland was reviewed. The method of comparison was also used which made it possible to rank companies in terms of their participation in the transport of dangerous goods by rail in Poland. The method of the forecasting of dangerous goods transport by rail for the years 2020-2023 was used. The obtained forecasts were analyzed and evaluated through the forecast remainder., RESULTS: The forecast for the transport of dangerous goods by rail in Poland for 2020 is 26 151 tons, for 2021 it is 27 899 tons, for 2022 it is 28 005 tons and for 2023 it is 28 752 tons. The forecast was considered very good as the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the obtained forecast was 3,50%., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of the evaluation of historical data through the detection of regularities from the past, such as an increasing trend, a model to forecast for the future can be selected., ORIGINALITY: The grouping of primary data allowed for their comparison on categorized bar and line charts to compare them dynamically and, thus, highlight their similarities and differences., peer-reviewed

The study focuses on the generalization of the methodology of transport planning with the use of the LOGFAS IT system. The main activities that must be performed in order to plan the transport correctly in the IT software were presented. This process requires a lot of experience and work in many program modules and the implementation of a lot of different information without which planning is impossible.

The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of employees in the enterprise sector in Poland on a quarterly basis between 2010-2021 and new and withdrawn jobs dynamically in terms of economic security. The volume of employment and salary for work in Poland in the enterprise sector by type of activity was analyzed. The last stage of the research was the analysis and evaluation of the time series of salaries in Poland and its forecasting for the future.

The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the exchange rates of five currencies: dollar, euro, franc, pound and ruble in zlotys and crude oil in dollars per barrel from 2005 to 2022. The research was conducted in terms of the identification of contemporary challenges for the economic security of enterprises in Poland. Grouping was used as part of multidimensional comparative analyzes. In the categorized line charts, in order to observe the trends in dynamic terms as a decrease and an increase in the rates of the analyzed data, a separate Y-axis scale was assigned to each of the analyzed dependent variables.

The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of apartment prices in seventeen cities in Poland from the first quarter of 2017 to the first quarter of 2021 in terms of the maintenance of economic security. Prices were analyzed in two aspects: value and dynamics of changes, referring to the first period under consideration in spatial terms (in each of the seventeen cities). The research used multidimensional comparative analyzes, such as: Chernoff faces and normalization with the use of stimulants. This, in turn, made it possible to examine the similarities and differences in the prices of 1 m2 of residential real estate in respective cities in Poland in a dynamic approach.

W instytucjach o strukturze hierarchicznej ogromną rolę odgrywa poprawne zarządzanie. Zarządzanie to zbiór działań zmierzających do osiągnięcia określonego celu w następującej sekwencji: planowanie, organizowanie, motywowanie i kontrolowanie (Encyklopedia PWN, 2022). Jednym z rodzajów planowania wykonywanych w podmiocie badań jest planowanie potrzeb. W opracowaniu nakreślono problem badawczy. Problem badawczy brzmi: Jakie prawidłowości widnieją w szeregu czasowym danych retrospektywnych wydatków w dziale finansowym i w jakim stopniu pozwolą one na dobór metody i prognozowanie potrzeb w dziale finansowym na dwadzieścia cztery przyszłe okresy? Celem głównym pracy jest wykonanie prognozowania potrzeb w dziale finansowym na lata 2022-2023 w podmiocie badań. Dla tak sformułowanego celu nakreślono hipotezę główną: Zastosowanie metody Holta-Wintersa model multiplikatywny do prognozowania potrzeb w dziale finansowym na lata 2022-2023 pozwoli na osiągnięcie średniego bezwzględnego błędu procentowego poniżej 5%. Podmiotem badań jest jedna z instytucji funkcjonujących na obszarze Unii Europejskiej. Przedmiotem badań są poniesione wydatki i zaplanowane potrzeby w dziale finansowym w podmiocie badań w latach 2017-2021. Obszar badawczy pracy to rejon funkcjonowania podmiotu badań, a okres badawczy to lata 2017-2023. W artykule użyto następujących metod badawczych w postaci: analizy literatury, prognozowania metodą Holta-Wintersa (model multiplikatywny), wnioskowania i syntezy. W artykule skoncentrowano się na planowaniu potrzeb w dziale finansowym w podmiocie badań na lata 2022-2023 z wykorzystaniem metody wygładzania wykładniczego Holta-Wintersa.

Economic security of any state is multifaceted. Affordability of basics, required for living serves are precondition for economic security of any state. The study presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of apartment sales in respective voivodships in Poland. The following dependent variables concerning apartments in sixteen voivodships were analyzed: price per \( m^2 \), number of sales and its value. The dynamics indices on a constant basis and the normalization for stimulants were used for the analyzes. The results of the research were compiled on categorized bar charts, conducting the ranking, as well as indicating and outlining the level of deviation of the analyzed data adopted by the author. The conducted research clearly showed how much of an impact on the state’s economy, with particular emphasis on the subject of research presented in the article, which is the apartment trade market, has a random incident, such as a pandemic, and how difficult it is to return to the conditions before Covid-19.

The study concerned a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of deaths in 30 European countries between 2018-2021, also by age groups and type of vaccination in Poland in 2021 in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic security. The data for the research was obtained from the websites of Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office. They were grouped and sorted from largest to smallest. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the death indices were calculated and analyzed. The obtained test results are included in bar charts. The article ends with a summary and final conclusions.

The study concerns forecasting the number of soldiers in the Saudi Arabian army based on information obtained from the website: https://data.worldbank.org (The World Bank, 9.03.2020). The research began with a comparative analysis of the number of soldiers in the armies of Saudi Arabia and Russia. The idea for a comparative analysis of the number of armies of Saudi Arabia and the Russian Federation arises from Russian policy in the region of the Middle East countries, including the impact on world oil prices. The comparative analysis showed the similarities and differences in the dynamics of changes in the number of both armies dynamically. Subsequently, the primary time series data analysis on the number of Saudi Arabian troops was performed. The study selected methods for predicting raw data: Holt’s exponential smoothing and Klein’s model for the future. The next stage of the research was forecasting and the analysis and evaluation of the obtained forecasts. Klein’s model was the best forecasting model. The forecast of the number of soldiers in the Saudi Arabian army for 2020 is 251454, and for 2021, it has increased to 251006. The study ends with a summary and conclusions.

The aim of the study is an attempt to examine the impact of oil prices on the politics of Russia and Saudi Arabia in terms of economic security. The research covers the period from 01.02.2000 to 10.03.2020. The study uses qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the effectiveness of Russia's influence in Saudi Arabia. The research began with a multidimensional comparative analysis and evaluation of data on the price of one barrel of crude oil in the world on a daily basis in the period 2000-2020 in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the politics of Russia and Saudi Arabia. The considered data obtained from the website www.eia.gov was grouped and specified in order to discover the regularities governing them. Then, advanced research tools were used to analyze and evaluate them dynamically in the form of categorized box-plot charts. The conclusion of the research is that low prices of crude oil per barrel over a long period of time may be a reason for the emergence of the global financial crisis. As a result, Russia suffers financial losses. Overcoming the crisis requires signing international agreements which are hampered due to the own interests of the leaders of world economies: the United States, China and Russia.

W artykule przeprowadzono wielowymiarową analizę porównawczą liczby zgonów w 31 państwach Europy w latach 2018-2020 w aspekcie oddziaływania pandemii COVID-19 i bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. Dane do badań pozyskano ze strony internetowej Eurostatu. Zostały one poddane grupowaniu i porządkowaniu od największych do najmniejszych. Do realizacji celu pracy wyliczono i poddano analizie indeksy zgonów. Uzyskane wyniki badań nakreślano na wykresach słupkowych.

W opracowaniu zaprezentowano metodykę wielomodelowego prognozowania wydatków w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. Badania rozpoczęto od analizy literatury dotyczącej: planowania, prognozowania, wydatków, bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego i pandemii COVID-19. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę szeregu czasowego wydatków poniesionych przez podmiot badań pod kątem wykrycia prawidłowości rządzących rozpatrywanym zjawiskiem. Rezultatem przeprowadzonych badań było wykrycie trendu i sezonowości w ujęciu miesięcznym. Analiza literatury i doświadczenie własne pozwoliły na wybór trzech modeli do prognozowania rozpatrywanych wydatków na przyszłość. Zbudowane modele zostały poddane analizie i ocenie poprzez wykorzystanie miernika MAPE pod kątem wyboru najkorzystniejszego modelu do prognozowania danych surowych. Artykuł kończy się podsumowaniem i wnioskami.

Wykonanie prognozowania potrzeb w podmiocie badań na 2021 rok. Podmiotem badań jest instytucja funkcjonująca na obszarze Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Przedmiotem badań są planowane potrzeby i poniesione na ich pokrycie wydatki w dziale żywnościowym w zł. Poprzez zestawienie planowanych potrzeb i poniesionych na ich pokrycie wydatków zaobserwowano ich niebilansowanie się. Stało się to przesłanką do dalszych badań pod kątem prognozowania wydatków w celu określenia przyszłych potrzeb. Wybór metod do prognozowania poprzedzony był wykonaniem wielowymiarowych analiz porównawczych i ich oceną. Badania rozpoczęto od poszukiwania prawidłowości w postaci trendu i sezonowości poprzez analizę i ocenę szeregu czasowego wydatków działu żywnościowego. Analizy pozwoliły na stwierdzenie braku wyraźnych prawidłowości w postaci trendu i sezonowości rządzących szeregiem czasowym wydatków w dziale żywnościowym od stycznia 2014 do listopada 2020 roku. Zaobserwowano jedynie nieznaczny trend malejący oraz słabą/mało wyraźną sezonowość w ujęciu miesięcznym. Wykrycie prawidłowości pozwoliło dobrać metody do prognozowania wydatków w dziale żywnościowym na przyszłość, do których zaliczono: Holta‒Wintersa i metodę naiwną. Analiza porównawcza dwóch metod prognozowania pozwala na wybór najlepszej. Implikacją praktyczną jest stwierdzenie, że przyszłe potrzeby można naliczać, prognozując poniesione wydatki. Do ustalenia przyszłych prognoz można/należy wykorzystać modele prognozowania dostępne w literaturze. Planowanie potrzeb poprzez prognozowanie poniesionych na ich zabezpieczenie wydatków w ujęciu dynamicznym.

W artykule wykonano przegląd literatury związanej z planowaniem, wydatkami, potrzebami, prognozowaniem i bezpieczeństwem ekonomicznym. Przeprowadzono analizę i ocenę szeregu czasowego wydatków poniesionych w dziale zaopatrzenia w podmiocie badań. Ocena pozwoliła na dobór modelu ARIMA do prognozowania wydatków (potrzeb) na przyszłość. Uzyskane prognozy zostały poddane analizie i ocenie. Opracowanie kończy się podsumowaniem i wnioskami.

This study aims to analyze primary data regarding foreign exchange rates of the following currencies: ruble, euro, dollar, and yuan (renminbi) as well as petroleum and gas prices from a dynamic perspective as it pertains to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the economic situation in Russia. The authors have analyzed the literature concerning foreign exchange rates, petroleum prices, gas prices, and the coronavirus pandemic. It analyzed the available literature on the subject. The study began comparing foreign exchange rates of the Russian ruble, euro, American dollar, and Chinese yuan (renminbi – Chinese currency) for each day in 2020. The following research techniques have been used: line graphs, bar graphs, grouping. The article analyzes the foreign exchange rate of the aforementioned currencies and petroleum and gas prices from a dynamic perspective. Multi-dimensional analysis of petroleum and gas prices was conducted in dynamic terms., peer-reviewed

The study aims to carry out a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of deaths in thirty-two European countries regarding COVID-19 in dynamic terms. The study's subject is thirty-two European countries, and the number of human deaths caused by COVID-19 will be the object of the study. Multidimensional comparative analyses were used for this purpose. The primary data were grouped and separated. Bar charts, line diagrams, and frame-nosed charts were used to detect emerging trends for interpretation. The study ends with a summary and conclusions. The study uses research methods in the form of a literature analysis, which deals with the multidimensional analysis and the disease called COVID-19. The following research tools were used: categorized frame-noses charts with arithmetic averages/means drawn, and line and bar charts. The study observes the lack of multidimensional comparative analyses of human deaths in European countries in dynamic terms, comparing them to the population of the entire countries concerned, the number of past deaths (2010-2019), and the deaths caused by COVID-19. The study attempts to analyse the deaths of people in regard to COVID-19 in thirty-two European countries., peer-reviewed

Purpose: The rationale for undertaking the research was the lack of multifaceted, comparative analyzes of the population in European countries in terms of dynamics and multifaceted analyzes of births and deaths in individual European societies during the COVID-19 period literature. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study attempts to analyze the population in thirty-two European countries. For this purpose, multifaceted comparative analyzes were selected. The raw data were grouped and ungrouped. Bar and line charts, as well as indexes of dynamics on a fixed basis, were used. The study is completed with a summary and conclusions. Findings: The multifaceted comparative analysis of the European population used in this study shows the dynamics in terms of security. In 2011-2019, there was observed a growing trend in population growth in all thirty-two European countries. In eleven of the considered thirty-two European countries, there was a negative difference between birth and death. In the remaining 21 countries, the result was positive. The conducted analyzes show that the number of people is a factor influencing states' state of security. Practical Implications: The performed research was supplemented with an analysis of the impact of the above-mentioned factors on the state of regional security. Originality: The research subject is thirty-two European countries, and the core matter of it is the number of people in Europe and the number of deaths and births in dynamic terms., peer-reviewed

In the article the author raises an issue related to the forecasting of budget revenue in Poland after previous analysis primary data on a monthly basis from 2011-2018.. The research data was obtained from the Central Statistical Office. The research was initiated with the analysis and evaluation of data concerning budget revenue in Poland dynamically. Then, on the basis of the results, the prognostic methods were selected. The methods were analyzed and evaluated. The best one was selected and applied in order to conduct the forecasting of the original series. The results obtained in the research were presented in the summary.