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We report the deposition of monolayers and multilayers of {Cr10(OMe)20(O2CCMe3)10} wheels, hereafter {Cr10}, onto Au(111) and Cu(111) single-crystal substrates, and their characterization combining scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray natural linear dichroism, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). {Cr10} in bulk shows axial magnetic anisotropy and a cluster total spin S = 9 ground state, stemming from an interaction scheme of two semi-crowns containing four Cr3+ ions interacting ferromagnetically, separated by two Cr3+ antiferromagnetically coupled. The one-monolayer (1ML) samples of {Cr10} sublimated on Ag(111) and Cu(111) show slightly different applied magnetic field dependence of XMCD signal. The field-dependence of the magnetization evolves from a lower curve for the 1ML {Cr10} samples to a curve resembling the bulk one as the number of layers is increased, as shown in a 14ML sample. Monte Carlo simulations allow rationalizing the magnetization curves of the 1ML samples in terms of a reduction of the cluster ground-state total spin, S = 3 or S = 6, as a consequence of variations in the intra-wheel coupling interactions induced by the on-surface deposition. The sensitivity of the magnetic configuration of {Cr10} to minor distortions of the intramolecular conformation might be exploited to control magnetism by external stimuli for applications.

This research focuses on the patrimonial assets of the business families of the city of Burgos at the end of the Ancient Regime (1700-1850) and their hereditary transmission. We have used abundant documentary sources, especially wills and testamentary accounts, whose analyses shows the differences in behaviour between these bourgeois families and their counterparts in the city of León. It can be observed that in the eighteenth century, and more particularly in the second half of that century, families that had a sound financial situation favoured partible inheritance, as proved by the quantitative analysis of the testamentary accounts. They thus privileged equity among heirs over the economic interests of the family. Similarly, improvements and legacies did not only benefit the descendants that were expected to take over the business – who were usually the first-born males. They were rather distributed on the basis of the affections felt for religious sons and daughters, underage children and the most unprotected, including also widowed spouses. Finally, pre-inheritance was hardly ever used and the transfer of properties from uncles/aunts without progeny was also rare, which reinforces the previous ideas., En este trabajo se estudian los bienes patrimoniales de las familias de negocios de la ciudad de Burgos a finales del Antiguo Régimen (1700-1850) y su transmisión hereditaria. Utilizando abundantes fuentes documentales, donde destacan los testamentos y las partijas de bienes o cuentas de testamentaria, hemos apreciado las diferencias de comportamientos de estas familias burguesas respecto a las de la ciudad leonesa. Así, partiendo de unos patrimonios solventes en el siglo XVIII y sobre todo en la segunda mitad, predominan las transmisiones igualitarias a los hijos/as, lo cual se aprecia en el análisis cuantitativo de las partijas o cuentas de bienes, favoreciendo el igualitarismo de los descendientes frente a los intereses económicos de la familia. En menor medida, existen mejoras, mandas y legados, pero en general no se concentran en los hijos varones elegidos para la continuación del negocio, que suelen ser los primogénitos, sino que vuelven a ser determinantes los afectos y los sentimientos hacia hijos/as ya religiosos, menores de edad o más desprotegidos, sin olvidar a los esposos viudos/as. Finalmente, el escaso recurso a la preherencia y las transmisiones de bienes de tíos/as sin hijos refuerzan las ideas ya señaladas.

Las familias nobles de la ciudad de Burgos, a pesar de su decadencia económica, sí que son más innovadores en la cultura material, modos y estilos de vida, que la nobleza de la ciudad de León en el siglo XVIII, demando de forma más temprana las nuevas modas, sin esperar a la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Ahora bien, mientras en las dependencias de las casas, las piezas del mobiliario y los objetos de decoración de las estancias, etc., los cambios no son muy perceptibles; en la ropa y joyas y alhajas personales, es decir, en la apariencia y exhibición externa al resto de la sociedad, sí que son más visibles las mutaciones y la asunción de las modas, la burguesa y sobre todo la francesa, de influencia de la Corte, que se refleja también en los coches, berlinas y el ropaje con que visten a sus criados.

"The long shadow of the emperor: fear and British press during the Napoleonic Wars (1795 –1815)” was a master thesis that combined the history of emotions with the use of quantitative computational techniques. The main objectives of the project were to detect and analyse the fear around the figure of Napoleon Bonaparte in the British press, between 1795 and 1815, and to check the feasibility of the proposed quantitative techniques for the history of emotions. The methodology consisted of the bibliographic collection of terms, web scrapping techniques, the creation of a database of mentions, and the emotional analysis of the subsequent information. The results showed how the emotion of fear was experienced in the British press, and the great explanatory potential of the methodology proposed by the study. The findings have revealed valuable information about international politics, public opinion, and erroneous assumptions in our current understandings of the Napoleonic Wars.

Magnetization measurements on bulk (S1); XMCD of {Cr10} (S2); ab initio calculations (S3); DFT calculation of interactions (S4); effective anisotropy tensor (S5); and energy levels for the isotropic and anisotropic Hamiltonian (S6).

Estudio encuadrado en la Historia social comparativa donde, a través del análisis y trayectoria de tres ejemplos de familias nobles de segunda fila de la provincia de León, se aprecia el gran interés que ofrece la Academia de Guardia Marinas para sus hijos varones no primogénitos. De tal modo, que estos nuevos destinos militares servirán para proyectar a estas familias hacia carreras militares conectadas con la administración borbónica, fuera del ámbito provincial, las cuales continuarán sus descendientes, configurando, en definitiva, un nuevo grupo de notables que explicaría, en gran parte, los cambios del liberalismo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX.

We have investigated the spin and oxidation states of Co in Co3BO5 using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and dc magnetic susceptibility measurements. At low temperatures, XMCD experiments have been performed at the Co K-edge in Co3BO5 and Co2FeBO5 single crystals in the fully ferrimagnetically ordered phase. The Co (K-edge) XMCD signal is found to be related to the Co2+ magnetic sublattices in both compounds, providing strong experimental support for the low-spin (LS) Co3+ scenario. The paramagnetic susceptibility is highly anisotropic. An estimation of the effective magnetic moment in the temperature range 100–250 K correlates well with two Co2+ ions in the high-spin (HS) state and some orbital contribution, while Co3+ remains in the LS state. The crystal structure of the Co3BO5 single crystal has been solved in detail at the T range 296–703 K. The unit cell parameters and volume show anomalies at 500 and 700 K. The octahedral environment of the Co4 site strongly changes with heating. The generalized gradient approximation with Hubbard U correction calculations have revealed that, at low-temperatures, the system is insulating with a band gap of 1.4 eV, and the Co2+ ions are in the HS state, while Co3+ are in the LS state. At high temperatures (T > 700 K), the charge ordering disappears, and the system becomes metallic with all Co ions in 3d7 electronic configuration and HS state.

We present the magnetic properties of the metal-organic framework {[CoCxAPy]·2.15 H2O}n (Cx = bis(carboxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane; APy = 4,4`-azopyridine) (1) that builds up from the stacking of 2D coordination polymers. The 2D-coordination polymer in the bc plane is formed by the adjacent bonding of [CoCxAPy] 1D two-leg ladders with Co dimer rungs, running parallel to the c-axis. The crystal packing of 2D layers shows the presence of infinite channels running along the c crystallographic axis, which accommodate the disordered solvate molecules. The Co(II) is six-coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry, where the equatorial plane is occupied by four carboxylate oxygen atoms. Two nitrogen atoms from APy ligands are coordinated in apical positions. The single-ion magnetic anisotropy has been determined by low temperature EPR and magnetization measurements on an isostructural compound {[Zn0.8Co0.2CxAPy]·1.5 CH3OH}n (2). The results show that the Co(II) ion has orthorhombic anisotropy with the hard-axis direction in the C2V main axis, lying the easy axis in the distorted octahedron equatorial plane, as predicted by the ab initio calculations of the g-tensor. Magnetic and heat capacity properties at very low temperatures are rationalized within a S* = 1/2 magnetic dimer model with anisotropic antiferromagnetic interaction. The magnetic dimer exhibits slow relaxation of the magnetization (SMM) below 6 K in applied field, with a tlf ≈ 2 s direct process at low frequencies, and an Orbach process at higher frequencies with U/kB = 6.7 ± 0.5 K. This compound represents a singular SMM MOF built-up of Co-dimers with an anisotropic exchange interaction.