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This article describes the many anomalies within and outside the head and neck of hemifacial microsomia (HFM).

Introduction: In an effort to maximize benefit and minimize morbidity when performing fronto-orbital distraction osteogenesis (FODO) for unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS), we have transitioned to an endoscopic-assisted approach (“endo-FODO”). This study compares photogrammetric outcomes of patients who underwent FODO via an endoscopic-assisted versus open approach. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients treated for UCS from 2013 to 2023. Photogrammetric outcomes at one to three years postoperatively were compared between patients who underwent endo-FODO and age- and sex-matched controls who underwent open FODO. Differences between pre- and postoperative periorbital symmetry ratios, canthal tilt symmetry, and orbital dystopia angle (ODA) were calculated. Results: Twenty patients (ten per group) underwent surgery at a mean age of 6.1 ± 1.8 and 5.4 ± 1.1 months (p = 0.426) and were photographed at 1.6 ± 0.9 and 1.8 ± 0.9 years (p = 0.597) postoperatively in the endo-FODO and open FODO groups, respectively. Patients who underwent endo-FODO demonstrated significant improvements in margin-reflex distance 1 (MRD1) symmetry ratio (p = 0.004), palpebral height symmetry ratio (p = 0.004), canthal tilt symmetry (p = 0.020), and ODA (p = 0.009). Patients who underwent open FODO likewise demonstrated significant improvements in MRD1 symmetry ratio (p = 0.004), palpebral height symmetry ratio (p = 0.033), and ODA (p = 0.004). All postoperative measurements as well as degrees of improvement were similar between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Endo- and open FODO were associated with significant and comparable improvements in soft tissue periorbital symmetry and orbital dystopia at nearly two years postoperatively. While continued follow-up until cranial maturity is needed to assess the durability of aesthetic results, these data support a minimally invasive, endoscopic alternative to fronto-orbital distraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe long-term outcomes and complications following mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) in a diverse patient cohort Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: Single tertiary-care pediatric center Patients: Forty-eight patients previously undergoing MDO with minimum 4-year follow-up Main Outcome Measures: Respiratory outcomes, feeding patterns, dental development, motor/sensory nerve function, temporo-mandibular joint function, and postsurgical scarring Results: Forty-six patients with a median age of 7 years were evaluated. Of 20 nonsyndromic patients, none required additional airway procedures, none required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during sleep, and 19 (95%) fed exclusively by mouth. Among 26 syndromic patients, 7 (27%) required CPAP and 8 (31%) were tube fed. Permanent first molar differences were seen in the majority of subjects; patterns of damage interfering with function were more common in syndromic (13/28, 46%) compared to nonsyndromic (5/24, 21%; P =.014) subjects. MDO prior to age two was associated with more frequent and worse dental damage (P =.001). Inferior alveolar nerve and marginal mandibular nerve function were fully intact in 37 (80%) and 39 (85%) of patients, respectively. Three patients (6%), all with associated genetic syndromes, demonstrated severe nerve impairment. By the Vancouver scar scale, ≥ 80% of surgical scars were rated in the most favorable category for each quality assessed. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction was rare. Conclusions: MDO shows highly favorable long-term respiratory, feeding, nerve, and scar outcomes in nonsyndromic patients, although permanent molar changes not precluding tooth viability are commonly seen. Patients with associated syndromes demonstrate respiratory and feeding benefits, but higher rates of dental and nerve abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in internationally adopted patients with cleft lip and palate to those in non-adopted peers. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Multidisciplinary cleft team at tertiary care hospital. Patients: Patients aged ≥ 8 with cleft lip and palate attending routine cleft team evaluations September 2021 - September 2022. Main Outcome Measure: CLEFT-Q PRO scores. Results: Sixty-four internationally adopted patients and 113 non-adopted patients with a mean age of 13 years were included. Compared to non-adopted peers, adopted patients demonstrated worse satisfaction with face appearance (mean 59 vs. 66, p =.044), speech function (mean 69 vs. 78, p =.005), and speech distress (mean 80 vs. 84, p =.032). No significant differences were observed on the nose, nostrils, teeth, lips, lip scar, jaws, psychological function, or social function scales (p >.05). Objective clinical evaluation corroborated these findings, with adopted patients demonstrating worse Pittsburgh Weighted Speech scores (mean 3.0 vs 1.9, p =.027) and greater incidence of articulation errors (64% vs 46%, p =.021). No significant differences were observed in rates of mood, anxiety, or behavior concerns identified on psychosocial assessment (p =.764). Among adopted patients, undergoing palatoplasty prior to adoption was associated with worse satisfaction with speech, appearance, school, and social function (p <.05). Conclusions: Patient-reported outcomes among internationally adopted adolescents and young adults with cleft lip and palate show slightly lower satisfaction with facial appearance and speech but otherwise demonstrate similar results to non-adopted peers on most appearance and psychosocial measures. PRO data correlated well with objective speech assessment and did not portend worse psychosocial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can be a radiation‐free alternative to CT for craniofacial imaging of pediatric patients. However, unlike CT, bone‐specific MR imaging is limited by long scan times, relatively low spatial resolution, and a time‐consuming bone segmentation workflow. Methods: A rapid, high‐resolution UTE technique for brain and skull imaging in conjunction with an automatic segmentation pipeline was developed. A dual‐RF, dual‐echo UTE sequence was optimized for rapid scan time (3 min) and smaller voxel size (0.65 mm3). A weighted least‐squares conjugate gradient method for computing the bone‐selective image improves bone specificity while retaining bone sensitivity. Additionally, a deep‐learning U‐Net model was trained to automatically segment the skull from the bone‐selective images. Ten healthy adult volunteers (six male, age 31.5 ± 10 years) and three pediatric patients (two male, ages 12 to 15 years) were scanned at 3 T. Clinical CT for the three patients were obtained for validation. Similarities in 3D skull reconstructions relative to clinical standard CT were evaluated based on the Dice similarity coefficient and Hausdorff distance. Craniometric measurements were used to assess geometric accuracy of the 3D skull renderings. Results: The weighted least‐squares method produces images with enhanced bone specificity, suppression of soft tissue, and separation from air at the sinuses when validated against CT in pediatric patients. Dice similarity coefficient overlap was 0.86 ± 0.05, and the 95th percentile Hausdorff distance was 1.77 ± 0.49 mm between the full‐skull binary masks of the optimized UTE and CT in the testing dataset. Conclusion: An optimized MRI acquisition, reconstruction, and segmentation workflow for craniofacial imaging was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]