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The preceding decade has seen an explosive growth in illicit online commerce, and scholars are increasingly occupied with the study of illicit products, their buyers and sellers, and the platforms and markets in which they are found. Despite sharing one basic characteristic, the exchange of illicit goods and services, there is extensive variation between illicit online markets: Some markets employ currencies, others are based on barter. Some markets exhibit strong social control, others appear anarchic. Traditional theoretical explanations to the organization of illicit markets, which assume that optimization or evolution drives their organization, find it difficult to explain these variations. I propose a typology of illicit online markets that appreciates this heterogeneity and uses it as a theoretical point of departure. Drawing on social control theory and economic sociology, I argue that illicit online markets can be separated across two axes: administrative governance and "marketness." This conceptual framework is not prone to functionalist inference and instead implies a less deterministic understanding of how illicit online markets come to be. In turn, this framework encourages the classification and comparison of individual markets, as well as comparative analyses of marketplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of sharing platforms in travel and tourism is an important transformation over the past two decades. An understanding of why some sharing economy platforms grow while others fail is an important area for travel and tourism research. Using transaction cost economics (TCE), we argue successful sharing platforms achieve both effective governance and monetization of transactions. This requires a shift from enthusiastic and committed bartering of passionate users towards a more systematic, integrated sharing platform, managed by a scaled travel or tourism corporation. The paper develops a framework explaining platform growth and offers recommendations on how transaction cost economizing and monetization can play complementary roles and can both improve platform growth and viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We formulate a categorification of Robertson's conjecture analogous to the categorical graph minor conjecture of Miyata–Proudfoot–Ramos. We show that these conjectures imply the existence of a finite list of atomic graphs generating the homology of configuration spaces of graphs—in fixed degree, with a fixed number of particles, under topological embeddings. We explain how the simplest case of our conjecture follows from work of Barter and Proudfoot–Ramos, implying that the category of cographs is Noetherian, a result of potential independent interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the simultaneous presence of multiple ambitions is inherent in hybrid venturing, pursuing social and/or environmental missions while securing commercial viability can generate ambivalence among stakeholders. In this study, we draw on the notion of "holism" to show how venture founders both embrace tensioned ambitions and sustain hybridity during critical venture development phases. Based on 6 years of data on The People's Supermarket in the United Kingdom, we identify three distinct practices— fantasizing, bartering, and conjuring —used by founders to harness tensions productively, without compromising their venture's multiple ambitions. These practices demonstrate the founders' ability to maintain a venture's hybrid nature throughout the ideation, organizational, and scale-up phases, thereby shedding light on the application of "holism" within the realm of hybrid venturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative, many studies have analysed Beijing's geoeconomic diplomacy. However, analysis has principally focused on the investment and financial aspects, ignoring the strategic dimensions of military technology exports and the means of financing them. This paper seeks to fill this scholarship gap by critically exploring Chinese defence countertrade deals, especially barter and offset, as a component of geoeconomic diplomacy. The findings suggest that while China's geoeconomic diplomacy reflects traditional Western mercantilist goals, it also displays uniquely Chinese characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a long time since the people in Afghanistan have started doing business and meeting their living needs in a proper way. In this transaction process various items like animals, stones, grains, plants, gold, silver... have been used as a means of transaction. In the early days, trading was very complicated and difficult because often one side of the transaction whose need was serious in terms of the intensity of the need, would be harmed by this process of transaction. The goods would be exchanged for the goods which had a lot of problems in estimating the price of the goods in this transaction process. Therefore, attempts were made to introduce a tool which would be acceptable to all parties involved in the transaction (individuals, households, enterprises, the state and the foreign business sector) as a means of measuring the value of the transaction. It basically paved the way for the idea of inventing money. Its invention eliminated the hassle of barter transactions and created more facilities in this area. The purpose of this research is to find out how long paper money has been used in Afghanistan and how it put an end to the product-to-product exchange that had caused so many problems. On the other hand, the people should have awareness about the fiqhi (Jurisprudential) quality of paper money. The results of this study will show how long paper money in Afghanistan has met the needs and demands of the people. The readers of this research will also find information about the improvement of the quality of paper money in Afghanistan, so that the people of our beloved country will be aware of the benefits of using paper money in their transactions and put it into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our research study investigates how expressions and acts of kindness are leveraged through non-monetary value exchange practices to improve individual and community well-being when money was scarce. A qualitative netnographic study was conducted to examine the non-monetary value exchange practices amongst members of the Barter for Better Fiji platform. Data were collected through online observation and participation, conversational interviews, and archival and netnographic methods. The interpretation of the data revealed that Barter for Better Fiji members leveraged an 'economy of kindness' through three non-monetary value exchange practices (i.e. bartering, near-money exchange and donating) to improve individual and community well-being. The marketing theory and practice implications of leveraging expressions and acts of kindness through value exchange practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the complex and changing international situation and the uncertain global political and economic situation, cross-border trade faces many new challenges. In the form of "barter", cross-border barter avoids the credit creation needs of financial intermediaries, but puts forward higher requirements for the information coordination and resource integration of each subject in the transaction chain. The construction of a new type of cross-border barter biological system emphasizes the cooperation and interaction among the participants, and effectively integrates the barter link by means of financial technology, which is of great significance to promote the development of new cross-border barter trade. In this context, this paper proposes an ecosystem framework combining fintech and cross-border barter, and deeply studies the settlement model based on cross-border barter. The results show that the new cross-border barter ecosystem consists of platform leaders, barter trading entities, logistics warehousing supporters and environmental parasitism groups. The application of fintech can promote the collaboration of all parties in the ecosystem and realize the complementary advantages of system members. Through evolutionary game analysis, this paper finds that promoting cooperation among various groups, optimizing incentive policies of leaders and establishing fair profit distribution mechanism are conducive to the stable development of cross-border barter ecosystem. This paper designs a blockchain-based cross-border barter settlement model by referring to the Trade Swap Support Instrument (INSTEX) and the Bank of Kunlun's settlement model for Iran. Blockchain technology is used to achieve property rights allocation and value transfer of barter assets, and the barter settlement model of cross-border circulation of goods and domestic settlement of funds is realized through the "closed loop" of debt repayment, further exploring the deep-level settlement problems of cross-border barter, and providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of new cross-border barter trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on archival sources and previously underexplored famine testimonies, this article provides the first study of gender and women's experiences during the Kazakh famine. First, I provide a discussion of motherhood in this time of catastrophe. Traditional parental norms collapsed in a similar way to other catastrophes across the world. The second part of the article offers a discussion of who survived the famine. I argue that many parents preferred saving their sons at the expense of their daughters and consequently more boys survived the famine than girls. Son preference manifested itself strongly in the catastrophic years of famine as saving a man's lineage was deemed to be essential. The last part discusses sexual violence and sexual barter. I show that rape and prostitution were relatively less widespread in Kazakhstan, while sexual violence and barter frequently took a different form. Instead of directly raping women, abusers usually forced women to marry them as second wives. Unlike many examples in world history, sexual barter usually took place not between women and men, but between abuser men and male relatives of female victims. Son preference and the sale of women are reflections of how strongly patriarchal the nomadic society was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early modern book economy thrived on a system of bartering, swapping printed sheets for printed sheets or other valuable bookish material. Widely discussed as Tauschhandel in the context of the Frankfurt Book Fair, this practice continued to flourish in the Low Countries during the seventeenth century as the fair's popularity declined. This article examines the bartering practices between the Officina Plantiniana in the city of Antwerp, the best-documented print business of the handpress era, and merchants and booksellers in its northern neighbour Amsterdam. While the output of the Plantin presses is well studied, its input, including maps, lottery tickets, reams of high-quality French and Dutch paper, and even luxury objects such as sugar and globes, has gone unrecognised. Ultimately, I argue that Dutch sellers were motivated to barter with the Officina by their superior access to books, paper, and other luxury goods, and their robust professional and personal networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medium of exchange for the transactions has been continuously evolved right from the stage of barter system to the current cashless economy. The cashless transactions, in real sense, the transaction between two entities without a medium of exchange. This paper intends to analyze the Cashless transactions in terms of value and volume. For this study the cashless transactions data is analyzed for 5 years. The secondary data is collected from RBI website. The RBI Annual Report 2019-20 and 2021-22 are used to analyze the total cashless transactions in the past 3 years. The statistical tools like Graph, Chart and percentage has been used to analyze the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the field of economics, work is typically considered a form of barter for wages. This perspective reduces work to a mere activity serving profit, productivity, and, ultimately, the economy. Such a reduction also diminishes the person performing the work, treating them merely as a "cog in a machine." To fully appreciate its true meaning, work must be seen as labor serving temporal goods and as a pathway to contemplation. This paper argues that personalist economics is necessary to achieve contemplative labor, affirming the totality of the person--as composed of both body and soul--involved in work and economic activity. Consequently, both the person and their work are irreducible to mere profit, productivity, and economic activity. In this light, the paper seeks to answer the question: Is it possible to retrieve the meaning of the person in today's economy through labor? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Esquela Tusuy" dance is a cultural manifestation deeply rooted in the Uchumiri Peasant Community (Condesuyos, Peru), reflecting the intersection between traditional cultural practices and community identity. This ethnographic study reveals how the dance, beyond being a mere artistic expression, is a complex system of meanings that articulates social relations, economic practices of barter, and Andean spirituality, through the veneration of Pachamama and Apu Coropuna. The dance is organized around rituals that include the preparation, journey, and return of the llama herders, being a living expression of collective memory and a mechanism of social cohesion. The adopted methodology was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, allowing a detailed understanding of Uchumiri's cultural dynamics. Despite contemporary challenges, "Esquela Tusuy" remains a central pillar for the affirmation of cultural identity and community resistance, underlining the importance of dance in the conservation of cultural heritage and in the articulation of local identities against national narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies that have examined consumer behavior have focused more on purchasing intention than selling intention. Sellers hold certain personal values or economic views when selling their second-hand products on auction sites, and so do barter site exchangers, but the latter have values that differ from the former. In this study, we investigate how second-hand owners (sellers or exchangers) determine whether to place an item on an auction or barter site. Based on the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model, we used a validated questionnaire to explore several internal and external factors. We found that four factors--perceived product condition, reference group, online word of mouth, and reference price--supported both the intention to use auction sites and their actual use, while we found two factors--personal value and reference group--supported barter site use. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to further observe how utilitarian and hedonic personal values have different effects on sellers' brain activities and decision-making behaviors regarding site choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is about private law contracts and their social, economic, and religious background in Sasanian Persia (224–651) before the advent of Islam. After a brief introduction to the sources and research method, the paper examines Zoroastrian moral teachings about obligations in general and contractual obligations in particular. To emphasise the religious background, the Avestan hymn to Mithra and the Vendidad are scrutinised which have a classification of contracts and a pyramid of sanctions for their breach. The second part of the article analyses private law contracts, which can be found in the Sasanian Law Book called Madigan I Hazar Dadestan, such as sale, barter, donation, lease, and loan, together with legal guarantees such as surety and pledge. In addition to legal dogmatics, attention is also paid to gaps in the law and the opportunities they provide for parties to achieve unlawful ends with legal means, as well as the prudence of Sasanian lawyers and how they stopped such abuses of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketplace of ideas metaphor has long influenced how scholars and practitioners understand public relations' role in U.S. discourse and democratic society, yet it is rarely questioned. We argue that the unacknowledged aspirations and Western, capitalist values embedded in the marketplace of ideas could cloud understandings of public relations in society and absolve practitioners of certain consequences of the discourses they put forth due to the function of the invisible hand symbolism operating within it. This work draws mostly from rhetorical and marketplace theory in public relations, including fully functioning society, to present five central limitations of the marketplace metaphor. A case example of U.S. discourse about trans women in sports showcases the shortcomings of the marketplace metaphor in practice. We introduce the bazaar and other compatible metaphors to inspire alternative, figurative thinking about societal communication and address some of the limitations we present, though we also ask questions about the marketplace of ideas to improve its fit with contemporary public relations. This essay offers theoretical and practical contributions by extending metaphors to explain practitioner responsibility in societal discourse and outline the importance of suiting metaphors to particular public relations contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a macro-foundation for why the specific value of 2% is a valid inflation target. The approach postulates that innovations generate transactional cost savings by comparison to barter. The optimal velocity of money is derived as a function of productivity growth and of long-term and short-term interest rates, with coefficients reflecting the leverage ratio of depository institutions and the degree of bias in technical progress in the transaction technology. The model is tested for the U.S. (for aggregates M1, M1RS, and M1S) over the period 1959–2007. Setting the inflation target rate equal to the growth rate of velocity leads to an inflation rate near 2% and is akin to pursuing the Friedman k-% rule. This rule provides flexibility to prevent deflation. A long-term Taylor-type rule is derived. A robustness test is also conducted by extending the sample period up to 2023, covering sustained episodes of unconventional U.S. monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the very simple stages of human civilization, the provision of the necessities of life was carried out by exchanging necessities (bartering). Money has a very strategic position in the world economic system, so it is not easy to replace it with other media. In Islamic economics, money is only seen as a medium of exchange, and not as a commodity. The role of money is intended to eliminate injustice, dishonesty, and exploitation in the barter economy. Initially, the function of money was namely as a medium of exchange. However, in its development, the main function began to shift. Economic system analysts view the function of money not only as a medium of exchange but also as a commodity so that money can be bought and sold like a commodity. In this research, the author formulates a problem as to what is the concept of money from an Islamic economic perspective and its function from an Islamic economic perspective. In this research, the author uses library research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

« Here are some fruit, some flowers, some leaves and some branches », French poet Paul Verlaine wrote in 1874. Discursively and concretely, plants have pride of place in everyday practices of gift-giving. At the political level, many examples show that botanical objects were frequently used as gifts. During the long 19th century, living plants, seeds and specimens are widely circulated within and between European empires. These transactions are often performed without using money, objects being offered, exchanged or bartered. Produced in botanical gardens, which are then central to colonial economies, plants and objects derived from them are fragile artefacts. Their often uncertain value is both symbolic and economic, since these objects are taken into a set of complex relationships between the scientific, mercantile, and political spheres. They testify to the ambiguity of inter-imperial scientific relations, marked by a constant tension between cooperation and rivalry. The case of the gifts offered in the 1820s by botanist Nathaniel Wallich (1785-1854) from the collections of the botanic garden in Calcutta illustrates the tensions and difficulties related to the use of objects derived from plants as a sort of currency contributing to the creation of a symbolic capital. This study explores the notion of « fragile diplomacy », the non-monetary circulation of desired objects the value of which is subject to unpredictable variations.

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using detailed administrative data that link French firms and workers over the years 2002 to 2007, the authors document declines in worker-level wages ahead of the time their employer is acquired by a foreign firm that are more than offset by gains in wages that emerge after cross-border acquisition. Specifically, relative wages fall by an estimated 7.5% in the years just before foreign acquisition, and they rise by approximately 12.5% in the years afterward. Changes in workers' earnings are evident in both wages and in-kind payments given to workers. Moreover, the authors provide theoretical foundations for the conditional mean independence assumption that underlies commonly applied empirical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic must be analyzed as a syndemic, resulting from the interaction between diseases and political and socioeconomic macro-processes that affect food sovereignty, mainly of women. The peasant movements propose, as a way out of the multi-crises, the transformation of the food system, based on food sovereignty and feminist principles. In this article, we use data from a transdisciplinary investigation and a report produced by women to guide actions in relation to gender issues, COVID-19 and food systems, as a basis for the analysis of a particular case in Mexico: the initiatives carried out to confront the COVID-19 syndemic by coffee-growing women, peasant and popular feminists, in two communities in the mountains of Veracruz. The objective of this article is to demonstrate that these women have managed to strengthen the bonds of solidarity in their communities, of reciprocity with Mother Earth and comprehensive health care through the strengthening of ancestral practices (plant gathering and barter), and new tools (self-care circles and digital media). This article demonstrates how the ways of life of these women, their creativity and resilience materialize locally, and thus proposes the construction of another narrative by and about peasant women.

The “Esquela Tusuy” dance is a cultural manifestation deeply rooted in the Uchumiri Peasant Community (Condesuyos, Peru), reflecting the intersection between traditional cultural practices and community identity. This ethnographic study reveals how the dance, beyond being a mere artistic expression, is a complex system of meanings that articulates social relations, economic practices of barter, and Andean spirituality, through the veneration of Pachamama and Apu Coropuna. The dance is organized around rituals that include the preparation, journey, and return of the llama herders, being a living expression of collective memory and a mechanism of social cohesion. The adopted methodology was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, allowing a detailed understanding of Uchumiri’s cultural dynamics. Despite contemporary challenges, “Esquela Tusuy” remains a central pillar for the affirmation of cultural identity and community resistance, underlining the importance of dance in the conservation of cultural heritage and in the articulation of local identities against national narratives.

The academy has traditionally tended to classify the study about money into two approaches that are often considered incompatible: commodity money and debt money. The first one presents money as a commodity that, thanks to its particular characteristics, allows transactions to be carried out in a much more efficient way than the simple barter. The second one considers that money is a type of debt used in a certain institutional context to facilitate transactions, normally issued by one State to distribute the resources produced in the territory over which it exercises its power. In this work, it is argued that these two approaches are not necessarily incompatible and that an analytical tool can be used to detect a common framework and thus better address the nature of money: the "control space" of the State. JEL Classification: E40, E42, E52 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since acquiring money is not, and is not intended to be, directly in the social interest, the economic principles suitable for capitalism must, in the long run, resolve the possible institutional conflicts between acquiring money for the business enterprise and producing real output for the benefit of society-at-large. Mainstream economic theory since Adam Smith has suppressed this structural quarrel by presuming the capitalist monetary economy operates as if it were a barter economy. Ironically, money as an institution of capitalism is presumed neutral with respect to both employment and output, but President Lincoln never believed this, and in the Mercantilist tradition of Hamilton-Adams-Clay- Carey ("The American System"), his Greenbacks institutionally effectuated the National Capitalism of the(se) United States. At issue had been whether to concentrate capital (North) or disperse it westward (South), whether to create a national bank to finance internal growth (North) or whether to oppose the system of finance-capital and paper credit (South). Throughout the Civil War, the North's non-neutral view of money versus the South's (orthodox commodityexchange) neutral view of money proved critical to this embattled national decision of societal production (North) versus State's rights. Ultimately, the North's instituting the monetary-economic insights of the National Capitalist via Abraham Lincoln proved decisive [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large Brazilian agribusiness lender introduces a new contracting technology: grain warehouses. Using runner‐up warehouse locations as a control group, I find that construction of these warehouses permits a new debt contract, namely, barter credit repayable in grain. This contract increases borrowers' debt capacity and reduces borrowing costs. The effects are stronger when grain price risk is higher, for municipalities with weaker courts, and for financially constrained borrowers. These findings are consistent with barter credit reducing financial market imperfections by mitigating borrowers' output price risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the complexities of assessing the correct basis for taxation in barter transactions involving influencers, bloggers, and other service providers who receive non-monetary compensation. It explores the subjective approach of the European Court of Justice in determining the basis of assessment and highlights the challenges and potential limitations of this method in practical situations.

The evolution of currency traces its roots back to the earliest stages of human civilization, where various modes of exchange, ranging from barter to metal-based transactions, shaped the landscape of trade. The initial practice of direct goods exchange, known as barter, was succeeded by the Commodity System, wherein specific items served as mediums of trade. The Metal System further streamlined transactions through the use of metal coins, although it presented its own set of challenges. The shift from physical commodities to symbolic representations of value marked a crucial turning point, leading to the introduction of paper currency as a means to address the complexities associated with metal-based transactions. Notably, historical records indicate widespread acknowledgement of the legitimacy of these evolving exchange systems by Muslim scholars. However, a pivotal moment arose in 1971 when paper currency detached from tangible assets like gold and silver, sparking diverse opinions among Muslim scholars regarding its compatibility with Shariah principles. In the contemporary era, the landscape of currency has expanded to include credit cards and digital currencies as alternative mediums of exchange. The advent of these modern methods has prompted ongoing discussions among scholars about their Shariah status. This article delves into the historical trajectory of currency evolution and explores the diverse perspectives within the Muslim scholarly community regarding the Shariah compliance of both traditional and contemporary forms of currency. By doing so, it aims to shed light on the intricate and multifaceted nature of exchange systems throughout history and in our present times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze technology as the instrument that facilitates and drives the development of collaborative strategies. The focus is the promotion of mutual support initiatives originating from the population, in the central highlands of Ecuador (the Andes). The Design/Methodology is quantitative, with descriptive and inferential scope with nonprobabilistic sampling, made up of direct observation, interviews and surveys applied to 215 people. Inferential statistics are applied by classification of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) type in R-Studio. The results obtained reveal that, on average, users exchanged 14 products, although the reliable range includes between 10 to 18 products, a result that is evidenced by the standard deviation. Technology is socially shaped; therefore, the use of technological platforms stimulates collaborative exchange that allows the population to survive, seen as a practice that is resumed to minimize and compensate for the inefficiency of the state. Three aspects to highlight: a) barter resurfaces when capitalist exchange breaks down and technology favors this type of exchange; b) the state is replaced by community and family leadership and the social subject is redefined beyond a "citizen"; and c) the denial of the classic capitalist system, by managing to transfer value without transferring currency, supported by technology. Originality/Value through the absence of studies that connect topics such as technology-barter is well covered in this article, it is an addition for those interested in socialeconomic sciences and who want to find novel topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old manuscripts are cultural products of the ancestors of modern Indonesians and contain highly valuable cultural information. As such, they were sought after by other nations, who have managed to acquire them in various ways, including by taking them, bartering them with other items or buying them. It is thus no wonder that a lot of Indonesian manuscripts are now housed in various institutions in other countries, including the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (STABI) in Germany. This article aims to describe the Indonesian manuscripts that are now housed in STABI and to trace how they ended up there, with a particular focus on the physical condition of the manuscripts using the codicological approach. As the research shows, the Indonesian manuscripts housed in STABI are from various regions, including Java, the Batak lands, Aceh, Bima, Lampung and Makassar, and in the Malay language used all over Southeast Asia. The manuscripts date from the 15th century onwards, and they were acquired as a result of purchase or as gifts from certain institutions or individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)