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Zowel slaapproblemen als hypnoticagebruik nemen in onze maatschappij een belangrijke plaats in. Volgens Anthierens gebruikt 13% van de bevolking wel eens benzodiazepines. 1 De Folia Farmacotherapeutica besluit tot een cijfer van 10%, wat volgens hen kan oplopen tot 20 a 50% in rust- en verzorgingstehuizen.2 Het probleem kent nog steeds een stijgende incidentie3, ondanks het verslavende karakter van benzodiazepines, het uitgebreide nevenwerkingenprofiel en de beperkte efficientie om de slaapkwaliteit en slaapduur op lange termijn te verbeteren.2,4 Voorgaande masterproeven hebben in kwalitatief onderzoek artsen en patienten bevraagd om dit fenomeen te verklaren.5-8 Men constateerde een gedeelde verantwoordelijkheid: de arts zou over te weinig tijd en kennis beschikken om de patient te begeleiden in de afbouw, terwijl de patient onvoldoende ‘sceptisch’ staat tegenover chronisch slaapmiddelengebruik en de nadelen.

Observations of gas bubbles in liquid metal are strongly hindered by the opacity of metals. To circumvent this limitation, the authors recently proposed to study such systems under quasi-2D flow conditions in a Hele-Shaw cell. The current paper presents a successful application of this approach for nitrogen bubbles in liquid zinc at 973 K (700 °C) in a fused quartz cell with a thickness of 1.5 mm. At low oxygen levels, the cell walls are not wetted by the liquid zinc, and bubbles can be observed directly through the transparent cell walls. Furthermore, using a moving high-speed camera that travels upwards with the bubbles, their properties are quantified in detail along the entire trajectory. In the range of equivalent diameters between 5.9 and 9.0 mm, this reveals a single periodic flow regime in which bubbles follow a sinusoidal path with a characteristic frequency of 3.31 Hz. In addition, systematic intermediate accelerations are observed of which the origin remains unexplained. Considering the unprecedented resolution of such observations for bubbles in liquid metals, especially at high temperatures, it is expected that this approach will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern gas injection in pyrometallurgy.

Buoyancy-driven single bubble behaviour in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell with various gap Reynolds numbers Re(h/d) 2 has been studied. Two gap thicknesses, h = 0.5 mm (Re(h/d) 2 = 1.0–8.5) and 1 mm (Re(h/d) 2 = 6.0–50) were used to represent low and high gap Reynolds number flow. Periodic shape oscillation and path vibration were observed once the gap Reynolds number exceeds the critical value of 8.5. The bubble behaviour was also numerically simulated by taking a two-dimensional volume of fluid method coupled with a continuum surface force model and a wall friction model in the commercial computational fluid dynamics package Fluent. By adjusting the viscous resistance values, the bubble dynamics in the two gap thicknesses can be simulated. For the main flow properties including shape, path, terminal velocity, horizontal vibration, and shape oscillation, good agreement is obtained between experiment and simulation. The estimated terminal velocity is 10%–50% higher than the observed one when the bubble diameter d ≤ 5 mm, h = 0.5 mm and 9% higher when d ≤ 18 mm, h = 1.0 mm. The estimated oscillation frequency is 50% higher than the observed value. Three-dimensional effects and spurious vortices are most likely the reason for this inaccuracy. The simulation confirms that the thin liquid films between gas bubbles and the cell walls have a limited effect on the bubble dynamics. ispartof: Physics of Fluids vol:26 issue:12 pages:123303-1 status: published

High quality observations of mesoscopic gas bubbles in liquid metal are vital for a further development of pyrometallurgical gas injection reactors. The opacity of metals however enforces the use of indirect imaging techniques with limited temporal or spatial resolution. In addition, accurate interface tracking requires tomography which further complicates the design of a high temperature experimental setup. In this paper an alternative approach is suggested that circumvents these two main restrictions. By injecting gas in a thin layer of liquid metal entrapped between two flat and closely spaced plates, bubbles in a Hele-Shaw flow regime are generated. The resulting quasi-2D multiphase flow phenomena can be fully captured from a single point of view and, when using a non-wetted transparent plate material, the bubbles can be observed directly. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by observations on buoyancy driven nitrogen bubbles in liquid mercury in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell. By using a moving high speed camera to make continuous close up recordings of individual bubbles, the position and geometry of these bubbles are quantified with a high resolution along their entire path. After a thorough evaluation of the experimental accuracy, this information is used for a detailed analysis of the bubble expansion along the path. While the observed bubble growth is mainly caused by the hydrostatic pressure gradient, a careful assessment of the volume variations for smaller bubbles shows that an accurate bubble description should account for significant dynamic pressure variations that seem to be largely regime dependent. ispartof: Experiments in Fluids vol:55 issue:1 pages:1-13 status: published

Bubbles in confined geometries serve an important role for industrial operations involving bubble-liquid interactions. However, high Reynolds number bubble dynamics in confined flows are still not well understood due to experimental challenges. In the present paper, combined experimental and numerical methods are used to provide a comprehensive insight into these dynamics. The bubble behaviour in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell is investigated experimentally with a fully wetting liquid for a variety of gap thicknesses. A numerical model is developed using the volume of fluid method coupled with a continuum surface force model and a wall friction model. The developed model successfully simulates the dynamics of a bubble under the present experimental conditions and shows good agreement between experimental and simulation results. It is found that with an increased spacing between the cell walls, the bubble shape changes from oblate ellipsoid and spherical-cap to more complicated shapes, while the bubble path changes from only rectilinear to a combination of oscillating and rectilinear; the bubble drag coefficient decreases and this results in a higher bubble velocity caused by a lower pressure exerted on the bubble; the wake boundary and wake length evolve gradually accompanied by vortex formation and shedding.

Exergy based efficiency analysis provides a powerful tool for optimizing industrial processes. In this paper, the use of this technique for pyrometallurgical applications is explored in four steps. First, the exergy concept is introduced, the outline of exergy calculations is presented and the role of a reference state is discussed. Second, it is shown that an unambiguous exergy calculation for pyrometallurgical streams with a complex, unknown phase composition is not straightforward. Hence, a practical methodology is proposed in which a suitable phase-based stream description is estimated prior to the actual exergy calculation. For this, the equilibrium phase composition is calculated while all known stream properties are incorporated as boundary conditions. Thirdly, the proposed methodology is validated by recalculating literature results. This reveals significant deviations for exergy values of the same pyrometallurgical streams. Our results are probably more accurate due to the incorporation of additional phase related information. And fourthly, a full analysis of a zinc recycling process is presented. In a base case scenario, the total exergetic efficiency turns out to be only 1.2%. Based on this result, different process modifications are suggested and quantitatively evaluated. We find that significant efficiency gains are possible. ispartof: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science vol:41 issue:6 pages:1205-1219 status: published