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The first half of this thesis begins from what for me are the four most significant innovations of twentieth century music: systematic composition methods, electronic and digital technology, free improvisation, and awareness of the historical, geographical and social dimensions of music. Possibilities for radicalising these areas are discussed, in the course of which several concepts central to my musical thinking, such as "radically idiomatic instrumentalism" and "seeded improvisation" are introduced. The second half focuses on the works submitted in the composition portfolio, both as practical explorations of the ideas discussed in the first half and as the environment in which those ideas originate and continue to evolve. These are world-line for electric lap steel guitar with trumpet, percussion and electronics, close-up for electroacoustic sextet, urlicht for percussion trio, eiszeiten for brass trio and electronics, and wake for three instrumental trios and electronics, all of which address from different directions the central issues of this research: the application to notated composition of concepts emerging from free improvisation, including highly systematic approaches, and an attempt to fuse the aforementioned innovations into a unified and coherent creative practice, in order to widen the way to future possibilities, and perhaps not only musical ones.

One of the ways in which children of depressed parents are affected is in the area of cognitive schemata. In cognitive behavioral theory, schemata drive emotions and therefore influence behavior. Subsequently, a better understanding of the cognitive schemata of children of depressed parents is attempted in this paper. It offers a review of the theoretical literature on schema development, empirical literature on children of depressed parents, discusses the intersection of the two, and how research and theory influence each other. Most of the research here focuses on children from the ages of birth through four years old. Results indicate that the parenting process is truncated by depression in either parent, affecting the child's attachment and influencing the development of cognitive schemata of the child. Some of the other factors that affect the development of cognitive schemata of children of depressed parents included the child's own brain activity and the relational environment of the home where the child lives. It seems that children of depressed parents are forced into self-sufficiency beyond their capabilities, and so they experience a sense of failure before they are capable of processing disappointment. Fear also plays a large role in their cognitive schemata. (RJM)

This thesis is divided into three parts. Part One introduces the context of the debate. Chapter One looks at relevant secondary literature relating to inter war Lancashire and four main themes are discussed, Mosley and his road to the BUF, the cotton industry in the inter war years, politics in Lancashire and finally anti Semitism and the development of the Jewish communities of Manchester and Liverpool. The second chapter presents themes linking the BUF and Lancashire, most notably cotton and Fascist plans to reinvigorate that industry. Linked to this is the BUF accusation that Jewish controlled international finance was largely responsible for the travails of the cotton industry - the question of Jewish control of international finance and the consequences of this being a constant one throughout the first two parts of the thesis. The changing attitude of the BUF to parliamentarism is also examined. Part Two begins with a case study of Manchester which notes the inclusive and diverse nature of anti BUF activism in the city and the nature of Jewish opposition to the Movement. Left characterisation of the National Government, another recurrent theme is highlighted, as are the unproductive electoral forays late in the period under review. Chapter Four examines the nature of responses to the BUF in Liverpool and the impact of a highly sectarian local politics on available political space is examined. This theme of electoral space is another constant throughout the thesis. The last local case study, of the cotton towns and in particular Nelson, notes a diversity of response to the BUF. Nelson is seen as having a radical civic culture and political allegiances characterised by youthful optimism, these factors combining to produce a confident response to the BUF. The following chapter examines the response of the Anglo Jewish elite to the threat of the BUF. Jewish opposition to the BUF was highly diverse. The response of the elite was couched in modest and traditional terms, being less concerned with Fascism or anti Semitism than with the often violent confrontational activism of parts of the Jewish community. The question as to whether elite responses meant a tacit acceptance ofBUF slanders is also discussed. The role of Neville Laski as an important conduit between Manchester Jewry, Anglo Jewry at the national level and the state is considered as is the wide intelligence gathering capacity of the Anglo Jewish elite, to the benefit of both themselves and the state. The following chapter considers the role of the state in monitoring BUF/anti Fascist activism. The links between the state at the local and national level are highlighted as is the question of the circumscription of civil liberties, notably in Manchester. The response to Cable Street in terms of the Public Order Act of 1937 is questioned as is the alleged development of a conservative authoritarian state. Chapters eight and nine offer explanations for the political stability of Britain in the inter war years, this being contrasted with regime failure in Germany and Italy. Reasons for the success of the Nazis in Germany and PNF in Italy are contrasted with the failure of the BUF in Britain, the question of political space being seen to have important explanatory relevance. The final chapter focusses on Britain and the importance of the maintenance of two party competition. The role of the Conservative Party is examined as is the National Government and the enduring strength of the political settlement post 1931. The moderation of the Labour Party and its relative weakness post 1931 is considered as is the weakness of the CPGB in comparison with its German counterpart. Factors linked to political development are highlighted as having useful explanatory worth, these themes include the contrasting abilities of the ruling elites in Germany and Britain and the legitimacy of the moderate British left.