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1. Evaluating the relationship between conditional cash transfer programme on preterm births: a retrospective longitudinal study using the 100 million Brazilian cohort

Author

Ortelan, Naiá, de Almeida, Márcia Furquim, Pinto Júnior, Elzo Pereira, Bispo, Nivea, Fiaccone, Rosemeire L., Falcão, Ila Rocha, Rocha, Aline dos Santos, Ramos, Dandara, Paixão, Enny S., de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva, Rita, Rodrigues, Laura C., Barreto, Mauricio L., and Ichihara, Maria Yury T.

Published
2024
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3. Selecting Subpopulations for Causal Inference in Regression Discontinuity Designs

Author

Forastiere, Laura, Mattei, Alessandra, Pescarini, Julia M., Barreto, Mauricio L., and Mealli, Fabrizia

Subjects
Statistics - Methodology
Abstract

The Brazil Bolsa Familia (BF) program is a conditional cash transfer program aimed to reduce short-term poverty by direct cash transfers and to fight long-term poverty by increasing human capital among poor Brazilian people. Eligibility for Bolsa Familia benefits depends on a cutoff rule, which classifies the BF study as a regression discontinuity (RD) design. Extracting causal information from RD studies is challenging. Following Li et al (2015) and Branson and Mealli (2019), we formally describe the BF RD design as a local randomized experiment within the potential outcome approach. Under this framework, causal effects can be identified and estimated on a subpopulation where a local overlap assumption, a local SUTVA and a local ignorability assumption hold. We first discuss the potential advantages of this framework over local regression methods based on continuity assumptions, which concern the definition of the causal estimands, the design and the analysis of the study, and the interpretation and generalizability of the results. A critical issue of this local randomization approach is how to choose subpopulations for which we can draw valid causal inference. We propose a Bayesian model-based finite mixture approach to clustering to classify observations into subpopulations where the RD assumptions hold and do not hold. This approach has important advantages: a) it allows to account for the uncertainty in the subpopulation membership, which is typically neglected; b) it does not impose any constraint on the shape of the subpopulation; c) it is scalable to high-dimensional settings; e) it allows to target alternative causal estimands than the average treatment effect (ATE); and f) it is robust to a certain degree of manipulation/selection of the running variable. We apply our proposed approach to assess causal effects of the Bolsa Familia program on leprosy incidence in 2009.

Published
2022

4. The impact of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: A cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians

Author

Pinto, Priscila F. P. S., Macinko, James, Silva, Andréa F., Lua, Iracema, Jesus, Gabriela, Magno, Laio, Santos, Carlos A. S. Teles, Ichihara, Maria Yury, Barreto, Mauricio L., Moucheraud, Corrina, Souza, Luis E., Dourado, Inês, and Rasella, Davide

Subjects
Mortality -- Brazil, Primary health care -- Health aspects -- Analysis, AIDS (Disease) -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for effective, efficient, and more equitable health systems for all people, including those living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the impact of the exposure to one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. Methods and findings A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2015. We conducted an impact evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 [greater than or equal to]13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the impact of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and compared outcomes between residents of municipalities with low or no FHS coverage (unexposed) with those in municipalities with 100% FHS coverage (exposed). We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated the FHS impact by sex and age and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses; 100% FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.84) and mortality (RR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.56 to 0.82). FHS impact was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged [greater than or equal to]35 years old both for incidence (RR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.72) and mortality (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.72). The absence of important confounding variables (e.g., sexual behavior) is a key limitation of this study. Conclusions AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030., Author(s): Priscila F. P. S. Pinto 1,2, James Macinko 3, Andréa F. Silva 1,2, Iracema Lua 1,2, Gabriela Jesus 1,2, Laio Magno 4, Carlos A. S. Teles Santos 2, Maria [...]

Published
2024
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6. Do social protection programmes affect the burden of breast and cervical cancer? A systematic review

Author

Gabrielli, Ligia, Alvim Matos, Sheila M., Luísa Patrão, Ana, Góes, Emanuelle F., da Conceição C. Almeida, Maria, M.S. Menezes, Greice, dos-Santos-Silva, Isabel, Azevedo e Silva, Gulnar, Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria, Barreto, Mauricio L., Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Leyland, Alastair H., Ferreira Campos, Luana, Maria Dias Fernandes de Novaes, Ester, de Almeida Pereira, Daniela, Rodrigues Santana, Elvira, Rodrigues Gonçalves Zeferino, Fernanda, Cleide da Silva Dias, Ana, Fernandes, Fábio G., Cristina de Oliveira Costa, Ana, and M.L. Aquino, Estela

Published
2024
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8. Gut microbiome signature and nasal lavage inflammatory markers in young people with asthma

Author

Sampaio Dotto Fiuza, Bianca, Machado de Andrade, Candace, Meirelles, Pedro Milet, Santos da Silva, Jorley, de Jesus Silva, Milca, Vila Nova Santana, Cinthia, Pimentel Pinheiro, Gabriela, Mpairwe, Harriet, Cooper, Philip, Brooks, Collin, Pembrey, Lucy, Taylor, Steven, Douwes, Jeroen, Cruz, Álvaro A., Barreto, Mauricio L., Pearce, Neil, and Figueiredo, Camila A.V.

Published
2024
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21. The effects of social determinants of health on acquired immune deficiency syndrome in a low-income population of Brazil: a retrospective cohort study of 28.3 million individuals

Author

Lua, Iracema, Silva, Andrea F., Guimarães, Nathalia S., Magno, Laio, Pescarini, Julia, Anderle, Rodrigo V.R., Ichihara, Maria Yury, Barreto, Mauricio L., Teles Santos, Carlos A.S., Chenciner, Louisa, Souza, Luis Eugênio, Macinko, James, Dourado, Ines, and Rasella, Davide

Published
2023
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23. A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat

Author

Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Romero, Diana, Kopka, Christopher J., Karim, Salim Abdool, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Almeida, Gisele, Baptista-Leite, Ricardo, Barocas, Joshua A., Barreto, Mauricio L., Bar-Yam, Yaneer, Bassat, Quique, Batista, Carolina, Bazilian, Morgan, Chiou, Shu-Ti, del Rio, Carlos, Dore, Gregory J., Gao, George F., Gostin, Lawrence O., Hellard, Margaret, Jimenez, Jose L., Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Nancy, Matičič, Mojca, McKee, Martin, Nsanzimana, Sabin, Oliu-Barton, Miquel, Pradelski, Bary, Pyzik, Oksana, Rabin, Kenneth, Raina, Sunil, Rashid, Sabina Faiz, Rathe, Magdalena, Saenz, Rocio, Singh, Sudhvir, Trock-Hempler, Malene, Villapol, Sonia, Yap, Peiling, Binagwaho, Agnes, Kamarulzaman, Adeeba, and El-Mohandes, Ayman

Published
2022
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27. Wildfire, deforestation and health in tropical rainforest areas: a scoping review protocol

Author

Casais, Gustavo, primary, Guimarães, Nathalia Sernizon, additional, Cortes, Taísa Rodrigues, additional, Pescarini, Julia, additional, Rebouças de Magalhães, Poliana, additional, Wells, Valerie, additional, de Sousa Filho, José Firmino, additional, Delgado Neves, Danielson Jorge, additional, Shimonovich, Michal, additional, Olsen, Jonathan R, additional, de Carvalho Neto, Edgar Marcelino, additional, Cooper, Philip, additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Emanuel, Lucas, additional, Andrade, Roberto F S, additional, Ferreira dos Santos, Gervasio, additional, and Barreto, Mauricio L, additional

Published
2024
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28. Vaccine effectiveness of two-dose BNT162b2 against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 among adolescents in Brazil and Scotland over time: a test-negative case-control study

Author

Florentino, Pilar T V, Millington, Tristan, Cerqueira-Silva, Thiago, Robertson, Chris, de Araújo Oliveira, Vinicius, Júnior, Juracy B S, Alves, Flávia J O, Penna, Gerson O, Vital Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Boaventura, Viviane S, Werneck, Guilherme L, Pearce, Neil, McCowan, Colin, Sullivan, Christopher, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Grange, Zoe, Ritchie, Lewis D, Simpson, Colin R, Sheikh, Aziz, Barreto, Mauricio L, Rudan, Igor, Barral-Netto, Manoel, and Paixão, Enny S

Published
2022
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30. Effectiveness of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S among individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil: a test-negative, case-control study

Author

Cerqueira-Silva, Thiago, Andrews, Jason R, Boaventura, Viviane S, Ranzani, Otavio T, de Araújo Oliveira, Vinicius, Paixão, Enny S, Júnior, Juracy Bertoldo, Machado, Tales Mota, Hitchings, Matt D T, Dorion, Murilo, Lind, Margaret L, Penna, Gerson O, Cummings, Derek A T, Dean, Natalie E, Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro, Pearce, Neil, Barreto, Mauricio L, Ko, Albert I, Croda, Julio, and Barral-Netto, Manoel

Published
2022
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31. CoronaVac vaccine is effective in preventing symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in pregnant women in Brazil: a test-negative case-control study

Author

Paixao, Enny S., Wong, Kerry L. M., Alves, Flavia Jôse Oliveira, de Araújo Oliveira, Vinicius, Cerqueira-Silva, Thiago, Júnior, Juracy Bertoldo, Machado, Tales Mota, Junior, Elzo Pereira Pinto, Boaventura, Viviane S., Penna, Gerson O., Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro, Rodrigues, Laura C., Pearce, Neil, Barreto, Mauricio L., and Barral-Netto, Manoel

Published
2022
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32. Author Correction: Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil

Author

Naslavsky, Michel S., Scliar, Marilia O., Yamamoto, Guilherme L., Wang, Jaqueline Yu Ting, Zverinova, Stepanka, Karp, Tatiana, Nunes, Kelly, Ceroni, José Ricardo Magliocco, de Carvalho, Diego Lima, da Silva Simões, Carlos Eduardo, Bozoklian, Daniel, Nonaka, Ricardo, dos Santos Brito Silva, Nayane, da Silva Souza, Andreia, de Souza Andrade, Heloísa, Passos, Marília Rodrigues Silva, Castro, Camila Ferreira Bannwart, Mendes-Junior, Celso T., Mercuri, Rafael L. V., Miller, Thiago L. A., Buzzo, Jose Leonel, Rego, Fernanda O., Araújo, Nathalia M., Magalhães, Wagner C. S., Mingroni-Netto, Regina Célia, Borda, Victor, Guio, Heinner, Rojas, Carlos P., Sanchez, Cesar, Caceres, Omar, Dean, Michael, Barreto, Mauricio L., Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda, Horta, Bernardo L., Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo, Meyer, Diogo, Galante, Pedro A. F., Guryev, Victor, Castelli, Erick C., Duarte, Yeda A. O., Passos-Bueno, Maria Rita, and Zatz, Mayana

Published
2022
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34. Population-based surveillance for congenital zika virus syndrome: a latent class analysis of recorded cases from 2015–2018

Author

Paixao, Enny S., Rodrigues, Laura C., Costa, Maria da Conceição N., de Carvalho-Sauer, Rita de Cassia Oliveira, Oliveira, Wanderson K., Cardim, Luciana L., Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia, Andrade, Roberto F. S., Rodrigues, Moreno S., Brickley, Elizabeth B., Veiga, Rafael V., Costa, Larissa C., Carmo, Eduardo H., Smeeth, Liam, Barreto, Mauricio L., and Teixeira, Maria Gloria

Published
2022
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36. Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil

Author

Naslavsky, Michel S., Scliar, Marilia O., Yamamoto, Guilherme L., Wang, Jaqueline Yu Ting, Zverinova, Stepanka, Karp, Tatiana, Nunes, Kelly, Ceroni, José Ricardo Magliocco, de Carvalho, Diego Lima, da Silva Simões, Carlos Eduardo, Bozoklian, Daniel, Nonaka, Ricardo, dos Santos Brito Silva, Nayane, da Silva Souza, Andreia, de Souza Andrade, Heloísa, Passos, Marília Rodrigues Silva, Castro, Camila Ferreira Bannwart, Mendes-Junior, Celso T., Mercuri, Rafael L. V., Miller, Thiago L. A., Buzzo, Jose Leonel, Rego, Fernanda O., Araújo, Nathalia M., Magalhães, Wagner C. S., Mingroni-Netto, Regina Célia, Borda, Victor, Guio, Heinner, Rojas, Carlos P., Sanchez, Cesar, Caceres, Omar, Dean, Michael, Barreto, Mauricio L., Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda, Horta, Bernardo L., Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo, Meyer, Diogo, Galante, Pedro A. F., Guryev, Victor, Castelli, Erick C., Duarte, Yeda A. O., Passos-Bueno, Maria Rita, and Zatz, Mayana

Published
2022
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39. Two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths over time: a retrospective, population-based cohort study in Scotland and Brazil

Author

Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Cerqueira-Silva, Thiago, Vasileiou, Eleftheria, Robertson, Chris, Amele, Sarah, Pan, Jiafeng, Taylor, Bob, Boaventura, Viviane, Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro, Flores-Ortiz, Renzo, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Docherty, Annemarie B, McCowan, Colin, McMenamin, Jim, Moore, Emily, Ritchie, Lewis D, Rudan, Igor, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Shi, Ting, Simpson, Colin R, Barreto, Mauricio L, Oliveira, Vinicius de Araujo, Barral-Netto, Manoel, and Sheikh, Aziz

Published
2022
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40. Comparing the effect of imputation reference panel composition in four distinct Latin American cohorts

Author

French, Jennifer N, primary, Borda Pua, Victor Octavio, additional, Laboulaye, Roland, additional, Peixoto Leal, Thiago, additional, Cornejo-Olivas, Mario, additional, Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda, additional, Horta, Bernardo L., additional, Barreto, Mauricio L, additional, Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo, additional, Mata, Ignacio, additional, and O'Connor, Timothy D., additional

Published
2024
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41. The Minha Casa Minha Vida social housing programme and leprosy in Brazil: An analysis of the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2010-2015)

Author

Teixeira, Camila Silveira Silva, primary, Pescarini, Júlia Moreira, additional, Sanchez, Mauro Niskier, additional, Ferreira, Andrêa Jacqueline Fortes, additional, Fiaccone, Rosemeire Leovigildo, additional, Ichihara, Maria Yury, additional, Ortiz, Renzo Flores, additional, Brickley, Elizabeth B., additional, Craig, Peter, additional, Leyland, Alastair H., additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Penna, Maria Lucia F., additional, Penna, Gerson O., additional, Ribeiro-Silva, Rita de Cássia, additional, and Barreto, Mauricio L., additional

Published
2024
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42. Risk of mortality for small newborns in Brazil, 2011-2018: A national birth cohort study of 17.6 million records from routine register-based linked data

Author

Paixao, Enny S., Blencowe, Hannah, Falcao, Ila Rocha, Ohuma, Eric O., Rocha, Aline dos Santos, Alves, Flávia Jôse Oliveira, Costa, Maria da Conceição N., Suárez-Idueta, Lorena, Ortelan, Naiá, Smeeth, Liam, Rodrigues, Laura C., Lawn, Joy E, de Almeida, Marcia Furquim, Ichihara, Maria Yury, Silva, Rita de Cássia Ribeiro, Teixeira, Maria Gloria, and Barreto, Mauricio L.

Published
2021
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43. Mortality in children under 5 years of age with congenital syphilis in Brazil: A nationwide cohort study

Author

Paixao, Enny S., Ferreira, Andrêa JF, dos Santos, Idália Oliveira, Rodrigues, Laura C., Fiaccone, Rosemeire, Salvi, Leonardo, de Oliveira, Guilherme Lopes, Santana, José Guilherme, Cardoso, Andrey Moreira, Teles, Carlos Antônio de S. S., Soares, Maria Auxiliadora, Amaral, Eliana, Smeeth, Liam, Barreto, Mauricio L., and Ichihara, Maria Yury

Subjects
Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Congenital syphilis (CS) is a major and avoidable cause of neonatal death worldwide. In this study, we aimed to estimate excess all-cause mortality in children under 5 years with CS compared to those without CS. Methods and findings In this population-based cohort study, we used linked, routinely collected data from Brazil from January 2011 to December 2017. Cox survival models were adjusted for maternal region of residence, maternal age, education, material status, self-declared race and newborn sex, and year of birth and stratified according to maternal treatment status, non-treponemal titers and presence of signs and symptoms at birth. Over 7 years, a total of 20 057 013 live-born children followed up (through linkage) to 5 years of age, 93 525 were registered with CS, and 2 476 died. The all-cause mortality rate in the CS group was 7·84/1 000 person-years compared with 2·92/1 000 person-years in children without CS, crude hazard ratio (HR) = 2·41 (95% CI 2·31 to 2·50). In the fully adjusted model, the highest under-five mortality risk was observed among children with CS from untreated mothers HR = 2·82 (95% CI 2·63 to 3·02), infants with non-treponemal titer higher than 1:64 HR = 8·87 (95% CI 7·70 to 10·22), and children with signs and symptoms at birth HR = 7·10 (95% CI 6·60 to 7·63). Among children registered with CS, CS was recorded as the underlying cause of death in 33% (495/1 496) of neonatal, 11% (85/770) of postneonatal, and 2·9% (6/210) of children 1 year of age. The main limitations of this study were the use of a secondary database without additional clinical information and the potential misclassification of exposure status. Conclusions This study showed an increased mortality risk among children with CS that goes beyond the first year of life. It also reinforces the importance of maternal treatment that infant non-treponemal titers and the presence of signs and symptoms of CS at birth are strongly associated with subsequent mortality. Trial registration Observational study., Author(s): Enny S. Paixao 1,2,*, Andrêa JF Ferreira 2, Idália Oliveira dos Santos 2, Laura C. Rodrigues 1,2, Rosemeire Fiaccone 2,3, Leonardo Salvi 2, Guilherme Lopes de Oliveira 2,4, José [...]

Published
2023
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44. Causes of death in children with congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil, 2015 to 2018: A nationwide record linkage study

Author

Costa, Maria da Conceição N., Cardim, Luciana Lobato, Moore, Cynthia A., de Jesus, Eliene dos Santos, Carvalho-Sauer, Rita, Barreto, Mauricio L., Rodrigues, Laura C., Smeeth, Liam, Schuler-Faccini, Lavínia, Brickley, Elizabeth B., Oliveira, Wanderson K., Carmo, Eduardo Hage, Pescarini, Julia Moreira, Andrade, Roberto F. S., Rodrigues, Moreno M. S., Veiga, Rafael V., Costa, Larissa C., França, Giovanny V. A., Teixeira, Maria Gloria, and Paixão, Enny S.

Subjects
Perinatal infection -- Statistics -- Patient outcomes -- Complications and side effects, Communicable diseases in children -- Statistics -- Complications and side effects -- Patient outcomes, Pediatric research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have severe damage to the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS), greatly increasing the risk of death. However, there is no information on the sequence of the underlying, intermediate, immediate, and contributing causes of deaths among these children. The aims of this study are describe the sequence of events leading to death of children with CZS up to 36 months of age and their probability of dying from a given cause, 2015 to 2018. Methods and findings In a population-based study, we linked administrative data on live births, deaths, and cases of children with CZS from the SINASC (Live Birth Information System), the SIM (Mortality Information System), and the RESP (Public Health Event Records), respectively. Confirmed and probable cases of CZS were those that met the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The information on causes of death was collected from death certificates (DCs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) DC template. We estimated proportional mortality (PM%) among children with CZS and among children with non-Zika CNS congenital anomalies (CA) by 36 months of age and proportional mortality ratio by cause (PMRc). A total of 403 children with confirmed and probable CZS who died up to 36 months of age were included in the study; 81.9% were younger than 12 months of age. Multiple congenital malformations not classified elsewhere, and septicemia unspecified, with 18 (PM = 4.5%) and 17 (PM = 4.2%) deaths, respectively, were the most attested underlying causes of death. Unspecified septicemia (29 deaths and PM = 11.2%) and newborn respiratory failure (40 deaths and PM = 12.1%) were, respectively, the predominant intermediate and immediate causes of death. Fetuses and newborns affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases, unspecified cerebral palsy, and unspecified severe protein-caloric malnutrition were the underlying causes with the greatest probability of death in children with CZS (PMRc from 10.0 to 17.0) when compared to the group born with non-Zika CNS anomalies. Among the intermediate and immediate causes of death, pneumonitis due to food or vomiting and unspecified seizures (PMRc = 9.5, each) and unspecified bronchopneumonia (PMRc = 5.0) were notable. As contributing causes, fetus and newborn affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases (PMRc = 7.3), unspecified cerebral palsy, and newborn seizures (PMRc = 4.5, each) were more likely to lead to death in children with CZS than in the comparison group. The main limitations of this study were the use of a secondary database without additional clinical information and potential misclassification of cases and controls. Conclusion The sequence of causes and circumstances involved in the deaths of the children with CZS highlights the greater vulnerability of these children to infectious and respiratory conditions compared to children with abnormalities of the CNS not related to Zika., Author(s): Maria da Conceição N. Costa 1,2, Luciana Lobato Cardim 1, Cynthia A. Moore 3, Eliene dos Santos de Jesus 2,4, Rita Carvalho-Sauer 2,5, Mauricio L. Barreto 1,2, Laura C. [...]

Published
2023
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47. Admixture/fine-mapping in Brazilians reveals a West African associated potential regulatory variant (rs114066381) with a strong female-specific effect on body mass and fat mass indexes

Author

Scliar, Marilia O., Sant’Anna, Hanaisa P., Santolalla, Meddly L., Leal, Thiago P., Araújo, Nathalia M., Alvim, Isabela, Borda, Victor, Magalhães, Wagner C. S., Gouveia, Mateus H., Lyra, Ricardo, Machado, Moara, Michelin, Lucas, Rodrigues, Maíra R., Araújo, Gilderlanio S., Kehdy, Fernanda S. G., Zolini, Camila, Peixoto, Sérgio V., Luizon, Marcelo R., Lobo, Francisco, Naslavsky, Michel S., Yamamoto, Guilherme L., Duarte, Yeda A. O., Hansen, Matthew E. B., Norris, Shane A., Gilman, Robert H., Guio, Heinner, Hsing, Ann W., Mbulaiteye, Sam M., Mensah, James, Dutil, Julie, Yeager, Meredith, Yeboah, Edward, Tishkoff, Sarah A., Choudhury, Ananyo, Ramsay, Michele, Passos-Bueno, Maria Rita, Zatz, Mayana, O´Connor, Timothy D., Pereira, Alexandre C., Barreto, Mauricio L., Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda, Horta, Bernardo L., and Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo

Published
2021
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48. Effectiveness of mRNA boosters after homologous primary series with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 against symptomatic infection and severe COVID-19 in Brazil and Scotland: A test-negative design case-control study

Author

Cerqueira-Silva, Thiago, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Robertson, Chris, Sanchez, Mauro, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, de Araujo Oliveira, Vinicius, Paixão, Enny S., Rudan, Igor, Junior, Juracy Bertoldo, Penna, Gerson O., Pearce, Neil, Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro, Barreto, Mauricio L., Boaventura, Viviane S., Sheikh, Aziz, and Barral-Netto, Manoel

Subjects
Biological sciences, Comirnaty (Vaccine) -- Testing, AZD1222 (Vaccine) -- Testing -- Dosage and administration
Abstract

Background Brazil and Scotland have used mRNA boosters in their respective populations since September 2021, with Omicron's emergence accelerating their booster program. Despite this, both countries have reported substantial recent increases in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. The duration of the protection conferred by the booster dose against symptomatic Omicron cases and severe outcomes is unclear. Methods and findings Using a test-negative design, we analyzed national databases to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a primary series (with ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2) plus an mRNA vaccine booster (with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) against symptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes (hospitalization or death) during the period of Omicron dominance in Brazil and Scotland compared to unvaccinated individuals. Additional analyses included stratification by age group (18 to 49, 50 to 64, [greater than or equal to]65). All individuals aged 18 years or older who reported acute respiratory illness symptoms and tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 1, 2022, and April 23, 2022, in Brazil and Scotland were eligible for the study. At 14 to 29 days after the mRNA booster, the VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection of ChAdOx1 plus BNT162b2 booster was 51.6%, (95% confidence interval (CI): [51.0, 52.2], p < 0.001) in Brazil and 67.1% (95% CI [65.5, 68.5], p < 0.001) in Scotland. At [greater than or equal to]4 months, protection against symptomatic infection waned to 4.2% (95% CI [0.7, 7.6], p = 0.02) in Brazil and 37.4% (95% CI [33.8, 40.9], p < 0.001) in Scotland. VE against severe outcomes in Brazil was 93.5% (95% CI [93.0, 94.0], p < 0.001) at 14 to 29 days post-booster, decreasing to 82.3% (95% CI [79.7, 84.7], p < 0.001) and 98.3% (95% CI [87.3, 99.8], p < 0.001) to 77.8% (95% CI [51.4, 89.9], p < 0.001) in Scotland for the same periods. Similar results were obtained with the primary series of BNT162b2 plus homologous booster. Potential limitations of this study were that we assumed that all cases included in the analysis were due to the Omicron variant based on the period of dominance and the limited follow-up time since the booster dose. Conclusions We observed that mRNA boosters after a primary vaccination course with either mRNA or viral-vector vaccines provided modest, short-lived protection against symptomatic infection with Omicron but substantial and more sustained protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes for at least 3 months., Author(s): Thiago Cerqueira-Silva 1,2, Syed Ahmar Shah 3, Chris Robertson 4,5, Mauro Sanchez 6, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi 4,7, Vinicius de Araujo Oliveira 2,8, Enny S. Paixão 9, Igor Rudan 3, [...]

Published
2023
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49. Investigating extradomiciliary transmission of tuberculosis: An exploratory approach using social network patterns of TB cases and controls and the genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Author

Pinho, Suani T.R., Pereira, Susan M., Miranda, José G.V., Duarte, Tonya A., Nery, Joilda S., de Oliveira, Maeli G., Freitas, M. Yana G.S., De Almeida, Naila A., Moreira, Fabio B., Gomes, Raoni B.C., Kerr, Ligia, Kendall, Carl, Gomes, M. Gabriela M., Bessa, Theolis C.B., Andrade, Roberto F.S., and Barreto, Mauricio L.

Published
2020
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