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Tissue engineering offers, through new technologies, an ex vivo generation of organs and functional tissues as grafts for transplants, for the improvement and substitution of biological functions, with an absence of immunological response. The treatment of extended tracheal lesions is a substitution of the affected segment; nevertheless, the allogeneic transplant has failed and the use of synthetic materials has not had good results. New tissue engineering technology is being developed to offer a tracheal graft for a posterior implantation. The purpose of this article is to review all the methods and components used by the engineering of tissue for tracheal grafts.

Central airway obstruction and particularly tracheal stenosis is a clinical problem where definite resolution is a tracheal resection, evaluating the magnitude, length, and ventilatory compromise of patient. The resectable fragment is limited to 30% of the total length in children, or 6 cm in adults with terminal end anastomosis. The replacement of longer sections through allogeneic transplantation has been disappointing due to the unfeasibility of the organ, rejection of the graft, and the highly complicated surgical procedure. Tissue bioengineering has designed the replacement of functional organs generated in vitro in the short term, with the absence of immunological responses to the graft. This is based on a non-biological matrix where epithelial and mesenchymal cells are planted in such a matrix. In this document, we review the history and development of trachea transplantation in Mexico as well as the application of these new technologies in the context of its world development, which is a reality in other countries as a new alternative in obstructive illness of the airway.