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Amphibian populations in montane habitats are often subjected to high thermal variability, which may exacerbate anthropogenic impacts such as the introduction of exotic species. Here, we present data from two experiments exploring the joint effects of rising temperatures and the presence of waterborne cues from an exotic predatory fish on the short- and long-term antipredatory responses (i.e. activity and time to metamorphosis respectively) of Rana iberica and Salamandra salamandra larvae from two montane amphibian populations. We found some evidence of a cumulative effect of an increase in temperature and the presence of predators. Although predator recognition was not precluded at rising temperatures, we observed an increase in larval activity in warmer water, which might negatively affect survival by favoring prey detectability by predators. We also observed a strong quadratic effect of temperature and a joint effect of temperature and predators on larval development: at intermediate temperatures, larvae exposed to exotic trout cues had greatly accelerated metamorphosis. These results suggest that warmer conditions might be particularly harmful for larvae in montane wetlands enduring the presence of exotic predators.

Ecological monitoring contributes to the understanding of complex ecosystem functions. The diets of fish reflect the surrounding environment and habitats and may, therefore, act as useful integrating indicators of environmental status. It is, however, often difficult to visually identify items in gut contents to species level due to digestion of soft-bodied prey beyond visual recognition, but new tools rendering this possible are now becoming available. We used a molecular approach to determine the species identities of consumed diet items of an introduced generalist feeder, brown trout (Salmo trutta), in 10 Tasmanian lakes and compared the results with those obtained from visual quantification of stomach contents. We obtained 44 unique taxa (OTUs) belonging to five phyla, including seven classes, using the barcode of life approach from cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Compared with visual quantification, DNA analysis showed greater accuracy, yielding a 1.4-fold higher number of OTUs. Rarefaction curve analysis showed saturation of visually inspected taxa, while the curves from the DNA barcode did not saturate. The OTUs with the highest proportions of haplotypes were the families of terrestrial insects Formicidae, Chrysomelidae, and Torbidae and the freshwater Chironomidae. Haplotype occurrence per lake was negatively correlated with lake depth and transparency. Nearly all haplotypes were only found in one fish gut from a single lake. Our results indicate that DNA barcoding of fish diets is a useful and complementary method for discovering hidden biodiversity.

Displacement of riparian vegetation by exotic species is a global phenomenon with the potential to affect leaf breakdown rates by shredders. We predicted that exotic riparian vegetation would have a greater effect on leaf breakdown by temperate than by tropical shredders because temperate shredders usually feed on a limited range of generally palatable leaves, whereas tropical shredders are naturally exposed to a higher variety of leaves, many of them unpalatable. We tested 3 hypotheses with common shredder assemblages from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania (Australia): 1) tropical shredders are equally efficient at breaking down native and exotic vegetation, whereas temperate shredders are less efficient at breaking down exotic vegetation; 2) tropical shredders are more generalist in their leaf choices than temperate shredders; and 3) shredders are more generalist in their leaf choices among exotic than among native vegetation. Hypothesis 1 was not supported. Caddisflies (tropical or temperate) were able to consume both native and exotic leaves, whereas non-caddisfly shredders fed only on native leaves, a result suggesting that shredding capacity depends on the identity of the shredder species or their phylogenetic position rather than on their origin. Hypothesis 2 was supported. Tropical shredders fed on various leaf types, whereas most temperate shredders chose one leaf type and fed on it for the duration of the experiment. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. Specificity of shredder choices did not differ between native and exotic leaves, a result suggesting that shredding behavior is not flexible, regardless of the leaf litter available. Thus, invasive riparian plants may affect leaf breakdown by shredders, particularly in temperate streams, but effects may vary depending on assemblage composition, the nature and timing of litterfall, and interactions with climate.

1. This experiment studied the effects of differing levels of the complexity of substratum architecture at two spatial scales on the distribution and abundance of benthic algae and invertebrates, and the strength of the trophic interaction between invertebrate grazers and algae. Some estimates of the effects on invertebrate colonization rates were also made. 2. Four levels of microhabitat architectural complexity were created using artificial substrata (clay tiles) and placed in Mountain River, Tasmania, in two riffle types (bedrock and boulder-cobble) of differing large-scale substratum complexity. After a colonization period, invertebrate grazers were removed from half the tiles to measure the effects of grazing. Invertebrates on the tiles were also counted and identified. At the end of the experiment, algae were removed from the tiles and analysed for chlorophyll a. 3. Invertebrate grazers did not reduce algal biomass during the experiment, and microhabitat-scale architecture influenced algal biomass more strongly than riffle-scale architecture. Highly complex microhabitat architecture increased algal biomass by providing more surface area, but once standardized for surface area, algal biomass decreased as the complexity of microhabitat architecture increased. 4. Microhabitat-scale architecture was also predominant in determining invertebrate density and the identity of the dominant grazer species. In contrast to algal biomass, invertebrate densities and species density increased with the complexity of microhabitat architecture, suggesting that refuges from flow (and possibly predation) were as important to river invertebrates as the distribution of their food source. 5. Riffle-scale architecture had some effect on the colonization of two slow-moving grazer taxa, but, overall, the colonization processes of slow-moving grazers were determined mostly by the complexity of microhabitat-scale architecture.