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Coronary heart disease (CHD) contributes to decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This review article investigates the factors that can affect the HRQOL in CHD patients. A literature search from PubMed and EBSCO databases was performed until March 2021 with predetermined keywords. The review of 15 included articles showed that many factors that can affect the HRQOL by using EQ-5D instrument in CHD patients, such as education, gender, comorbidity, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)/coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) intervention, patient-physician interaction, obesity, physical activity, numbers of medication, smoking, self-efficacy, social/family life, alcohol drinking, income, employment, and behavioral risk factor profile. The top three factors associated with HRQOL in CHD patients were education, gender, and comorbidity. Therefore, we should pay more attention to CHD patients with lower education levels, females, and comorbidity.

Komang Suma Triyasa,1 Ajeng Diantini,1,2 Melisa Intan Barliana2,3 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Melisa Intan Barliana, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia, Email melisa.barliana@unpad.ac.idAbstract: Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.Keywords: breast cancer, Garcinia spp, molecular therapy, Indonesia

Alistia Ilmiah Fahira,1,* Riezki Amalia,1,2,* Melisa Intan Barliana,2,3 Vesara Ardhe Gatera,2,3 Rizky Abdulah1,2 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Riezki Amalia, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia, Email riezki.amalia@unpad.ac.idAbstract: Cancer has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease is classified broadly by tissue, organ, and system; different cancer types and subtypes require different treatments. Drug bioavailability, selectivity, and high dosage, as well as extended treatment, are significantly associated with the development of resistance – a complex problem in cancer therapy. It is expected that the combination of anticancer drugs and drug delivery systems, using polymers to increase the access of such agents to their site of action, will improve the efficacy of therapy. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polymer used as a co-delivery system for anticancer drugs and gene therapy. PEI is also useful for other purposes, such as transfection and bio-adsorbent agents. In co-delivery, PEI can promote drug internalization. However, PEI with a high molecular weight is linked to higher cytotoxicity, thus requiring further evaluation of clinical safety. This review focuses on the utilization of PEI as a co-delivery system for anticancer therapy, as well as its potential to overcome resistance, particularly in the treatment of specific subtypes (eg, breast cancer). In conclusion, PEI has promising applications and is improvable for the development of anticancer drugs.Keywords: polyethyleneimine, polymer cationic, co-delivery system, cancer, breast cancer, therapy

Irma Rahayu Latarissa,1 Melisa Intan Barliana,2,3 Anna Meiliana,4 Keri Lestari1,3 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Prodia Clinical Laboratory, Central Jakarta, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Keri LestariDepartment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, IndonesiaEmail lestarikd@unpad.ac.idAbstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently the largest and most serious health crisis in the world. There is no definitive treatment for COVID-19. Vaccine administration has begun in various countries, but no vaccine is 100% effective. Some people are not protected after vaccination, and there are some groups of people who cannot be vaccinated therefore, research on COVID-19 treatment still needs to be done. Of the several drugs under study, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are quite controversial, although they have good activity against SARS-CoV-2, both drugs have serious side effects. Indonesia with its wealth of natural ingredients has one potential compound, quinine sulfate (QS), which has the same structure and activity as CQ and HCQ and a better safety profile. The aim of this article was to review the potential of QS against the SARS-Cov-2 virus and outline its safety profile. We conclude that QS has the potential to be developed as a COVID-19 treatment with a better safety profile than that of CQ and HCQ.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, quinine, Cinchona bark, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine

Yudisia Ausi,1,2 Prayudi Santoso,3 Deni Kurniadi Sunjaya,4 Melisa Intan Barliana1,5 1Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Master Program in Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 5Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Melisa Intan BarlianaDepartment of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia, 45363 Email melisa.barliana@unpad.ac.idAbstract: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) requires prolonged and complex therapy which is associated with several adverse drug reactions (ADR). The burden of ADR can affect the quality of life (QoL) of patients that consists of physical, mental, and social well-being, and influences the beliefs and behaviors of patient related to treatment. This article reviews the burden of ADR and its association with QoL and adherence. We used PubMed to retrieve the relevant original research articles written in English from 2011 to 2021. We combined the following keywords: “tuberculosis,” “Drug-resistant tuberculosis,” “Side Effect,” “Adverse Drug Reactions,” “Adverse Event,” “Quality of Life,” “Adherence,” “Non-adherence,” “Default,” and “Loss to follow-up.” Article selection process was unsystematic. We included 12 relevant main articles and summarized into two main topics, namely, 1) ADR and QoL (3 articles), and 2) ADR and therapy adherence (9 articles). The result showed that patients with ADR tend to have low QoL, even in the end of treatment. Although it was torturing, the presence of ADR does not always result in non-adherence. It is probably because the perception about the benefit of the treatment dominates the perceived barrier. In conclusion, burden of ADR generally tends to degrade QoL of patients and potentially influence the adherence. A comprehensive support from family, community, and healthcare provider is required to help patients in coping with the burden of ADR. Nevertheless, the regimen safety and efficacy improvement are highly needed.Keywords: drug-resistant tuberculosis, adverse drug reaction, quality of life, adherence

Adhitiya Daniyal,1 Ivana Santoso,1 Nadira Hasna Putri Gunawan,1 Melisa Intan Barliana,2,3 Rizky Abdulah1,2 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 2Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 3Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Melisa Intan BarlianaDepartment of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, IndonesiaTel +622284288812Fax +62-22-84288896Email melisa.barliana@unpad.ac.idAbstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in adult women aged 20 to 50 years. The therapeutic regimens that are commonly recommended to treat breast cancer are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and systemic chemotherapy. The selection of pharmacotherapy is based on the characteristics of the tumor and its hormone receptor status, specifically, the presence of HER2, progesterone receptors, and estrogen receptors. Breast cancer pharmacotherapy often gives different results in various populations, which may cause therapeutic failure. Different types of congenital drug resistance in individuals can cause this. Genetic polymorphism is a factor in the occurrence of congenital drug resistance. This review explores the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and resistance to breast cancer therapy. It considers studies published from 2010 to 2020 concerning the relationship of genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer therapy. Several gene polymorphisms are found to be related to longer overall survival, worse relapse-free survival, higher pathological complete response, and increased disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. The presence of these gene polymorphisms can be considered in the treatment of breast cancer in order to shape personalized therapy to yield better results.Keywords: breast cancer, genetic polymorphisms, resistance therapy

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers for SNP genotyping [18, 33].

Additional file 5: Table S2. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium for the Genotype of ABCB1 rs1128503.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Age range of TB patients.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Gender of TB patients.

Additional file 7: Table S4. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium for the Genotype of CYP2E1 rs3813867.

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Genotype distribution of a) ABCB1 rs1128503, b) ABCB1 rs1045642, and c) CYP2E1 rs3813867.

Additional file 6: Table S3. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium for the Genotype of ABCB1 rs1045642.